合同管理综合练习论文（精选6篇）
合同管理综合练习论文 第1篇
综合练习
五、阐述及案例题
1.原告与被告签订《住宅施工承包合同》。双方约定：原告应依约完成该项工程的建筑与安装：总建筑面积为18571平方米；合同还约定：钢材、水泥、木材由被告提供；其余为包工包料，除三材价差由甲方承担外，其余材料按照××市有关文件规定相应增减调整；三材先按预算用量，最终依实际工程量结算。完工后经区质检站竣工验收为优良工程；原告提交竣工结算书后，被告委托审价定为人民币888.69万元，但决算造价未包括三材材差。经原告多次催讨，被告最后一次支付审价工程款的时间为2000年1月17日。由于原告内部人员变动频繁，对65万元综合综合材料款未继续催讨。在2002年1月15日的原告突然想起本案争议，事后向律师咨询确认，根据合同约定尚可依法催讨，便决定起诉，但当天离诉讼时效仅有一天时间。2004年4月5日向法院提起诉讼。
请问：法院是否支持该诉讼？为什么？如果不支持，原告应如何行使其权利？
2．某钢筋混凝土结构住宅，业主与施工单位，监理单位分别签订了施工合同，监理合同。施工单位将土方开挖，外墙涂料与防水工程分别分包给专业性公司，并分别签订了分包合同。合同规定2003年3月1号开工，2004年4月1号竣工，工程造价3000万元。请问：1）总包单位于2月25号进场，进行开工前准备工作，电力部门通知施工用变压器要到3月8号才能安装完毕，施工单位因此要求工期顺延七天。此项要求是否成立？根据是什么？
2）土方公司在基础开挖中遇到地下文物，采取了必要的保护措施。为此总包单位请他们向业主索赔，是否恰当？为什么？
3）在基础回填过程中，总包单位已按要求提取土样，并试验合格。监理工程师对回填土的质量异议，责成总包单位再次取样检验，结果合格。总包单位要求监理单位支付试验费。是否恰当？为什么？
4）在结构施工过程中，总包单位按监理工程师批准的施工组织设计进行施工，由于施工组织设计本身的缺陷导致现场一
度失控，导致封顶时间延误了七天。总包单位以工程师的同意为由，要求给予七天的工期补偿。是否恰当？为什么？
5）总包单位对钢筋连接设备进行改进研究，在本公司实验室内进行试验，改进成功并用于本工程。总包单位要求此项试
验费由业主支付。监理工程师是否批准？为什么？
3.甲公司与乙建设公司签订合同，由甲承包乙的工程项目，项目完工后，双方经过了验收，通过了质量检验，并对工程价款达成了一致。此后，乙一直没有付款，甲几经催要，也未达到目的。甲遂对工程进行留置，拒绝向乙进行交付，乙于是向法院提起诉讼，要求依合同交付工程。
请问：甲对该工程能否实施留置权？为什么？
4.G公司承包了一处建设工程，在工程建设过程中，由于大量的事件发生，使得工程的费用大量增加，于是G公司提出了索赔，要求业主支付。业主基本同意G公司的请求，但对公司的索赔中包含利润部分表示了异议，认为索赔只有补偿，不包含利润。G公司与业主协商不成，遂诉至法院，法院支持G公司的部分利润要求，驳回了大部分。G公司表示不理解。请问：在什么情况下的费用索赔应包括利润？ 什么情况下不包括利润？
5.甲电讯公司因建办公楼与乙建筑承包公司签订工程总承包合同，其后，经甲同意，乙分别与丙建筑设计院和丁建筑工程公司签订了工程勘察设计合同和工程施工合同。勘察设计合同约定由丙对甲的办公楼及其附属工程提供设计服务，并按照设计合同约定交付有关的设计文件和资料。施工合同约定由丁根据丙提供的设计图纸进行施工。合同签订后，丙按时将设计文件交付丁进行施工。工程竣工后，甲会同有关质量监督部门对工程进行验收，发现工程存在严重质量问题，是由于设计不符合规范所致。原来丙未对现场进行仔细勘察即自行进行设计导致设计不合理，给甲造成重大损失。丙以与甲没有合同关系为由拒绝承担责任，乙又以自己不是设计人为由推卸责任，甲遂以丙为被告向法院起诉。
请问：该案例涉及哪些合同关系？甲能否以丙为被告向法院起诉？为什么？您认为甲应如何办才能赢得官司？
6.甲公司欲建办公楼，与乙建筑勘察设计院于2005年3月1日签定工程勘察合同，合同额20万元，预算包干，合同工期30天（以勘察人进驻现场开始计算）。双方约定在签定合同3日内按合同额20%支付定金，其余勘察费在交付勘察报告后一次付清。
