信息写作常见错误简析范文

2024-08-03

信息写作常见错误简析范文第1篇

1、上行文中“请示”与“报告”不分

“请示”和“报告”均是上行文,但有很大区别。“请示”适用于向上级机关请求指示、批准;“请示”应当一事一文;一般只写一个主送单位,需要同时送其它机关的,应当用抄送形式,但不得抄送下级机关;“请示”只能事前汇报;上级机关对下级机关的“请示”,应予以回复

“报告”适用于向上级机关汇报工作,反映情况,答复上级机关的询问。“报告”不得夹带请示事项;“报告”可以事前、事中、事后汇报;上级机关对下级机关的“报告”,一般不予回复。

行政公文“请示”和“报告”的错误使用表现形式有3种:该用“请示”时用“报告”,如《关于增加教学科研用房的报告》;“报告”中夹带请示事项;请示报告合用,如《关于某某问题的请示报告》。

2、“请示”与“函”不分

“请示”适用于向上级机关请求指示、批准。“函”适用于不相隶属机关之间商洽工作,询问和答复问题,请求批准和答复审批事项。根据这些规定,与不具有隶属关系的单位行文,如省教育厅各处室、滁州市委市政府及其有关部门等单位,不应使用“请示“文种。主送省教育厅,请求指示批准应使用“请示”。

3、“报告”与“意见”不分

“报告”适用于向上级机关汇报工作,反映情况,答复上级机关的询问。“意见”适用于对重要问题提出见解和处理办法。“报告”只适用于上行文,

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而“意见”可以用于上行文、平行文和下行文。“意见”作为上行文,应按请示性公文的程序和要求办理。上级机关应当对下级机关报送的“意见”作出处理或给予答复。“意见”作为下行文,文中对贯彻执行有明确要求的,下级机关应当遵照执行;无明确要求的,下级机关可参照执行。“意见”作为平行文,提出的意见供对方参考。

4、“通告”与“公告”不分

“公告”适用于向国内外宣布重要事项或者法定事项,而“通告”适用于公布社会有关方面应当遵守或者周知的事项。根据上述规定,“公告”的特点适用于级别较高的单位,并且发布的事项重要或者是法定事项,告知的范围是国内外;“通告”适用于级别较低的单位,并且发布的事项是社会有关方面应当遵守或者周知的,告知的范围较公告小,如《滁州学院关于拆除违章搭建的通告》。

5、创造文种。即在13种文种之外,自己创造出文种,如《关于五一工作安排的设想》

二、行文程序错误

行文没有按照拟稿——部门负责人审核(会签)——院办核稿——院领导签发的正常顺序进行,而是没经核稿直接请院领导签发,这不仅降低了工作效率,而且在一定程度上也影响了公文质量。

三、随意撰写公文主题词

主题词是用于揭示公文内容,便于公文检索查询的规范化的词和词组。公文主题词通常由公文制发机关的最高行政主管机关负责制定和发布。标引规则在标引数目、顺序、选词等方面有特殊的要求。标引的每个主题词,必须从公文主题词表中选用最专指、最恰当的词或词组,不得采用主题词表以外的词或- 2 -

词组。由于多数同志不太了解公文主题词的标引规则、方法和要求,在实际工作中易出现随意撰写公文主题词的现象。

五、数字使用和标题标点符号使用不规范

《国家行政机关公文处理办法》(国务院2000年8月24日发布)第二十五条

(九)款规定:“公文中的数字,除成文日期、部分结构层次序数和在词、词组、惯用语、缩略语、具有修辞色彩语句中作为词素的数字必须使用汉字外,应当使用阿拉伯数字。”另外党委系统发文日期和行政系统发文日期有所区别,行政公文用汉字,党委公文用阿拉伯数字。

《国家行政机关公文处理办法》(国务院2000年8月24日发布)第十条

(六)款中规定:“公文标题中除法规、规章名称加书名号外,一般不用标点符号。如滁州学院印发《关于充分发挥高层次人才作用的若干意见》的通知,就应改为滁州学院印发关于充分发挥高层次人才作用的若干意见的通知。

信息写作常见错误简析范文第2篇

下面,对公文写作中一些常见错误及其改正办法作一简要介绍:

一、文种不明

即从公文的标题上看不出属于哪种公文。例如“关于接待德国×××公司总裁访问的事”这一标题,就没有表明是“函”,是“请示”,还是“通知”;而《国家行政机关公文处理办法》明确规定:“公文标题应当准确简要地概括公文的主要内容并标明公文种类,一般应当标明发文机关。”又如“汇报电力标准化工作”这一标题,不仅没有文种,连题意也不清。应该根据这份文件的内容与目的,或者把它改为公文类的“××××(发文单位)关于电力标准化工作的报告”,或者改为事务类的“××××(发文单位)电力标准化工作总结”。

二、生造文种

一种情况是把性质、用法不同的文种混为一体,拼凑在一起,不伦不类,例如“关于×××的请示报告”;另一种情况是把某些事务文书或规章制度类文书当作机关公文那样直接行文,例如把“计划”、“安排”、“总结”、“制度”、“细则”等直接作为公文印发。

第一种情况容易改正,只要根据公文内容确定一个文种,把另一个删去即可。第二种情况则应这样处理:如果这些事务类、规章制度类文书要像正式公文那样行文,下行的可以采用“通知”文种,用以下方式行文:

(1)规章制度类文书以“印发”形式行文。如××省电力有限公司《关于印发〈××省电力有限公司公文处理规则〉的通知》,把发布的规则作为通知的附件,一起行文。(又,《国家电力公司公文处理办法》第十六条规定:“公司内部规章制度,以‘国电内规’字号印发,由法律事务部审核编号。”据此,规章制度类文书也可以不用“通知”文种而直接行文,但字号及审核编号部门应按规定。)

(2)事务文书以“转发”或“批转”的形式行文(上级、同级或不相隶属单位的用“转发”,下级单位上报的则用“批转”)。如《关于转发××电业局1999年工作计划的通知》,将《1999年工作计划》作为通知的附件行文。

如果是上行公文,可用“报告”行文,把要报送的事务文书、规章制度类文书作为附件。

三、错用文种

错用文种的情况更为常见,大致有以下几种:

