酒店名称的翻译

2024-06-03

酒店名称的翻译(精选6篇)

酒店名称的翻译 第1篇

“酒店名称”的翻译讲解

“准确、忠实”是每一个翻译工作者必须遵守的原则。译文必须与原文无论在其内容上,还是在其风格上都要保持一致。当然,我们在日常生活中,也不难发现有许多东西的中英文名称是完全不一样的。令许多初接触者茫然。

有一位导游第一次带团前往当时开张不久的广东顺德仙泉大酒店时,就闹了个笑话。仙泉大酒店,她想不是音译成“Xianquan Hotel”,就是译成“Fairy Spring Hotel”。所以,在到达酒店前,她还兴致勃勃地向客人讲述顺峰山“仙泉”的动人故事,解释酒店为何取名“仙泉”Fairy Spring.然而,当该团的旅游巴士停在酒店门前,大家都清楚地看到牌上标着的英文是“Century Hotel”。她一下懵了。中文明明是写着“仙泉大酒店”,英文怎会是“Century Hotel”(世纪酒店)呢?客人面上流露出的困惑表情令刚才还谈笑风生的她尴尬到无地自容。后来才了解到因为Century的发音与仙泉相似,因而起此英文名,别无他意。

事实上,还有许多酒店的中文名与英文名的意思是完全不一样的。例如:

(香港)京华国际酒店 The Metropole Hotel

(香港)怡东酒店 The Excelsior

(上海)国际酒店 The Park Hotel

(珠海)君悦来酒店 The Greenery Hotel

以上这种情况是酒店起名时有意起成的,而不是翻译成的。就如有些人有了中文名后再起个英文名一样。有些是毫无关联的,香港的怡东酒店 The Excelsior,珠海的金怡酒店The Grand Angle Hotel;有些是发音相似,如:顺德仙泉酒店 Century Hotel,珠海君悦来酒店The Greenery Hotel,也有些是意思相近的,如:南海的午阳大酒店True Sun Hotel,等等。因此,遇到酒店招牌翻译时,最好是有可能先了解情况。

除了上述的特殊情况外,翻译酒店招牌时还有许多值得注意的地方:

1.注意其商标的特性

酒店的招牌好比这商品的商标,既要突出,易记,又要有吸引力。因此,翻译酒店招牌时,不要忘记其特性,让译文具有其广告效果。

我们不难发现,许多酒店都以本地名或风景名胜来命名,以此增加其知名度和吸引力。在翻译这类型的酒店招牌时,最好尽量用大众已接受在脑海中的习惯译文,而不要随意想音译就音译,想意译意译。例如,北京饭店,广东大厦,珠海宾馆,等等,我们一般都按习惯采用统一的普通话译音翻译其地名,既清楚,又易记。

但,长城饭店中“长城”是否也用普通话译音翻译成“Chang Cheng”呢?如果这样的话,所起的效果就不如众所周知的译文“The Great wall”来得更具吸引力,更易让外国人接受了。长城饭店的英文招牌是 The Great Wall Sheraton Hotel(Sheraton“喜来登”饭店联号).再例如,美国的 Hilton Hotel 和 New Porter Inn,中文音译成“希尔顿”和“纽波特饭店”,但,美国的 Mayflower Hotel 和 Watergate Hotel,我们不音译成“米弗劳尔饭店”和“华特基饭店”,而按习惯意译成“五月花饭店”和“水门饭店”。这样的译法,既可让我们联想起美国的一些历史,又易记,又具有一定的吸引力,因而,也就不会失去起名时的用意。

澳门的 Hotel Lisbon 的中文名却是间接意译。Lisbon 是葡萄牙的首都,也就是“京城”了。该酒店译为葡京酒店,亦属佳作,如直接译为里斯本酒店,反倒有违汉语求短求简的习惯。

2.注意沿用已译开的名称

所有招牌(商标),都要靠长时间的宣传,树立良好的公众形象后才能达到吸引客源的目的。招牌一旦用开了,就不能随意更改,否则前功尽费。因此,我们在翻译一些外国酒店时,应注意用已译过的名字,避免让人们误以为又有另一家新饭店,造成不便或损失。让我们看看以下几家同样有英文“Ambassador”的饭店习惯上是怎么译的:

(美国)Ambassador West Hotel 西方使者饭店

(英国)New Ambassador Hotel 新大使饭店

(多米)Ambassador Hotel 大使饭店

(香港)Ambassador Hotel 国宾酒店

同样一个英文 Ambassador,在中译时却有些不同。然而,译开了的名字就最好继续沿用下去,否则,就很容易造成误会,甚至让客人找错地方。

原文名称翻译外文时有小的出入,问题还不算太大。如果通过译文翻译回去有出入的话,问题就大了。例如,假日饭店。如果我们不清楚其背景,就随意译成 Holiday Hotel,那么,就不是指国际假日饭店集团下的假日饭店,因为它们采用统一的名称 Holiday Inn。但,如果不是它联号下的饭店,用了英文 Holiday Hotel,那么,就牵涉到商标法的问题了,因此翻译时必须小心。