3月4日甲支付定金4万元，3月5日乙进驻现场开始进行工程勘察，3月20日，因甲内部机构变动等原因，项目暂停，经与乙协商后解除合同，约定4月1日支付剩余勘察费，此时乙已经完成约五分之三的勘察任务。但双方就勘察费的支付问题发生纠纷：甲认为勘察工作未完成，工作15天，刚好是工期的一半，应支付乙10万元，已付定金4万元，尚余6万元。乙认为应支付全部勘察费20万元。
后来经工程师调解，依据合约规定妥善处理了此事，甲于4月21日支付了剩余勘察费。
请问：1）订立勘察合同时，应明确约定哪些方面的内容？
2）如果你是工程师，如何处理案例中的纠纷？
3）4月21日甲支付的剩余勘察费应是多少？
7、某采用FIDIC合同条件实施的项目，包括两个分阶段移交的单位工程，实施阶段两单位工程的滞留金分别为A单位工程10万元，B单位工程20万元。B工程施工过程中因承包商质量责任被从滞留金中扣罚工税。临理工程师签发工程移交证书的日期分别为：A单位工程于1990年5月30日签发，B单位工程1990年10月30日签发。两单位工程的缺陷责任期均为一年，且都圆满通过了缺陷责任期内的试运行。试分析滞留金应分几次归还承包商?每次归还多少?
8、某工程基坑开挖后发现有城市供水管理横跨基坑，须将供水管道改线并对地基进行处理，为此业主以书面形式通知施工单位停工十天，并同意合同工期顺延十天。为确保继续施工，业主要求工人，施工机械等不要撤离施工现场，但在中未涉及由此造成施工单位停
工损失如何处理。施工单位认为对其损失过大，意欲索赔。
[问提]1）索赔能否成立，索赔证据是什么？
2）由此引起的损失费用项目有哪些？
3）如果提出索赔要求，应向业主提供哪些索赔文件？
9、某业主拟建设一个工厂项目，与施工单位按《建设工程施工合同文本》签订了工程施工合同，工程未进行投保。但在工程施工过程中受到台风不可抗力的袭击，造成了相应的损失，施工单位在合同规定的有效期内提出了索赔要求，并附有索赔有关的资料和证据。施工单位提出的索赔要求如下：
1）已建分部工程遭受不同程度的破坏，损失合计20万元，应由业主承担修复的经济责任，施工单位不再承担。
2）施工单位进场的正在使用机械，设备受到损害，造成损失合计10万元；由于停工造成台班损失5万元，业主应负担赔偿和修复的经济责任，工人窝工费4万元，业主应予支付。
3）施工单位人员因此而有人受伤，医疗及补偿金合计5万元，此外工程还造成一路人受伤，医疗及补偿金合计3万元，业主都应该予以赔偿。
4）因风灾造成现场停工7天，要求合同工期顺延7天。
5）由于工程破坏，施工单位按业主要求清理现场，费用合计3万元，业主应予以支付。
请问：就施工单位以上提出的各项索赔，监理工程师应如何处理？为什么？
10．监理工程师在施工现场以口头指令的形式要求承包商完成合同内没有约定的新增土方开挖工作，但在口头指令发布后的48小时内
没有给出书面确认指示。承包商在指令发布后的两天内完成工作，并于口头指令发布后的第三天向监理工程师发出书面通知，说明监理工程师口头指令发布的时间、地点、内容，以及实际完成的工程量，进而提出相应的支付要求。监理工程师在接到承包商的书面申告后3天内未予任何答复，但在月末支付工程进度款前要求计量变更工程量。此项要求应视为监理工程师有效指示，承包商必须协助执行。
您认为监理工程师和承包商的做法合适吗？为什么？
11．索赔与违约责任的区别。
12．在不同的情况下，因不可抗力事件导致的费用及延误的工期应如何承担？
13．施工投标中如何进行不平衡报价。
14、试论述施工合同示范文本中发包人工作。
15、试论述指定分包商与一般分包商的区别
16、试分析引起工程合同索赔的主要原因
17、试论述无效合同、效力待定、可撤销合同的异同
18、某国际承包工程，经监理工程师核实后的承包商代表报送的本月报表内包括：该月完成永久工程价值12万美元，计日工资0．3万美元，运到工地的材料设备应预支款额3万美元。按投标书附件规定，滞留金百分比为10％。本月工程预付款元扣还2万美元，工程师签发月度付款证书的最小金额为15万美元。根据合同中规定计算的价格调整系数为0．12，试问监理工程师本月将如何签发付款证书?