(1)把“请示”误为“报告”。例如《关于××电厂国有资产评估立项的报告》,其内容是申请对现有国有资产进行评估立项,应使用“请示”,却误用为“报告”。

(2)滥用“通知”。即把本该用“决定”、“规定”、“办法”、“通报”的误为“通知”。

(3)滥用“请示”。有些单位向同级单位或者有关业务部门提出某些请求批准或办理的事项时,不用本该使用的平行文种“函”,特地用“请示”这一上行文种,认为这样做是尊重对方,好办事。这种做法破坏了行文规则,必须改正。

(4)“批复”误用为“通知”或“函”。对下级的“请示”,必须用“批复”这一文种作答复,但有的公文却写成《关于批复××××的通知(或函)》,应改为《关于××××的批复》。

(5)“函”误用为“批复”。某些业务主管部门在答复不相隶属单位请求审批的有关事项时,本该用平行文“函”,却写成《关于×××(单位)×××(事项)的批复》。

(6)误用处分事项公文文种。“决定”和“通报”均可用于处分事项。处分“决定”是行政处分的正式文件,要装入被处分人的档案;批评性“通报”主要起教育警醒作用,不装入档案。批评性“通报”可以带附件(即关于事件或事故的调查报告),处分“决定”不能带。处分“决定”一般让有关人员知晓即可;批评性“通报”要发送到下属各单位,甚至要抄送有关的不相隶属的单位。因此,应该根据处分事项具体情况正确选用,以避免误用文种。

四、越级行文

《国家行政机关公文处理办法》规定:“一般不得越级请示和报告”。因此,除了特别紧急的情况,上行文都应按隶属关系向上一级机关(单位)行文,逐级上报。即使因特珠情况必须越级行文,也应同时抄送被越过的上级机关(单位)。但是在有些基层单位,所写的公文还经常出现越级上报的问题,必须坚决纠正。

五、格式不全

公文格式中规定的各个组成部分,有许多是每一份公文都不可缺少的要素。如果在某一份公文的具体写作中,该标识的要素没有标识,就是格式不全(如缺少发文单位标识、发文字号、签发人、标题、主送单位、附件、成文日期、主题词等)。纠正这类错误的唯一办法就是认真检查,看到底有哪些部分该写而没写,然后将残缺的部分补写上去。

六、发文字号混乱

发文字号应当包括发文机关(单位)代字、年份、序号。年份、序号用阿拉伯数码标识;年份应标全称,用六角括号“〔 〕”括入;序号不编虚位(即1不编为001),不加“第”字。发文字号混乱的表现主要有:项目不完整;年份用中文数码标识或只标两位数,不用六角括号而用圆括号“( )”、方括号“[ ]”括入;序号加“第”字或编虚位。对这类错误,要根据具体情况一一改正。

七、标题不准确

具体表现在:公文标题没有准确简要地概括公文的主要内容,有时甚至题不对文;标题太长,甚至超过了50字;有的则过简,致使题意不清;标题中随意使用标点符号,而实际上按规定“公文标题中除法规、规章加书名号外,一般不用标点符号”;长标题的排布不合理不美观,没有做到回行时词意完整,排列对称,间距恰当。所有这些公文写作中常见的标题方面错误,必须根据规范要求予以改正。

八、主送单位不规范

主送单位应当使用全称或者规范化简称、统称,左侧顶格标起;若主送单位较多,标到行末后回行也应顶格;各单位名称中间用顿号,最后—个单位名称后标全角冒号;若涉及多方面机关单位,同级的按党、政、军、群的顺序排列。公文写作中主送单位标识上的错误主要有:单位名称不规范;各单位排列顺序混乱;多行排列时在单位名称处断开,而不是书写至行末才回行;回行不顶格。对这些错误的标识方法,应注意纠正。

九、抄送单位不规范

抄送单位的名称及多单位排列顺序与主送单位相同,这两方面的错误与改正方法也同上所述。但标识时应左空1字,回行时要与冒号后的抄送单位(即空4字而非空1字处)对齐,各单位间用逗号隔开,最后一个单位后标句号。这四点不同于主送单位的标识方法,常见的标识错误也往往在此,应予改正。此外,不少单位的公文仍沿用过去的“对上用‘抄报’,对下用‘抄送’”的标识法,这也是不规范的,须统一改为“抄送”。

十、成文日期不规范

最常见的错误有:用阿拉伯数码标识,“o”误标为“0”或“零”,年份不用全称,标识位置不规范等等。应根据《国家行政机关公文格式》(见本书附录三)的相关规定认真改正。

十一、序号、数字、计量单位不规范

公文中的序号按规定分四个层次[“一”、“(一)”、“1.”、 “(1)”],若层次较少可省略“(一)”而直接用“1.”作为第二层次。公文中的数字,除成文日期外一般要用阿拉伯数码标识(详见本书附录

信息写作常见错误简析范文第3篇

(1)第一印象:刚看第一眼,就形成了印象;见面后的几分钟,就过早地形成了是否录用的决策;

(2)刻板印象:对某种人产生一种固定的印象。例如,一看到穿牛仔裤的人,第一反应就是“他是个思想开放的人”,听到某人操南方口音,就认为他比较有商业头脑等;

(3)晕轮效应:面试一个人时,其某一方面的特征可能给面试官留下深刻的印象,这个突出的特征就像月亮的光晕,可能影响面试官对该应聘者其他方面的评价。比如,应聘者对广告认识深刻,您就可能忽略了他其他方面的不足;

(4)近期效应:也叫近因效应,应聘者面试最后一段时间的表现,会影响面试官对他全部表现的评价;

(5)次序效应:前面的应聘者的表现,可能会对面试官评价其后的应聘者产生影响。比如前面几个应聘者都表现较差,接下来一个表现平平的应聘者就会让您眼睛一亮,可能会得到较好的评价。实际上,您现在心中的标准已经在不知不觉间被偷换,变成前几个应聘者了;

(6)“与我相似”效应:当听到应聘者某种背景和自己相似,就会对他产生好感和同情。比如一听应聘者是自己的老乡或校友,对他的评价就立刻改变了;

(7)不必要的误差:比如面试官对不同的应聘者态度不一致,面试偏离目的,时间和精力分配不当,导致先紧后松或先松后紧等;