3.“HOTEL”前置的现象

一般我们看到的饭店英文名称都把 hotel 放在名称后的,和中文的顺序一样。例如,中国大酒店 China Hotel,夏威夷皇家饭店 Royal Hawaiian Hotel 等等。但是,也会不时看到有些饭店象葡京酒店英文名那样,把 Hotel 放在名称前的现象。例如:

(法国)Hotel Continental 大陆饭店

(英国)Hotel Excelsior华盖饭店

(泰国)Hotel Royal皇家饭店

然而,这并不表示翻译酒店名称时,Hotel 这个英文可以随意放前摆后的。一般情况下,Hotel 应该放在名称后。Hotel 放在名称前是有原因的,可能酒店名称原文是法文,也可能起名时想以此强化饭店的异国风味。

最后,谈一下“华侨大厦”这店名的英译。我国各地都有“华侨大厦”,有些地方英译成 Overseas Chinese Building(或 Mansion);有些地方英译成 Overseas Chinese Hotel;也有些地方英译成Huaqiao Hotel。虽然出入不大,但是否应全国统一采用同一译文呢?那种译法较好呢?

“华侨大厦”的起名充分显示了祖国对回归的海外华人的一番热情的心意。让华侨们回归到自己的国土就能住进专门为他们设的“家”,让他们感受到故土的亲切与温暖。

然而,大家都清楚,因为客源所限,华侨大厦面向的客人不单单是华侨,作为酒店,它热情欢迎世界各国客人的光临。一家 Overseas Chinese Hotel 无疑对华侨们来说有亲切感,优越感,吸引力当然不少。但对其他国家的客人呢?不要说亲切感,优越感了,甚至没有吸引力。一家 Huaqiao Hotel 就不同,对于最起码有一点中文基础的华侨来说不会失去其亲切感和优越感,对于中文一窍不通的外国人来说,也不会有见外的感觉。一举两得。

因此,华侨大厦译成“ Huaqiao Hotel ”要比译成 “Overseas Chinese Hotel”等要更为适当,完美些。

酒店名称的翻译 第2篇

2. Human Resources Dept.人力资源部

3. Front Office前厅部

4. Housekeeping Dept.管家部

5. Food & Beverage Dept.餐饮部

6. Recreational Dept.康乐部

7. Financial Dept.财务部

8. Sales Dept.市场营销部

9. Security Dept.保安部

10. Engineering Dept.工程部

11. Waiting list等候名单

12. Average room rate平均房价

13. DND=Do Not Disturb请勿打扰

14. VIP=Very Important Person贵宾

15. Package包价服务

16. No-show订房不到

17. Message留言

18. Cancellation取消

19. Walk-in无预订散客

20. Morning call叫醒服务

21. Complain投诉

22. Over booking超额预订

23. OOO=Out of Order维修房

24. Lost and found 失物招领

25. Room status 房间状态

26. Check in 登记入住

27. Check out 结帐离店

28. Reservation预订

29. Reception接待

30. Operator总机话务员

31. Business centre商务中心

32. DDD=Domestic Direct Dial国内直拨

33. IDD=International Direct Dial国际直拨

34. LDD=Local Direct Dial市话

35. Suite套房

36. Standard room标准间

37. Double room大床间

38. Mini-bar小酒吧

39. Laundry service洗衣服务

40. Room service送餐服务

41. Menu菜单

42. PA=Public Area公共区域

43. DJ=Disk Jockey音控员

44. Tips=To Insure Prompt Service小费

45. AM=Assistant Manager大堂副理

总经理 general manager

外方总经理 Expatriate General Manager 副总经理 deputy general manager

财务总监 Finance Controller 销售总监 Director of Sales 市场总监 Director of Marketing 客务总监 Director of Rooms Divsion 行政总厨 Executive Chef 部门经理 department manager;division manager;section manager 经理助理 assistant manager 主管 supervisor 领班 captain

酒店名称的翻译 第3篇

Macau Historic Centre is the product of over 400 years of cultural exchange between the western world and the Chinese civilization.There are lots of extraordinary architectural heritages mixed with original city constructions like streets and squares.It concludes the oldest European architectures in China as well as typical Chinese traditional constructions.These two widely different buildings embody sharp contrast between Chinese culture and the western culture, but add a harmonious aesthetic feeling to the city.Every name of a streetscape, a piazza and a building in the Centre tells a story, so the translation of these site names seems very important.The author thinks that reflecting cultural connotation is the foremost principle while translating such site names.As an international tourist city, translation of site names in Macau should make tourists experience the unique history and multi-cultural connotation of Macau and get to know the city through reading culture behind site name translation.