19、试分析工程变更的估价和索赔处理的关系。
20、试分析监理合同中规定的监理人的权利和义务。
合同管理综合练习论文 第2篇
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. My teacher praised me because I had made ___ .
A. great progresses B. great progress C. a great progress D. little progress
2. The ____ is just around the corner. I don’t think you will miss it.
A. bicycles’ shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycle’s shop
3. I don’t think there is ____ else for me to do here now.
A. everything B. anything C. something D. each thing
4. ____ people can live to be 150 in the world.
A. Few B. A few C. A little D. Little
5. This road is ____ that one.
A. three times longer than B. as three times long as
C. longer three times than D. as long three times than
6. There were ____ people in the meeting hall yesterday.
A. three thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine.
B. three thousand and seven hundred and ninety-nine.
C. three thousands seven hundred and ninety-nine.
D. three thousands seven hundreds and ninety-nine.
7. To make a living, he had tried ____, and many other jobs, but had failed in all.
A. to write B. writing C. write D. written
8. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least two years since I ____ a good drink.
A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying
9. The next day, she ____ her father what ____ when her brother came in.
A. told, happened B. was telling, had happened
C. had told, happened D. had told, had happened
10. Rather than ____ the classroom, he always prefers ____ the playground.
A. sweep, to sweep B. sweep, sweep C. sweeping, sweep D. to sweep, sweeping
11. It was the discovery ____ the Curies had made ____ enabled them to be awarded a Nobel Prize.
A. that, what B. What, that C. that, that D. that, which
12. ____ that the necklace wasn’t a real one, things would have been entirely different.
A. Had she known B. If she knew C. She had known D. she knew
13. He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, ____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least one year.
A. most of which B. most of them C. most of these D. most of what
14. The curious girl didn’t believe the fact ______ thought______.
A. most of them…to be ture B. as most of them…true
C. that most of them…it to be true D. what most of them…was true
15. After ______ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.
A. being interviewed B. interviewing C. interviewed D. have interviewed
16. You see the lightning _____ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.
A. the instant B. for an instant C. on the instant D. in an instant
17.This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _____ comfortably.
A. is worn B. wears C. wearing D. are worn
18. With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers
______before their time.
A. be bloomed B. bloom C. bloomed D. blooming
19.There are signs_____restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A. in which B. which C. that D. whose
20.______she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.
A. That was from Stephen B. It was Stephen whom
C. It was from Stephen that D. It was Stephen that
21. When they will start out hasn’t been decided yet,______?
A. will they B. won’t they C. hasn’t it D. has it
22. I have kept that portrait ______ I can see it every day, as it always reminded me of my university days in London.
A. which B. where C. whether D. when
23.______that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites.
A. Such construction robots are clever B. So clever the construction robots are
C. So clever are the construction robots D. Such clever construction robots are
24.The computerized tests are said to______ the traditional paper test.
A. take place B. take the place C. in place of D. substitute for
25.The manager gave him _____ because he was often late.
A. a warning B. an advice C. a threat D. a suggestion
26. Half his money_____ for food and clothes.
A. costs B. spends C. goes D. pays
27. If you are planning a sightseeing, you’ll have to take the weather into ______.
A. conclusion B. construction C. consideration D. connection
28.If you suspect that the illness might be serious you should not _____ going to the doctor.
A. put off B. put aside C. hold back D. hold up
29. It is not rare in ______ that people in _____ fifties are going to university for further education.
A. 90’s…the B. the 90’s…/ C. 90’s…their D. the 90’s…their
30. Several dictionaries are available in paperback edition _____range of most students.
A. well within the price B. the price within well
C. within well the price D. price within well the
31.Tony realized it important to learn computer .______he is taking a computer course during the holidays.