信息写作常见错误简析范文第4篇

分析

写作格式错误主要包括以下几个方面:题目的写法、文章的格式、大小写以及标点符号等四个方面。下面我们分别加以说明。

一、题目的写法

在考研作文中,考查的作文类型相对来说比较多。有的作文类型有时是不需要题目的,比如像有些图表类作文。但大多数作文类型对题目都是有要求的。因为题目是首先映入读者眼帘的,所以要注意题目的书写位置。一定要在试卷作文纸上的上方中间位置书写。同时还应在话题和正文之间留出一定的距离,即比正文行距稍宽一些。

其次,要注意题目的大小写,第一个单词的第一个字母和最后一个单词的第一个字母一定要大写。中间的单词除冠词、连词)但如连词的字母多于5个事,则大写)和介词外,其他的词都应该大写第一个字母。比如:

例1误:Attitudes toward Money

正:Attitudes Toward Money

二、文章的格式

(1)四边留空:卷面的四边一定要留出适当的空白。这样的文章才能整齐、美观,给人以清晰、明快的感觉。 (2)空格:文章的每段的首行一定要有统一的空格。

三、大小写方面的错误

在考研文章的评改过程中,有关大小写方面的错误层出不穷,这是考生的一个弱点。一般来说,大写规则有以下几条:

(1)大写每句话的第一个字母和直接引语的第一字母,如:

He said ,”He is going to Shanghai next week”.

(2)大写专有名词,或用作专有名词的部分普通名词,通常是缩略形式。如: Dr G . G . East (3)大写缩写字母。如:MPA ,MBA ,BBC (4)文章标题要大写。

(5)头衔在专有名词前要大写,在专有名词后就小写。例如:Captain Smith --------Smith, the captain;Uncle George-------- George ,my uncle

三、标点符号错误及分析

考生在写文章时,一定要注意正确使用标点符号,切忌从头到尾只用逗号的现象。一定要熟练掌握常用标点符号的基本用法,尤其要正确使用逗号和分号。

作文部分是考研英语试卷中最难的主观题,也是考生得分率较低的题型。从历年考试来看,考生在写作部分大量失分的原因是考生在写作中存在一些具有代表性的普遍问题。以下是一些从考生作文中摘抄下来的例子。

(1) Today, students who take part in social practice become more and more. (2) Light will be more powerful when the circumstances is more dark. (3) As a university student, we can study hard science knowledge. (4) In remote country, some children can’t go to school because no money. (5) If we help others without thinking whether others need, it perhaps decrease others confidence. (6) I think the best way to show love is our suitable help when others are facing with difficulty and need our helps. (7) In the picture below, in the dark full situation, a little of spark enlightens the dark. (8) We offer love, more important, we need love (9) But for my roommates help I couldn’t live up not only in physics but also in spirits. (10) Let’s hold our hands to build our country filled in love hearts.

上面的例子代表了考研作文中存在的一些普遍问题。这些问题概括起来主要表现在以下几个方面: ■ 审题不清,致使文章内容偏离主题。如在2002年考试中,有些考生将作文的主题定位为“中国的民族服装为何受西方人喜爱”,偏离了“文化融合”这一主题。我们知道,依据作文的评分原则,若文章内容不切题,则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确,都会被判为零分。

■ 内容空洞,言之无物,东拉西扯,无明显主题。

■ 汉语思维,逐字翻译,中式英语。很多考生在写英语作文时,习惯于先用汉语进行构思,然后再将汉语译成英语。结果文章中出现很多中式英语,令人难以理解。大家最熟悉的一个典型例子是:Good good study, day day up (好好学习,天天向上)。 ■ 词汇量小,用词不准确,词不达意。如do some contribution中的do就属于用词不准确,应该用make。 ■ 语法错误较多,主要表现为主谓不一致,第三人称单数不加s,以及时态语态、名词单复数、句子完整性方面的错误。这些错误在考生看来可能无关紧要,但直接影响着作文的整体质量。

■ 句子单调,句型单一,句式缺少变化。

■ 不会使用起承上启下作用的过渡词语,文章缺乏连贯性。

总之,一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体,任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文的质量。然而,很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意,或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现一些语法、词汇、逻辑、语篇等方面的错误。这些错误如果得不到及时的解决,将直接影响作文得高分。下面对这几方面的错误分别予以分析和说明。 1) 词汇错误

词汇方面的错误主要表现在拼写不正确、词形相近而词义不同的词的混用、名词单复数不清、搭配不当等。 (1) 拼写错误

拼写是考生应该具备的起码的基本功,但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。拼写错误虽然未被列入扣分标准,但大量拼写错误的存在不仅体现出语言基本功差,同时也直接影响内容的表达。以下例子中,划线部分为拼写不正确的单词。从中可以看出,有些拼写错误影响了整个句子的意思。

...flower cuircling her head and Chinese Changming lock in her chest...

In its long history it beared excellent culture,...

In the past, we are stranged to see a person in other countries costume while now we are very familiar with this.

What I accomplished today party attribute to all of them giving me a hand to my school work.

With the development of saciety, ...

enviroment pollution,

We could do anything happyly.

If we have a family fulling of people who love you, ... (2) 近形异义词(词组)混用

英语中有很多单词(词组)词形非常相似,但词义却相差甚远,使用起来往往容易混淆。这是考研英语作文中另一词汇方面的常见错误。这些词(词组)的混用或误用经常会引起歧义,有时甚至会产生相反的意思。如contribute to 和attribute to意思就完全相反,但考生常将二者混淆;其他容易混淆的词还有:

confirm (确认) —— conform (使……适合) economic (经济的) —— economical (节约的)

courage (勇气) —— encourage (鼓励)

transmit (传送) —— transform (转换)

liter (升、公升) —— litter (乱丢、乱扔)

consist of (由……组成) —— consist in (存在于……)

belong to (属于) —— belong in (应归入……) (3) 搭配不当

英语中有大量的习惯用语和固定搭配,这些搭配主要有名词、动词、形容词与介词或副词的搭配。有些考生由于对此掌握得不够牢固,经常在这方面出错,从而影响了对作文的理解。

误: to solve the question 正: to solve the problem (or: to answer the question) 误: pay attention on 正: pay attention to 误: Many changes have happened. 正: Many changes have taken place. 误: on my opinion 正: in my opinion (4) 用词不当