This essay aims at pointing out that reflecting cultural connotation is the foremost principle of site name translation through analyzing translations of site names in Macau Historic Centre.Site name translation belongs to communicative language, and is a kind of reflection of special and local culture.It shows culture specific references because it contains the background information, even legends of scenic spots and historic sites it stands for.However, the original name may be replaced with a certain concept or word which is different from the original but reveals cultural equivalence.For example, St.Dominic’s Square, its literal translation is“圣多米尼克广场”, but the actual Chinese name is“板樟堂前地”.The difference between the original name and the translation is obvious, but these two names coexist harmoniously and share popularity among people from different countries.

This essay mainly analyzes two questions: (1) Why is reflecting cultural connotation the foremost principle of site name translation? (2) How do the translations of site names in Macau Historic Centre reflect cultural connotation?Two terms-communicative translation and semantic translation will be applied in this essay to analyze and discuss translation methods and characteristics of these site names.

According to Newmark, “communicative translation addresses itself solely to the second reader, who does not anticipate difficul-ties or obscurities, and would expect a generous transfer of foreign elements into his own culture as well as his language where necessary” (46) ;while in semantic translation, “the translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the target language, to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the author” (22) .Semantic translation complies with the source language culture and the original author, reproduces thinking process of the original author, and pays more attention to semantic analysis of words and sentences.“Newmark proposes that we should regard semantic translation and communicative translation as an integrated one.We often combine them two not absolutely one while translating a piece of writing” (Fang 97) .

Methods are needed while translating terms or words of culture specific references such as site names.As early as the 1950s, Loh Dian-yang, a Chinese Professor, put forward five methods for translating words or terms.Nowadays his methods are in fact still being used in translating cultural nouns between Chinese and English.Following are the five methods suggested and examples given by Loh:

1) pure transliteration (e.g.chocolate into巧克力) , (2) pure semantic translation (e.g.airplane飞机) , (3) combination of transliteration and semantic translation (e.g.utopia乌托邦) , (4) transliteration with semantic translation at the beginning or at the end (e.g.beer啤酒) , (5) symbolic translation with a semantic explanation at the end (e.g.cross十字架) .Loh also suggested“coinage of new characters”when translating technical terms (e.g.oxygen氧) . (47-50)

Site name translation contains rich cultural connotation, thus they are in fact internalized culture.Culture or cultural connotation is the common core of tourists, especially of site names.Nowadays the mainspring of tour is that people want to join in other different cultures to experience and read foreign cultures.Therefore, site name translation seems of great importance.The sites in Macau Historic Centre in this essay are products of over 400 years of multi-coexistence and cultural exchange between the western world and the Chinese civilization.This Centre is the biggest and oldest historic one in China which preserves the fullest and the most intensive buildings of Chinese and the Western features.According to the research, the author found that three methods are used in translating these site names:transliteration, communicative translation and semantic translation.The site names involved in this essay come from the brochure of the“Macao World Heritage”which can be downloaded from the Macao Government Tourist Office website:http://www.macautourism.gov.mo/.

Thereinafter, the three translation methods will be used to analyze how the translations of site names in Macau Historic Centre reflect cultural connotation.Owing to limited space, this essay mainly discusses three aspects of cultural connotation as western missionary culture, Chinese traditional culture and language culture.

Since the middle of 16th century, European missionaries came to Macau in succession in merchant ships.As religion is an important part of culture, the missionaries coming to Macau to preach their religion in early times also constitute a part of culturalexchange where they played a significant role in this communication.The missionaries brought western science, culture and art to China.However, the gap between these two kinds of civilization is so huge that it’s difficult to communicate.So for narrowing this gap, the missionaries learnt Chinese and Chinese etiquettes, even proposed and developed a flexible policy of preaching.Among lots of knowledgeable missionaries of Chinese culture, Robert Morison and Matteo Ricci are two outstanding ones.Morison compiled the first EnglishChinese dictionary and firstly translated the Bible into Chinese.Matteo Ricci used Chinese to compile a set of terms of Catholic Theology and etiquettes.He also made the first world map named Great Universal Geographic Map in the history of China.“Therefore, it is widely believed that many of the names of those western style buildings were initiated and translated by the western missionaries” (Zhang 215) .