A. Because B. As C. Therefore D. And
32.One more week, ______we will accomplish the task.
A. or B. so that C. and D. if
33.---Didn’t the guard see him breaking into the back?
---No, he ______in the other direction.
A. was looking B. had looked C. looked D. is looking
34.Two hundred and forty dollars _____too much for that low quality TV set.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
35.It’s wonderful for the fact ______the Chinese team won an unprecedented 28 gold medals in Sydney,12 more than its previous best.
A. that B. / C. which D. because
36.In their______ to reduce crime the government strengthen the police force.
A. effects B. efforts C. powers D. means
37.We need someone really ______ who can organize the office and make it run smoothly.
A. informative B. efficient C. emotional D. independent
38.These boxes are much of ______ size, but the one under the table is four times______
size of them.
A. a…the B. the…the C. a…a D. the…a
39.It______three months or so before we______ school.
A. is…will finish B. will be…will finish C. is…finish D. will be…finish
40. His experience caused ______ to realize that there is something wrong with the
experiment.
A. himself B. him C. it D. he
41.Some paintings, ______ this new self-portrait, are so recent that the paint is barely dry.
A. as B. like C. with D. for
42. He ran fast and soon left the other runners______.
A. back B. away C. behind D. far
43.The movements of a clock are _____ and that is why we can use it to measure time.
A. regular B. punctual C. smooth D. continual
44.Fat people should ______ the temptation to eat a lot of sweet things.
A. resist B. disobey C. cancel D. deny
45.She had gone out to ______ a job, for she had two children to support.
A. find B. look for C. search D. search for
46. Each year 1 million smokers quit, but only 3 to 5 percent ______ stay off cigarettes for a year or more.
A. succeed in B. manage to C. stick to D. keep on
47.The coach said that he couldn’t teach______ children aged only four to play football.
A. so much B. so little C. much many D. such little
48. We are only glad to do anything we can her.
A．too; to help B．very; help C．too; help D．very; helping
49.The doorway is low, so _____ your head when you go in.
A. attend B. mind C. protect D. guard
50. The traffic is very _______.It’s quicker to walk.
A. noisy B. heavy C. smooth D. narrow
合同管理综合练习论文 第3篇