许多考生由于词汇量有限,或单词掌握得不够牢固,因此不能正确使用已学过和已经记住的单词,出现用词不当、词不达意等问题。 例如: the naive spark, enlighten the dark, a happy home, calm gulf, health knowledge等。 常见27种句法错误

任何一个句子, 尤其是书面语的句子, 首先要做到合乎语法规范, 如主谓结构完整、主谓一致、正确的时态、语态等。今天我们就把句子中最常见的语法错误罗列出来,供大家参考借鉴。

1. A series of debates between the two lecturers were scheduled for the next weekend.

主谓不一致的错误在写作中十分常见,尤其是当主语离谓语较远的时候。本句中的主语是series而不是debates或lectures,因此谓语应为单数形式,也就是要把were改为was。 2. There are many students play football on the sports ground.

本句中的错误是句式杂糅,也就是所谓的“Run-on”句。两个句子糅合在一起,没有标点符号隔开或用错误的标点符号隔开被称为“Run-on”句。改正的方法有四种:

1)变成两个独立的分句。那么此句就可以改为:There are many students on the sports ground. They are playing football.

2)通过使用分号和连词变为并列句。此句可改为:There are many students on the sports ground; they are playing football. 或There are many students on the sports ground and they are playing football. 3)将其中的一部分改为充当修饰成分的短语。比如这句话可以改为: There are many students playing football on the sports ground.

4)通过使用关联词if, when, who等将其中一个句子改为从句。那么此句可以改为: There are many students who are playing football on the sports ground.每一个句子都可以用不同的方式来表述,我们在写作时可以根据句子表达的需要选择最佳的句式。

Barking dogs don’t bite. 吠狗不咬人。

3. There is a teacher I shall always remember. Because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.

此处的错误是由于连词和标点使用不当而造成片语(fragment),也就是完整句子的一部分,它不能完整的表达句义。最常见的片语多数是由从属连词开头的,改正的方法就是将它跟主句合并。因此,这句话应该改为:

There is a teacher I shall always remember because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.

4. It is important to exercise because everybody seems to watch you if you fat and out of shape.

此句的错误是缺少句子成分。英语中的形容词必须和系动词一起构成系表结构才能作谓语。因此,本句可以改为:

It is important to exercise, because everybody seems to watch you if you are fat and out of shape.

5. This great loss had killed Mrs. white, but actually this free her from her husband.

时态不一致。时态是英语中的难点之一,当用某一种时态的时候,我们感觉还不是特别难,但当两种或两种以上的时态混合使用的时候或许就会出现问题了。本句可改为:This great loss had killed Mrs. White, but actually this freed her from her husband.

What is done by night appears by day. 若要人不知,除非已莫为。

6. I did not know what was happened in the classroom.

此处的错误是不及物动词的错误使用。汉语中的动词没有及物和不及物之分,因而中国的学生常常忽略这个问题。请大家注意不及物动词不能直接跟宾语,也没有被动语态。这句话应改为:

I did not know what had happened in the classroom. 7. While celebrate their 20th anniversary in the restaurant, the wine glass broke and damaged Mr. White’s finger.

这个句子中的问题出在分词作状语上。正确使用现在分词作状语能使句子结构多样化,但也不可以滥用。如果用错了的话,还不如不用。此句可以改为:

While Mr. White celebrating their 20th anniversary in the restaurant, the wine glass broke and damaged his finger.或

When Mr. White celebrated their 20th anniversary in the restaurant, the wine glass broke and damaged his finger. 8. The average life span in the 1980’s was much longer than 1880’s.

比较对象不一致。在使用形容词和副词的比较级时我们往往容易受汉语的影响,忽略比较对象应该一致的问题。此句应改为:The average life span in the 1980’s was much longer than that in the 1880’s.

9. Writing a essay is difficult for students who English is a second language.

这个句子中有两处错误。一个是不定冠词使用不当,元音因素前应该使用an而不是a。这不是一个难点,但考试中经常会有马虎的考生犯这类小错误。二是定语从句的关联词使用错误,应该把who改为whose。 10. The man had reproached by his daughter who was angry that he had deserted her mother for twenty years.

被动语态使用错误。请大家一定记住被动语态的基本结构是:be动词加上动词的过去分词,而其时态的变化是由be动词来体现的。在这个句子中,应把had改为was。 11. In my opinion think the company should pay for the victim’s injuries.

此句是典型的中国式英语。有许多人写作时受汉语的影响太多,甚至习惯对照每个字把汉语生硬地翻译成英语。这样就会造成一些滑稽的错误。最典型的莫过于“good good study, day day up”了。

此句中think一词是多余的,去掉就可以了。

12. When I was in university, my psychology class had more than 500 students, often forcing me to sit on the floor.

在汉语中“有”既可以表示存在,也可以表示拥有。但在英语中,却需要用不同的方式来表达。表示存在时应该用there be句型,而表示拥有时则需要用have/has。When I was in university, there were more than 500 students in my psychology class, often forcing me to sit on the floor. 13. I enjoy reading forecasts of the future, but you wonder which will turn out to be correct.

人称不一致。在一句或一段话中,如果人称不一致会让读者感觉不知所云。在这个句子中,我们只需要将you改为I就可以了。

It’s never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。 14. I told my friends that I was going to major in geology, which annoyed my parents.

这个句子是歧义句。它既可以理解为我告诉朋友让父母不高兴,也可以理解为我选择了地质学让父母生气。这句话可以改为:I told my friends that I was going to major in geology, and my parents were annoyed by my choice. 15. If your English is not good, your going to have trouble with all the subject.

这句话中有三处显然是由于马虎造成的错误。1)人称代词your不可以做主语应改为you。2)表示将来的be going to 结构不完整,应在going前加上are。3)subject 是可数名词,应该用复数形式subjects。可别小看了这些小错误,记住“小石头也能绊倒人!”

16. The judge ordered that the suspect was detained immediately.

没有正确使用虚拟语气。在order, suggest等表示命令和建议的动词的宾语从句中应该使用should加动词原型,should可以省略。这句话应改为:The judge ordered that the suspect (should) be detained immediately.