From the translations of site names in Historic Centre, we could find following translations of buildings of western style emphasize on the original culture:St.Lawrence’s Church (圣老楞佐教堂) , Cathedral (大堂) , St.Augustine’s Church (圣奥斯定教堂) , St.Anthony’s Church (圣安多尼教堂) and Protestant Cemetery (基督教坟场) .These translations contain the original culture, so they belong to semantic translation and transliteration.Evidently, Chinese names above sound unfamiliar to local Chinese, but they keep the print of western missionary culture at maximum.“It is said that St.Anthony’s Church is the first church in Macau whose major fete is St.Anthony that is well known by Portuguese.In the past, every June 13, people would hold a celebration to pray for his bless” (Liu 67-68) .St.Lawrence’s Church is one of the oldest churches in Macau and its fete is St.Lawrence, the sea god in Catholicism and the patron saint of voyage of Portuguese.The main principle of translation above is that“when the building is named after a person, the person’s name is translated according to its pronunciation;when the building is given a proper name with common concepts such as‘the protestant’, ‘bishop’, semantic translation is adopted” (Zhang211) .No matter these site names translated according to the pronunciation of semantic meanings, original characteristics of language and culture are kept.In particular, the translation of St.Dominic’s Church (玫瑰堂) use communicative translation not the semantic one, but“玫瑰堂”also retains missionary cultural feature.“Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Fátima”who is the favorite worship of Portuguese is consecrated in the church.Every year on May 13, people will parade, commemorate the goddess, and pray for world peace.That’s why St.Dominic’s Church gets its Chinese name.Although the translating methods used are different, translations of these western-style buildings reflect deep cultural meanings of the western religion.Translators preserve and transmit western religion culture into target language culture via comprehensible words.

“From time immemorial, Macau has been an inalienable part of China’s territory.Macau culture belongs to Chinese culture and is rooted in Chinese society” (Zha 319) .Because of the free cultural policy adopted by Portuguese government, keeping Chinese own religious faith, life style and customs were permitted, most people in Macau nowadays still believe in Chinese religion and preserve temples of hundred years in good condition.“Chinese in Macau keep own cultural traditions in most time, such as Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Mazu, Guan Gong and Lu Ban.The fact that Chinese language and national customs are popular in Macau reflects Chinese culture is still the cultural tradition of Macau Chinese” (Tang 66) .Some that disappeared in mainland exist in Macau now, and keep very well, like the marriage custom of kowtow to eldership.Therefore, translators should be very careful while translating site names with Chinese cultural features, and they should take the cultural connotation into account.

Following translations of site names in Macau Historic Centre fully embody Chinese traditional culture:Chinese-style buildings like A-Ma Temple (妈阁庙) , Na Tcha Temple (哪咤庙) , Sam Kai Vui Kun Temple (三街会馆) , Lou Kau Mansion (卢家大屋) and western-style ones such as Lilau Square (亚婆井前地) , Ruins of St.Paul’s (大三巴牌坊) .Semantic translation is used in translation of Chinese-style buildings and communicative translation in that of western-style buildings.Both methods completely reflect traditional cultural characteristics.A Ma Temple is one of the oldest temples in Macau and it’s also an architectural complex of Chinese features.“More than 500 hundred years ago Mazu culture and religion sprouted and emerged, and gradually mix with society, folk-custom and people’s livelihood” (Wu et al.471) .“Officers and citizens in Macau both value Mazu culture, especially its kindness and cohesiveness for hundreds of years” (Wu et al.469) .Thus, we could find that the influence and popularity of Mazu culture in Macau, and translation of A Ma Temple should embody this tradition.“A Ma”is transliterated from“阿妈”which Macanese call Mazu.“Temple”is translated from“庙”, which contains Chinese religion feature and makes readers informed of its function.This method combining of transliteration and semantic translation well reflect the long-standing culture and faith.“Ruins of St.Paul’s”is a landmark site of Macau which was the affiliated church of Colégio de São Paulo.“三巴”is transliterated from“São Paulo”and the left front wall looks like the Chinese traditional memorial archway, so local people call it“大三巴牌坊”.In this way, the translator translated a name of rich western culture into a term of Chinese characteristics and made it easy to remember.

Macau is a multilingual society with complicated and special language culture.“The Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China composed that Chinese and Portuguese are both legal languages being used in administration, legislation and judicature” (Cheng 183) .Though not the official one, English has gradually been an important language in daily communication these years, and it’s very popular in commerce and tourism.Macau is ideal for analyze language and culture.“It’s beneficial for not only preserving cultural features of Macau, but formulating right policies and scientific plans of language and culture to retain this‘language laboratory’” (Cheng 421) .Site names in Macau Historic Centre are mostly of these three languages.Thus, while translating, translators should take language culture into consideration, or may cut off communication between tourists and multi-culture of Macau.

The English translations of following site names all embody language cultural features of Macau:Lilau Square, Na Tcha Temple, Sir Robert Ho Tung Library, Lou Kau Mansion, Guan Tai Temple, and Casa Garden.“Lilau Square”is translated from“亚婆井前地”, and translator add Portuguese“Lilau”which means“mountain spring”into English version.Here is the main source of water, so there’s a famous ballad singing, “one who drinks from Lilau never forgets Macao;one either makes it home, or will come back again” (Zhang 216) .We can see that this well is of great importance to Portuguese and other westerners in Macau.Therefore, “Lilau”reflects this cultural characteristic, and“亚婆 (grandma) ”means nothing to them.What’s more, most Chinese in Macau speak Cantonese, so some Chinese site names are transliterated into English according to the pronunciation of Portuguese.For example, “哪吒庙”is translated into“Na Tcha Temple”, different from Mandarin“NéZhāTemple”, and“关帝庙”into“Guan Tai Temple”not“Guān DìTemple”.These translations show people a deep feeling of Chinese features in Macau.As to“Sir Robert Ho Tung Library (何东图书馆大楼) ”, the English version adds“Sir Robert”, a familiar name to English readers, to embody English culture in Macau.

This essay analyzes the translations of site names in Macau Historic Centre and finds that some translations are loyal to the source text on pronunciation and semantic meanings, while some comply with target language readers by using communicative translation.No matter what kind of method is used, the translations of site names of Macau World Heritage all reflect rich cultures of missionaries, Chinese tradition and multi-language, and provide tourists with an access to know the culture, history and personality.While translating site names, one should has applied ability of controlling languages as well as abundant knowledge of different cultures, and thoroughly understand two or even more than two kinds of social customs and local conditions, so that he or she could allow fully play to the sustaining of history and culture of those unique names to achieve equivalent effects.

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文物名称翻译的统一及规范 第4篇

关键词:文物名称;翻译;规范;统一

中图分类号:H315.9文献标识码:A文章编号:1673-2596(2014)06-0204-03

文物作为物化的历史,承载着重要的历史文化信息。目前我国的博物馆、文献资料、甚至专业书籍中对文物名称的英文翻译都时有谬误,而且缺乏统一和规范。因此,本文通过分析目前官方的名称英译的规定及前人对文物翻译的研究,试探讨文物名称英译规范化的原则及方法。

一、文物名称翻译统一的重要性

在我国每件文物都有唯一的名称,并且是经过文物管理及编目工作者依物件的年代、颜色、形状等诸多因素进行探讨、最终规定的。为每一件文物命名最重要的目的就是使人们可以“见其名,如见其物”,相当于给每件文物加上标签,使中国的古老文化被后辈发现后有效的在其子孙后代中传播。炎黄子孙流着相同的血液,说着同样的语言,我们可以在短时间内了解掌握新发掘的文物,从其质地、构造了解最古老的历史文化。

中国早已走上国际的大舞台,国外的专家学者对中国传统文化有着极大的兴趣,同时也是扩大我国文化对国际影响力的最佳时期。“如何让外国人能准确的了解到中国特有的文物描述显的尤为重要,所以如何在翻译中正确融合文化差异和规范翻译方法是文物翻译的重点。文化的有效传播对文物翻译具有依赖性,而翻译的规范化水平对文化能否畅通传播起着重要的作用。当前,我国文物翻译中存在着许多问题,在很大程度上制约着我国文化传播。”①因此,文物名称翻译的统一承担着传播中国文化的重担,也是世界了解中国的媒介。

二、名称翻译规范化的发展及现状

中国是拥有5000多年历史的四大文明古国之一,文化源远流长。随着信息时代的到来,大量的信息与文化在网络等平台上广泛传播。中国文化由于其悠久的历史和丰富的文化内涵而备受世界各国人士的高度关注。因此,把我国文化“输出”成为当前一项重要历史使命。由于各国文化的差异,生活背景的不同,再加上语言的相互转化存在一定的难理解性,名称翻译规范化是将我国文化准确“输出”的必要前提。

目前,我国官方制定、发布的有关名称翻译的规范化的标准的针对范围很小,基本只限于相对常用且容易规范的几种名称,如地名、人名、职位、菜名等。地名翻译时用汉语拼音的形式即可,如果是比较偏的地名,可以加上其所属省份或地区,顺序遵循英文习惯,由小到大排列,如内蒙古赤峰译为Chifeng Inner Mongolia。人名的翻译在最初,遵循英文习惯,以“名+姓”的形式翻译,比如“张小明”译为“Xiaoming Zhang”,现在随着各国文化的融汇,中文的国际地位的提高,渐渐地人们在英译人名时也按照中国人的习惯,将姓放在前面,将“张小明”直接用汉语拼音译为“Zhang Xiaoming”。有关菜名的翻译是在2008年奥运会前夕为保证餐饮服务质量,满足服务需求,展示中国餐饮文化时规定的,并由北京市相关部门编制了《中文菜单英文译法》一书,本书中对食物与酒水的翻译制定了详细的规则,充分的将中国食物的特色、配料等以文字形式展出,方便了外国友人点餐。例如冰梅凉瓜:Bitter Melon in Plum Sauce,京酱肉丝:Sautéed Shredded Pork in Sweet Bean Sauce等。