17. Not only I wrote him a letter, but I also phoned him twice.

特殊句型使用错误。在英语中有许多特殊句型,我们必须熟记它们的意思和使用形式。常常会出错的有:the more… the more…, not only… but also…, too… to…, used to do, be used to doing, would rather… than…, so…that…, …so that…, had better等。not only… but also…结构可以用来连接两个并列的成分,并有加强语气的作用。这句话应改为:I not only wrote him a letter, but also phoned him twice. 此外,not only 放于句首时需用倒装句型,所以也可改为Not only did I write him a letter, but also phoned him twice.

18. Computer technology helps us do many things, but it also prevents us to do many others.

词语搭配错误。英语中的动词后接宾语或宾补时,常有固定的搭配,大家要注意积累。此句应改为:

Computer technology helps us do many things, but it also prevents us from doing many others.

19. Never he will forget the terrible traffic accident.

未使用倒装语序。如果句子以:Not only, Never, Hardly, No sooner, Only等开头,则句子应使用倒装语序。此句应改为:

Never will he forget the terrible traffic accident.

20. Because she does not have any friend in Paris, so she feels very lonely.

由于受汉语影响,许多同学在作文中使用

Because…so…

和Although…but…两个错误结构。改正的方法就选择because和so中的任意一个,或although和but中的任意一个。此句可以改为:Because she does not have any friend in Paris, she feels very lonely.或She does not have any friend in Paris, so she feels very lonely.或she feels very lonely because she does not have any friend in Paris.

21. The speaker called attention to the beginning and how it ended.

名词(短语)平行结构误用The speaker called attention to the beginning and end of the movement 22. He was sympathetic, tolerant, and people respected him.

形容词平行结构误用He was sympathetic, tolerant, and respected by people. 23. The boys were running, shouting and to laugh.

分词平行结构误用The boys were running, shouting and laughing. 24. Jane prefers singing to dance.

动名词平行结构误用Jane prefers singing to dancing. 25. To know what is good and doing what is right is not the same thing

动词不定式平行结构误用To know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing 26. The work is handsome and skillfully done.

副词平行结构误用The work is handsomely and skillfully done. 27. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and being able.

短语平行结构误用Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.

请改正下面句子中的错误。 1. Education is no longer free as it use to be.

Education is no longer free as it used to be.

2. For example, the computer that is used everywhere today to increase efficiency and save the cost of labor.

For example, the computer that is used everywhere today increases efficiency and saves the cost of labor.

3. In our country we vote for our government, the next federal election is coming again.

In our country we vote for our government when the next federal election is coming again. 4. After they express their opinion, he decided to reduce the operational expenses.

After they expressed their opinion, he decided to reduce the operational expenses.

5. Many people are dishonest with government. Although they are married, but they don’t want to declare they are married.

Many people are dishonest with government. Although they are married, they don’t want to declare they are married.

6. The closing down of hospitals causes inconvenience for the growing number of patients in Ontario.

The closing down of hospitals causes inconvenience for the increasing patients in Ontario.

7. “How do you think of my boyfriend, Dad?” the girl ask.

“How do you think of my boyfriend, Dad?” the girl asked.

8. Winter storms that bring ice, sleet, and snow they can cause traffic problem.

Winter storms that bring ice, sleet, and snow can cause traffic problem. 或Winter storms bring ice, sleet, and snow which can cause traffic problem.

9. The cake was suppose to be tasty.

The cake was supposed to be tasty.

10. The river will flood again next year unless we will build a better dam.

The river will flood again next year unless we build a better dam.

11. The runner looker as if he was winded.

The runner looked as if he was winded.

12. If I would have trained for the race, I might have won.

If I had been trained for the race, I would have won.

13. The instructor divided the work between Sam and I.

The instructor divided the work between Sam and me.

14. Her mother told her she was going to visit Alaska.

Her mother told her she was going to visit Alaska.

15. Because our car was overheating, it came as no surprise that it broke down just as it began to rain.

Because our car was overheating, it came with no surprise that it broke down just as it began to run.

16. The moon, along with Venus, are visible in the night sky.

The moon, along with Venus, is visible in the night sky.

17. Three hundred dollars are what we must pay.

Three hundred dollars is what we must pay. 18. The candidate felt unusual energetic.

The candidate felt unusual energetic.

19. The physicist Marie Curie discovered radium, she won two Nobel Prizes.

The physicist Marie Curie discovered radium, so she won two Nobel Prizes.

20. People feared that they would no longer be able to happily live in peace.

People feared that longer be able to happily.

信息写作常见错误简析范文第5篇

分析

写作格式错误主要包括以下几个方面:题目的写法、文章的格式、大小写以及标点符号等四个方面。下面我们分别加以说明。

一、题目的写法

在考研作文中,考查的作文类型相对来说比较多。有的作文类型有时是不需要题目的,比如像有些图表类作文。但大多数作文类型对题目都是有要求的。因为题目是首先映入读者眼帘的,所以要注意题目的书写位置。一定要在试卷作文纸上的上方中间位置书写。同时还应在话题和正文之间留出一定的距离,即比正文行距稍宽一些。

其次,要注意题目的大小写,第一个单词的第一个字母和最后一个单词的第一个字母一定要大写。中间的单词除冠词、连词)但如连词的字母多于5个事,则大写)和介词外,其他的词都应该大写第一个字母。比如:

例1误:Attitudes toward Money

正:Attitudes Toward Money

二、文章的格式

(1)四边留空:卷面的四边一定要留出适当的空白。这样的文章才能整齐、美观,给人以清晰、明快的感觉。 (2)空格:文章的每段的首行一定要有统一的空格。

三、大小写方面的错误

在考研文章的评改过程中,有关大小写方面的错误层出不穷,这是考生的一个弱点。一般来说,大写规则有以下几条:

(1)大写每句话的第一个字母和直接引语的第一字母,如:

He said ,”He is going to Shanghai next week”.