至于文物名称的翻译,专家们对其研究的主要是以博物馆文物翻译及解说词的纠错展开的有关文物翻译原则的讨论。90年代末主要围绕的是文物翻译原则即“信达雅”等原则的讨论,后有部分论说讨论的是意译还是音译的问题。近些年很多专家从翻译的“归化”和“异化”角度讨论文物名称的翻译,也开始有人提出文物翻译要重视统一性。不过,对于究竟如何统一,专家们的研究还较少,目前对于文物名称的英文翻译,我国还没有官方的规范化标准。

三、以红山文化器物为例探讨统一文物翻译的原则和方法

(一)文物名称翻译统一的原则

“文物名称是文物通过语言简练的概括出来的一种意识概念。它能直接或间接地揭示文物的中心含义。文物的名称与我们通常所说的物名是不一样的,它有自己的特点。它是博物馆保管工作者在文物的功用名称基础上,依据文物的年代、质地、款识、作者、花纹、颜色、器形等因素组合构成的文物标识,是客观见之于主观的产物。”②文物名称需要具备通报性、统一性、检索性这3个基本属性。基于文物在命名时的依据,翻译文物名称时也要尽量的表达出原始文物名称所要传达的信息,准确运用词汇,保证词语的时代性,做到简洁明了,但一定要描述出文物的主要特征。即达到“信”与“达”,之所以没有提到“雅”,是因为文物名称属于对物的阐明,表达明确,做到信息的准确传递是第一位的。如果“信达雅”三者有冲突时,首先要取“信”与“达”而舍“雅”。

“文物翻译是科技英语翻译的一个分支,具有独特的民族属性及文化内涵,因此这种实用性文体的翻译有别于一般的文字翻译。”③在对文物名称进行翻译时,对译者最高要求就是对本土与国外文化的充分了解,翻译时跨越文化差异的鸿沟从而准确地翻译出文物的名称。经过诸多专家的研究探讨,认为文物名称蕴含了丰富的信息及文化内涵,因此,翻译时要使每个译文都与原文相符是很困难的。通过对以往的文物名称翻译的研究发现,每一个成功的译本都需表达出文物所表达的文化内涵,而文化的缺失或信息的缺失普遍被有关专家学者认为是不成功的翻译。所以在文物翻译时在保证“信”与“达”的基础上切不可丢失文物所带有的文化内涵,这也是保证中国古文化完整、准确“输出”的必要前条件。

文物名称的翻译目前处于由初步期向成熟期过渡阶段,目前国内已经有一些专家学者强调文物翻译的重要作用,研究文物名称如何翻译才可以准确无误的传达其本意,使外国人一看便明白名称所要表达的真正含义,不会因为对我国某些文化的不了解而不明白名称所指。目前在我国各大博物馆和书籍中有关文物名称的翻译仍存在一些不足,例如,对汉语理解不到位造成翻译失误、忽略文化差异造成的翻译失误、词语过时造成翻译失误、词义混淆造成翻译失误等。我国文物仍在不断发掘探索中,因此文物名称的翻译还需要继续研究,最终达到统一规范。

通过对目前官方的名称翻译统一标准的分析发现,姓名、地名、职位名等翻译标准都无法满足文物英译的要求,最贴近文物名称英译的官方标准也就只能是菜名的翻译了。根据《中文菜单英文译法》中的翻译原则,在翻译中国菜名时基本遵循这样的规则:

1.以主料为主、配料为辅的翻译原则,如:主料(名称/形状)+with+配料;

2.以烹制方法为主、原料为辅的翻译原则,如:烹制方法(动词过去分词)+主料(名称/形状)+配料+with/in+汤汁;

3.以形状、口感为主、原料为辅的翻译原则,如:烹制方法(动词过去分词)+形状/口感+主料+配料;

4.以人名、地名为主、原料为辅的翻译原则,如:人名(地名)+ 主料,或者做法(动词过去式)+主辅料+人名/地名+Style。

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关于以汉语拼音命名或音译的原则,该《译法》也有相关规定:

1.具有中国特色且被外国人接受的传统食品,本着推广汉语及中国餐饮文化的原则,使用汉语拼音。如:饺子Jiaozi。

2.具有中国特色且被外国人接受的,使用地方语言拼写或音译拼写的菜名,仍保留其拼写方式。如:豆腐Tofu。

3.中文菜肴名称无法体现其做法及主配料的,使用汉语拼音,并在后标注英文注释。如:佛跳墙Fotiaoqiang--Steamed Abalone with Sharks Fin and Fish Maw in Broth.