(2)大写专有名词,或用作专有名词的部分普通名词,通常是缩略形式。如: Dr G . G . East (3)大写缩写字母。如:MPA ,MBA ,BBC (4)文章标题要大写。

(5)头衔在专有名词前要大写,在专有名词后就小写。例如:Captain Smith --------Smith, the captain;Uncle George-------- George ,my uncle

三、标点符号错误及分析

考生在写文章时,一定要注意正确使用标点符号,切忌从头到尾只用逗号的现象。一定要熟练掌握常用标点符号的基本用法,尤其要正确使用逗号和分号。

作文部分是考研英语试卷中最难的主观题,也是考生得分率较低的题型。从历年考试来看,考生在写作部分大量失分的原因是考生在写作中存在一些具有代表性的普遍问题。以下是一些从考生作文中摘抄下来的例子。

(1) Today, students who take part in social practice become more and more. (2) Light will be more powerful when the circumstances is more dark. (3) As a university student, we can study hard science knowledge. (4) In remote country, some children can’t go to school because no money. (5) If we help others without thinking whether others need, it perhaps decrease others confidence. (6) I think the best way to show love is our suitable help when others are facing with difficulty and need our helps. (7) In the picture below, in the dark full situation, a little of spark enlightens the dark. (8) We offer love, more important, we need love (9) But for my roommates help I couldn’t live up not only in physics but also in spirits. (10) Let’s hold our hands to build our country filled in love hearts.

上面的例子代表了考研作文中存在的一些普遍问题。这些问题概括起来主要表现在以下几个方面: ■ 审题不清,致使文章内容偏离主题。如在2002年考试中,有些考生将作文的主题定位为“中国的民族服装为何受西方人喜爱”,偏离了“文化融合”这一主题。我们知道,依据作文的评分原则,若文章内容不切题,则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确,都会被判为零分。

■ 内容空洞,言之无物,东拉西扯,无明显主题。

■ 汉语思维,逐字翻译,中式英语。很多考生在写英语作文时,习惯于先用汉语进行构思,然后再将汉语译成英语。结果文章中出现很多中式英语,令人难以理解。大家最熟悉的一个典型例子是:Good good study, day day up (好好学习,天天向上)。 ■ 词汇量小,用词不准确,词不达意。如do some contribution中的do就属于用词不准确,应该用make。 ■ 语法错误较多,主要表现为主谓不一致,第三人称单数不加s,以及时态语态、名词单复数、句子完整性方面的错误。这些错误在考生看来可能无关紧要,但直接影响着作文的整体质量。

■ 句子单调,句型单一,句式缺少变化。

■ 不会使用起承上启下作用的过渡词语,文章缺乏连贯性。

总之,一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体,任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文的质量。然而,很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意,或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现一些语法、词汇、逻辑、语篇等方面的错误。这些错误如果得不到及时的解决,将直接影响作文得高分。下面对这几方面的错误分别予以分析和说明。 1) 词汇错误

词汇方面的错误主要表现在拼写不正确、词形相近而词义不同的词的混用、名词单复数不清、搭配不当等。 (1) 拼写错误

拼写是考生应该具备的起码的基本功,但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。拼写错误虽然未被列入扣分标准,但大量拼写错误的存在不仅体现出语言基本功差,同时也直接影响内容的表达。以下例子中,划线部分为拼写不正确的单词。从中可以看出,有些拼写错误影响了整个句子的意思。

...flower cuircling her head and Chinese Changming lock in her chest...

In its long history it beared excellent culture,...

In the past, we are stranged to see a person in other countries costume while now we are very familiar with this.

What I accomplished today party attribute to all of them giving me a hand to my school work.

With the development of saciety, ...

enviroment pollution,

We could do anything happyly.

If we have a family fulling of people who love you, ... (2) 近形异义词(词组)混用

英语中有很多单词(词组)词形非常相似,但词义却相差甚远,使用起来往往容易混淆。这是考研英语作文中另一词汇方面的常见错误。这些词(词组)的混用或误用经常会引起歧义,有时甚至会产生相反的意思。如contribute to 和attribute to意思就完全相反,但考生常将二者混淆;其他容易混淆的词还有:

confirm (确认) —— conform (使……适合) economic (经济的) —— economical (节约的)

courage (勇气) —— encourage (鼓励)

transmit (传送) —— transform (转换)

liter (升、公升) —— litter (乱丢、乱扔)

consist of (由……组成) —— consist in (存在于……)

belong to (属于) —— belong in (应归入……) (3) 搭配不当

英语中有大量的习惯用语和固定搭配,这些搭配主要有名词、动词、形容词与介词或副词的搭配。有些考生由于对此掌握得不够牢固,经常在这方面出错,从而影响了对作文的理解。

误: to solve the question 正: to solve the problem (or: to answer the question) 误: pay attention on 正: pay attention to 误: Many changes have happened. 正: Many changes have taken place. 误: on my opinion 正: in my opinion (4) 用词不当

许多考生由于词汇量有限,或单词掌握得不够牢固,因此不能正确使用已学过和已经记住的单词,出现用词不当、词不达意等问题。 例如: the naive spark, enlighten the dark, a happy home, calm gulf, health knowledge等。 常见27种句法错误

任何一个句子, 尤其是书面语的句子, 首先要做到合乎语法规范, 如主谓结构完整、主谓一致、正确的时态、语态等。今天我们就把句子中最常见的语法错误罗列出来,供大家参考借鉴。

1. A series of debates between the two lecturers were scheduled for the next weekend.

主谓不一致的错误在写作中十分常见,尤其是当主语离谓语较远的时候。本句中的主语是series而不是debates或lectures,因此谓语应为单数形式,也就是要把were改为was。 2. There are many students play football on the sports ground.

本句中的错误是句式杂糅,也就是所谓的“Run-on”句。两个句子糅合在一起,没有标点符号隔开或用错误的标点符号隔开被称为“Run-on”句。改正的方法有四种:

1)变成两个独立的分句。那么此句就可以改为:There are many students on the sports ground. They are playing football.

2)通过使用分号和连词变为并列句。此句可改为:There are many students on the sports ground; they are playing football. 或There are many students on the sports ground and they are playing football. 3)将其中的一部分改为充当修饰成分的短语。比如这句话可以改为: There are many students playing football on the sports ground.