以上翻译原则及具体方法在文物名称的翻译中有很多可以借鉴之处。除了这一可借鉴的官方翻译规范以外,许多专家以博物馆文物、陶器、瓷器、中国工艺品等为研究对象探讨过这类器物名称翻译的方法。不过大多数只是纠错,也有一些专家在纠错的过程中提出了文物名称规范的方法,但是目前还没有比较系统的统一文物名称英译的规范及标准。

(二)红山文化及红山文化器物的特点

红山文化因最早发现于内蒙古自治区赤峰市的一座红色山峰而得名。“主要分布在内蒙古老哈河流域和辽宁省辽西地区。年代主要为公元前4000年至前3000年”,最新的研究发现,红山文化及泛红山文化最早可上溯至距今8000年,是中国北方地区具有极高研究价值的新石器文化。“红山文化的主要特征是彩陶与细石器并存,有大量的玉器和祭坛、神庙、积石冢等祭祀用大型礼制建筑。”④

红山文化器物以玉器、陶器及石器居多,以祭葬器居多,而且因为其年代久远,属原始社会文化,且地处北方草原地区,笼罩着浓重的神秘色彩,有很多器物的用途、意义及特殊性如果不加解释,普通民众很难能够明白,因此在翻译时应尽量体现出红山文化器物背后的文化内涵。

(三)红山文化器物名称翻译举例

1.“材料/修饰语+核心词”的译法。有些器物名称所含信息在形式上和内涵上都能在英语中找到对等。比如红山文化中最具代表性、最为世人所熟知,也最具历史文化意义的“玉龙”。在内蒙古赤峰市三星塔拉出土的“玉龙”被认为是中国最早的龙形器物,被誉为“中华第一龙”。它有力地证明了中华崇龙文化及龙图腾的地位之高及范围之广,同时,这一“C”形玉龙形象还被多所机构、银行、公司等用作徽标,作为“中华”、“华夏”“中国龙”的典型象征在世界各地熠熠生辉。根据“材料/修饰语+核心词”的译法,可译为jade dragon。

2.“拼音+注释”的译法。有些器物是只有中国才有的,具有中国特色的文物,无法在英语中直接找到对等词,比如“玉玦”。“玦”在《现代汉英词典》里被译为penannular jade ring(worn as an ornament in ancient China)。这种译法采用的是“修饰语+核心词+(解释)”的方法,该译法既反映了字面信息,又反映了其用途,是比较准确的,只是美中不足,该翻译还是缺少了另外一条文化信息。“玦”是中国古代的一种环形饰物,但是与“环”相对应的是,“玦”是带有一个小缺口的环,也就是不完全闭合的环。这一点,字典里的解释非常到位。但是还有另外一个重要的文化信息,那就是因为玦有缺口,且“玦”与“绝”同音,古人如果将玦赠与他人,则表示决绝。因此有“绝人以玦”之说,对于这样的信息,有必要在翻译时加以补充。否则,拿红山玉器来说,类环形玉器占很大比重,有玉环、玉玦、玉璧、玉镯等等。如果在翻译时不加以解释,普通外国读者就很难区分这些看上去差不多的器物到底有什么区别,更加无法理解这些珍贵文物背后所蕴涵的深厚的中国文化。因此,在翻译时应保留玦的原本发音,采用“拼音+注释”的方法,将“玉玦”译为jade Jue (penannular jade ring worn as an ornament in ancient China and present as a symbol of breaking-off)更为妥当。

3.用“,”或“()”表示附加信息,或表明时代或者所属文化时期。如上文例子jade Jue (penannular jade ring worn as an ornament in ancient China and present as a symbol of breaking-off),将解释部分用“()”括起来,既保持了翻译主体“jade Jue”的结构和意义上的完整,又将其包涵的文化信息表达清楚。文物的年代、所属历史文化时期或朝代也是非常重要的信息,通常在名称中也有所体现。比如“兴隆洼文化石兽”可按此原则译为stone beast (Xinglongwa Culture).目前,除了用“()”括起附加信息或朝代、历史时期的方式以外,用“,”引出的方式也比较常见。两者差别不大。不过,笔者还是比较倾向于用“()”表示附加信息,用“,”表示朝代及文化时期。

4.“修饰语+核心词+of”,of后为器物的形状等。比如“玉雕龙面人身像”,核心词应为“像-statue”。龙面人身是其雕刻的主体形象,因此应该译为jade statue of dragon face and human body.