4)通过使用关联词if, when, who等将其中一个句子改为从句。那么此句可以改为: There are many students who are playing football on the sports ground.每一个句子都可以用不同的方式来表述,我们在写作时可以根据句子表达的需要选择最佳的句式。

Barking dogs don’t bite. 吠狗不咬人。

3. There is a teacher I shall always remember. Because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.

此处的错误是由于连词和标点使用不当而造成片语(fragment),也就是完整句子的一部分,它不能完整的表达句义。最常见的片语多数是由从属连词开头的,改正的方法就是将它跟主句合并。因此,这句话应该改为:

There is a teacher I shall always remember because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.

4. It is important to exercise because everybody seems to watch you if you fat and out of shape.

此句的错误是缺少句子成分。英语中的形容词必须和系动词一起构成系表结构才能作谓语。因此,本句可以改为:

It is important to exercise, because everybody seems to watch you if you are fat and out of shape.

5. This great loss had killed Mrs. white, but actually this free her from her husband.

时态不一致。时态是英语中的难点之一,当用某一种时态的时候,我们感觉还不是特别难,但当两种或两种以上的时态混合使用的时候或许就会出现问题了。本句可改为:This great loss had killed Mrs. White, but actually this freed her from her husband.

What is done by night appears by day. 若要人不知,除非已莫为。

6. I did not know what was happened in the classroom.

此处的错误是不及物动词的错误使用。汉语中的动词没有及物和不及物之分,因而中国的学生常常忽略这个问题。请大家注意不及物动词不能直接跟宾语,也没有被动语态。这句话应改为:

I did not know what had happened in the classroom. 7. While celebrate their 20th anniversary in the restaurant, the wine glass broke and damaged Mr. White’s finger.

这个句子中的问题出在分词作状语上。正确使用现在分词作状语能使句子结构多样化,但也不可以滥用。如果用错了的话,还不如不用。此句可以改为:

While Mr. White celebrating their 20th anniversary in the restaurant, the wine glass broke and damaged his finger.或

When Mr. White celebrated their 20th anniversary in the restaurant, the wine glass broke and damaged his finger. 8. The average life span in the 1980’s was much longer than 1880’s.

比较对象不一致。在使用形容词和副词的比较级时我们往往容易受汉语的影响,忽略比较对象应该一致的问题。此句应改为:The average life span in the 1980’s was much longer than that in the 1880’s.

9. Writing a essay is difficult for students who English is a second language.

这个句子中有两处错误。一个是不定冠词使用不当,元音因素前应该使用an而不是a。这不是一个难点,但考试中经常会有马虎的考生犯这类小错误。二是定语从句的关联词使用错误,应该把who改为whose。 10. The man had reproached by his daughter who was angry that he had deserted her mother for twenty years.

被动语态使用错误。请大家一定记住被动语态的基本结构是:be动词加上动词的过去分词,而其时态的变化是由be动词来体现的。在这个句子中,应把had改为was。 11. In my opinion think the company should pay for the victim’s injuries.

此句是典型的中国式英语。有许多人写作时受汉语的影响太多,甚至习惯对照每个字把汉语生硬地翻译成英语。这样就会造成一些滑稽的错误。最典型的莫过于“good good study, day day up”了。

此句中think一词是多余的,去掉就可以了。

12. When I was in university, my psychology class had more than 500 students, often forcing me to sit on the floor.

在汉语中“有”既可以表示存在,也可以表示拥有。但在英语中,却需要用不同的方式来表达。表示存在时应该用there be句型,而表示拥有时则需要用have/has。When I was in university, there were more than 500 students in my psychology class, often forcing me to sit on the floor. 13. I enjoy reading forecasts of the future, but you wonder which will turn out to be correct.

人称不一致。在一句或一段话中,如果人称不一致会让读者感觉不知所云。在这个句子中,我们只需要将you改为I就可以了。

It’s never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。 14. I told my friends that I was going to major in geology, which annoyed my parents.

这个句子是歧义句。它既可以理解为我告诉朋友让父母不高兴,也可以理解为我选择了地质学让父母生气。这句话可以改为:I told my friends that I was going to major in geology, and my parents were annoyed by my choice. 15. If your English is not good, your going to have trouble with all the subject.

这句话中有三处显然是由于马虎造成的错误。1)人称代词your不可以做主语应改为you。2)表示将来的be going to 结构不完整,应在going前加上are。3)subject 是可数名词,应该用复数形式subjects。可别小看了这些小错误,记住“小石头也能绊倒人!”

16. The judge ordered that the suspect was detained immediately.

没有正确使用虚拟语气。在order, suggest等表示命令和建议的动词的宾语从句中应该使用should加动词原型,should可以省略。这句话应改为:The judge ordered that the suspect (should) be detained immediately.

17. Not only I wrote him a letter, but I also phoned him twice.

特殊句型使用错误。在英语中有许多特殊句型,我们必须熟记它们的意思和使用形式。常常会出错的有:the more… the more…, not only… but also…, too… to…, used to do, be used to doing, would rather… than…, so…that…, …so that…, had better等。not only… but also…结构可以用来连接两个并列的成分,并有加强语气的作用。这句话应改为:I not only wrote him a letter, but also phoned him twice. 此外,not only 放于句首时需用倒装句型,所以也可改为Not only did I write him a letter, but also phoned him twice.

18. Computer technology helps us do many things, but it also prevents us to do many others.

词语搭配错误。英语中的动词后接宾语或宾补时,常有固定的搭配,大家要注意积累。此句应改为:

Computer technology helps us do many things, but it also prevents us from doing many others.

19. Never he will forget the terrible traffic accident.

未使用倒装语序。如果句子以:Not only, Never, Hardly, No sooner, Only等开头,则句子应使用倒装语序。此句应改为:

Never will he forget the terrible traffic accident.

20. Because she does not have any friend in Paris, so she feels very lonely.

由于受汉语影响,许多同学在作文中使用

Because…so…

和Although…but…两个错误结构。改正的方法就选择because和so中的任意一个,或although和but中的任意一个。此句可以改为:Because she does not have any friend in Paris, she feels very lonely.或She does not have any friend in Paris, so she feels very lonely.或she feels very lonely because she does not have any friend in Paris.

21. The speaker called attention to the beginning and how it ended.

名词(短语)平行结构误用The speaker called attention to the beginning and end of the movement 22. He was sympathetic, tolerant, and people respected him.

形容词平行结构误用He was sympathetic, tolerant, and respected by people. 23. The boys were running, shouting and to laugh.

分词平行结构误用The boys were running, shouting and laughing. 24. Jane prefers singing to dance.

动名词平行结构误用Jane prefers singing to dancing. 25. To know what is good and doing what is right is not the same thing

动词不定式平行结构误用To know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing 26. The work is handsome and skillfully done.

副词平行结构误用The work is handsomely and skillfully done. 27. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and being able.

短语平行结构误用Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.

请改正下面句子中的错误。 1. Education is no longer free as it use to be.

Education is no longer free as it used to be.

2. For example, the computer that is used everywhere today to increase efficiency and save the cost of labor.

For example, the computer that is used everywhere today increases efficiency and saves the cost of labor.

3. In our country we vote for our government, the next federal election is coming again.

In our country we vote for our government when the next federal election is coming again. 4. After they express their opinion, he decided to reduce the operational expenses.

After they expressed their opinion, he decided to reduce the operational expenses.

5. Many people are dishonest with government. Although they are married, but they don’t want to declare they are married.

Many people are dishonest with government. Although they are married, they don’t want to declare they are married.

6. The closing down of hospitals causes inconvenience for the growing number of patients in Ontario.

The closing down of hospitals causes inconvenience for the increasing patients in Ontario.

7. “How do you think of my boyfriend, Dad?” the girl ask.

“How do you think of my boyfriend, Dad?” the girl asked.

8. Winter storms that bring ice, sleet, and snow they can cause traffic problem.

Winter storms that bring ice, sleet, and snow can cause traffic problem. 或Winter storms bring ice, sleet, and snow which can cause traffic problem.

9. The cake was suppose to be tasty.

The cake was supposed to be tasty.

10. The river will flood again next year unless we will build a better dam.

The river will flood again next year unless we build a better dam.

11. The runner looker as if he was winded.

The runner looked as if he was winded.

12. If I would have trained for the race, I might have won.

If I had been trained for the race, I would have won.

13. The instructor divided the work between Sam and I.

The instructor divided the work between Sam and me.

14. Her mother told her she was going to visit Alaska.

Her mother told her she was going to visit Alaska.

15. Because our car was overheating, it came as no surprise that it broke down just as it began to rain.

Because our car was overheating, it came with no surprise that it broke down just as it began to run.

16. The moon, along with Venus, are visible in the night sky.

The moon, along with Venus, is visible in the night sky.

17. Three hundred dollars are what we must pay.

Three hundred dollars is what we must pay. 18. The candidate felt unusual energetic.

The candidate felt unusual energetic.

19. The physicist Marie Curie discovered radium, she won two Nobel Prizes.

The physicist Marie Curie discovered radium, so she won two Nobel Prizes.

20. People feared that they would no longer be able to happily live in peace.

People feared that longer be able to happily.

信息写作常见错误简析范文第6篇

考研英语写作一直是大家的痛点,很多同学从小就讨厌写作,英语写作更是难上加难,可是我们不能逃避,必须面对它解决它,要写好英语作文,首先基础要打牢,单词,语法,学会组织句子,然后写好段落框架,往里面填充内容,这样,一个完整有内涵的文章就写完了,但由于大家基础没有夯实牢固,或者是写作方法没掌握好,会出现或大或小的问题,下面我们总结了这些问题,大家可以学习反思一下。

一、写作格式常见错误

主要包括以下几个方面:题目的写法、文章的格式、大小写以及标点符号等四个方面。

1、题目的写法

在考研作文中,大作文的写作(包括英一和英二)类型是不需要题目的,只有一些小作文也就是应英文写作(例如:报告、备忘录、告示、失物招领等)是需要题目的。因为题目是首先映入读者眼帘的,所以要注意题目的书写位置。一定要在试卷作文纸上的上方中间位置书写。同时还应在话题和正文之间留出一定的距离,即比正文行距稍宽一些。

其次,要注意题目的大小写,实词的首字母一定要大写。其它虚词如冠词、连词(但如连词的字母多于5个时则大写)和介词首字母不需要大写。比如:

例1

误:Attitudes Toward Money

正:Attitudes toward Money

2、文章的格式

(1)四边留空:卷面的四边一定要留出适当的空白。这样的文章才能整齐、美观,给人以清晰、明快的感觉。

(2)空格:文章的每段的首行一定要有统一的空格(一般缩进4-6个字节)。

3、大小写方面的错误

在考研文章的评改过程中,有关大小写方面的错误层出不穷,这是考生的一个弱点。一般来说,大写规则有以下几条:

(1)大写每句话的第一个字母和直接引语的第一字母,如:

He said,”He is going to Shanghai next week”.

(2)大写专有名词,或用作专有名词的部分普通名词,通常是缩略形式。如:

Dr G . G . East

(3)大写缩写字母。如:MPA ,MBA ,BBC

(4)文章标题要大写。

(5)头衔在专有名词前要大写,在专有名词后就小写。例如:Captain Smith --------Smith, the captain;Uncle George--------George ,my uncle

4、标点符号错误及分析

考生在写文章时,一定要注意正确使用标点符号,切忌从头到尾只用逗号的现象。一定要熟练掌握常用标点符号的基本用法,尤其要正确使用逗号和分号。

5、三段式作文注意事项

(1)、作文卷面要保持整洁,不要连笔,不要涂改。这是获取印象分的重点! 很多考生由于在考场过于紧张导致作文的单词老是写错,这是致命伤啊,会直接让你越写越没感觉就越没信心了。所以平常要加强练笔!

(2)、全文的第一句和各段的第一句必须是文章的中心句,最好能用复杂句表达。这是因为阅卷老师一般没有那么多的时间去看作文,所以只能大概浏览下各段的首句,这是获得高分的关键! (3)、全文结构布局:全文分为三段,第一段3句,第二段5句,第三段4句,可根据具体情况调整! 段落中,第一句是topic ,第二三句是detail ,第三句是conclusion 。

上述,我们总结了大家的写作的常见错误,及其三段式写作的注意事项,希望大家可以把这些经验和方法应用在自己的练习写作中,最后建议大家多参考《考研英语

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