5.“修饰语+核心词+with”的形式。with后加器物的纹饰、装饰物等。如“塔式镂孔陶瓶”,这是一件在东山嘴墓地出土的祭葬器,其下部有镂孔部分,一处为三角形镂孔,一处为方形镂孔,且两处镂孔相互对应。因此,这里的镂孔实为有孔之意,决不可错解为“镂空”。英译时可用with holes表达这一信息,翻译为“tower-typed pottery bottle with holes”。

——————————

注 释:

①林文涛.文物翻译的规范化探析[J].四川文物,2013,(4):86.

②王根发.文物的名称和定名[J].中国博物馆,1989,(4):80-81.

③陈曦,陈汉良.历史文物名词英译的规范化研究[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,(3):161-163.

④于明.中华文明的一源—红山文化[M].中国档案出版社,2002.3.

参考文献:

〔1〕北京市人民政府外事办公室.中文菜单英文译法[M].中国旅游出版社,2008.

〔2〕戴炜,等.真赏红山[M].内蒙古人民出版社,2007.

〔3〕外研社.现代汉英词典[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2001.

(责任编辑 姜黎梅)

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复印(机)COPY(MACHINE)

网络 INTERNET

电脑 COMPUTER

打印机 PRINTER

机票 FLIGHTTICKET

打字 TYPING

充电 CHARGEABATTERY

充电器 CHARGER

留言 MESSAGE

内播电影 IN-HOUSEMOVIE

对方付费电话 COLLECTCALL

酒店帐 HOUSEACCOUNT H/A

国内长途------IDD

国际长途------DDD

市内电话 CITYCALL

分机 EXTENSION EXTN

服务台 COUNTER

唤醒服务 WAKEUPCALL

叫早服务 MORNINGCALL

请勿打扰 DONOTDISTURB DND

天气 WEATHER

出租车 TAXI

面包车 VEHICLE

中巴 COACH

报纸 NEWSPAPER

信件 MAIL

电视 TELEVISION TV

背景音乐 BACKGROUNDMUSIC

小酒吧 MINIBAR

冰箱 REFRIGERATOR

客房保险箱 MINISAFE / PERSONALSAFE

吹风筒 HAIRDRYER

电热水壶 ELECTRICHEATINGKETTLE

中央空调 INDIVIDUALCONTROLLED AIR-CONDITION

洗衣 LAUNDRY

干洗 DRY-CLEANING

熨烫 VALETSERVICE

失物招领 LOSTANDFOUND

早餐 BREAKFAST B’FAST

美式早餐 AMERICANBREAKFAST ABF

欧陆式早餐 CONTINENTALBREAKFAST CBF东方式早餐 ORIENTALBREAKFAST OBF

午餐 LUNCH LNH

晚餐 DINNER DNR

人民币------RMB

港币------HKD

美元------USD

按摩 MASSAGE

蒸汽浴 STEAMBATH

邻近房 ADJOINING ROOM

付款方式ADVANCE PAYMENT

礼仪 AMENITY

住房平均价格 AVERAGE ROOM RATE A.R.R

收款的指令 BILLING INSTRUCTION

取消 CANCELLATION

不收费房 COMPLIMENTARY COMP

连通房 CONNECTING

续住 EXTENSION

加床 EXTRA BED

预报 FORECAST

客人帐单 GUEST FOLIO

管家部报表 HOUSEKEEPING REPORT

加入 JOIN-IN

超过退房时间 LATE CHECK-OUT

记事本 LOG BOOK

净价 NET RATE

坏房 OUT OF ORDER O.O.O

包价 PACKAGE

长包房 PERMANENT ROOM

门市价 RACK RATE

登记 REGISTER

登记卡 REGISTRATION CARD

转房 ROOM CHANGE

房价 ROOM RATE

房间种类 ROOM TYPE

团体住房名单 ROOM LIST

同住 SHARE WITH

旅行社 TRAVEL AGENT

升级 UPGRADE

空房 VACANT ROOM

贵宾 VERY IMPORTANT PERSON V.I.P

营业利润贡献 Contribution to Trading ProfitCTP

总经营利润 Gross Operating ProfitGOP

平均每间可卖房间的收入 Revenue Per Available RoomRevPAR收入产生指数 Revenue Generation IndexRGI

宾客意见调查系统 Guest Satisfaction Tracking SystemGSTS员工满意度调查Employee Satisfaction Pulse SurveyESPS全面质量管理Total Quality ManagementTQM

质量评估系统Quality Evaluation System QES

酒店经营管理系统 Property Management System PMS(标准经营程序)Standard Operating Procedures SOP

重要公司协议价(Key Negotiated Rate)KNR

当地"公司协议价(Local Negotiated Rate)LNR

合作协议申请 Request for ProposalRFP

散客Fully Independent Traveler FIT

综合经营计划Integrated Business Plan IBP

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