合同能源管理(EPC——Energy Performance Contracting)是一种新型的市场化节能机制。其实质就是以减少的能源费用来支付节能项目全部成本的节能业务方式。这种节能投资方式准许用户使用未来的节能效益为工厂和设备升级,以及降低目前的运行成本。或者节能服务公司以承诺节能项目的节能效益、或承包整体能源费用的方式为客户提供节能服务[1]。
合同能源管理是专业化能源管理公司(EMC公司)通过与愿意进行节能改造的客户签订节能服务合同,为客户提供包括:能源审计、项目设计、项目融资、设备采购、工程施工、设备安装调试、人员培训、节能量确认和保证等一整套的节能服务,并从客户进行节能改造后获得的节能效益中收回投资和取得利润的一种商业运作模式。合同能源管理的特点有:①节能效率高:合同能源管理项目的节能率一般能达到10%-40%,最高可达50%;②节能更专业:合同能源管理公司可以提供能源诊断、方案评估、工程设计、工程施工、工程管理、资金与财务计划等全面性服务,全面负责项目的能源管理;③客户零投资:项目的全部设计、审计、融资、采购、施工、监测等均由合同能源管理公司负责,不需要客户的投资;④客户风险低:客户不用投资大笔资金即可使用节能产品及技术,服务专业化,风险很低;⑤提升竞争力:客户实施节能改进,节约能源,减少能源成本支出,改善环境品质,建立绿色企业形象,增强市场竞争优势;⑥合同能源管理公司为客户承担了技术、经济等方面的风险。
2 合同能源管理项目风险评价指标体系
合同能源管理在西方发达国家已经是一种成熟的经营模式。我国自1996年引进之后,发展并没有像西方国家那样迅速,取得了一些成果,但也存在许多问题。
通过对我国合同能源管理项目在实施过程中存在的各种难以量化的风险指标进行系统识别与归类,结合合同能源管理模式的特点,对影响合同能源管理项目的风险因素进行系统分析和归纳整理,构建以政策与市场风险、融资风险、运营与效益风险为主体的一级指标,每个一级指标对应着与之相关的多个二级指标,这些指标构成了合同能源管理的评价指标体系[5]。
P1政策与市场风险
Z11行政救济风险与司法救济风险目前,我国缺少能够支持合同能源管理模式稳定健康发展的法律,不健全的节能政策法规是主要的风险隐患之一。国家虽然颁布了《中华人民共和国节约能源法》和《中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法》,但企业没有主动节能的动力,因此愿意接受节能改造的企业数量极少,同时,在税收、金融、财政等方面缺乏国家相关政策的支持,这都在一定程度上增加了合同能源管理模式在我国实施的政策风险[3]。
Z12技术风险由合同能源管理公司在技术选择、技术购买、技术的先进性和技术成熟度等方面带来的风险。在建筑物合同能源管理中,由于不同项目所采用的建筑节能技术各不相同,而且不同的节能技术本身的节能能力就不同,所以节能服务公司在节能方案设计时承担不同程度的风险[4]。
Z13设备与原材料采购风险目前我国的节能设备在很大程度上主要依赖进口。尽管设备制造商对设备的性能和质量有担保,如果所安装的设备运行情况不佳,合同能源管理公司仍然会为解决有关问题而承担额外费用。同时,上游客户市场紧缩也会在很大程度上影响设备的生产成本。
P2金融风险
Z21融资风险合同能源管理的优势在于能够不投资而更新设备、节约能源,因此,在合同能源管理项目的实施过程中,筹集资金是一个重要环节。目前国内己有示范性节能服务公司使用的资金大部分是自有资金、世界银行贷款以及其他贷款,融资模式比较单一。如果融资出现风险,则该节能项目将面临失败。提高自身的融资能力以及选择好的项目或者是选择资信良好的客户对合同能源管理公司来说是十分关键的。
Z22通货膨胀风险通货膨胀可能造成当地的工资水平、物价水平大幅度上涨甚至货币贬值,这将直接导致合同能源管理项目的运营成本上升,对项目的财务可行性产生巨大影响。
Z23银行利率和汇率波动风险利率波动风险是指在合同能源管理项目的运营过程中,由于利率波动直接或间接的造成项目收益出现损失。而且合同能源管理项目的投资回收期、内部收益率、税后净现值等指标的分析和确定都是基于一个预先设定的汇率和贴现率,因此汇率的波动也会对项目的财务基础产生巨大影响。
P3运营与效益风险
Z31内部管理风险合同能源管理公司的内部管理风险包括有:现代企业制度的建立、人力资源管理水品和项目管理能力。管理能力涉及到企业法人治理结构的完善建立、人力资源的规范管理、施工的组织能力、协调能力,控制能力、计划能力等。一般合同能源管理公司的内部管理能力不足,会造成合同不能顺利地履行、工程中断、工程安全和质量不能达到规定要求甚至会使企业处于破产境地。
Z32能源价格及节能量风险能源价格变化将直接造成项目的节能效益评估结果发生变化,从而导致合同能源管理公司与客户的效益分享发生变化。不能准确合理的计算项目节能量,为节能量的计算误差留出余地,确定合理的误差幅度,这也将会影响项目的效益评估与分享。
Z33客户风险合同能源管理公司在进行项目前,应该了解和分析评价客户基本情况、客户财务情况和客户的支付信用。必须确保所选择的客户业务状况良好,财务制度健全,能够按项目的节能量支付给能源管理公司应分享的比例。国内少部分接受节能改造的企业没有诚信,不遵守合同约定,甚至故意不支付分享利润,影响了双方的深入合作和合同能源管理模式的健康发展。
3 模糊层次分析法合同能源管理项目风险模型
3.1 设M为目标层,p为判据层(有m个元素),z为指标层(有n个元素),则可建立层次评价模型如图1所示。
又设m个不同领域专家组对n个同类对象进行评价,第k领域评判组pk给出的评判矩阵为:
Ak的可信度为a1(i):a1(i)=Mi(i)∑Mi(j);
Ak的第i行可信度β(i,k)为:β(i,k)=N(i、k)∑N(j、k)。
3.2 Ak的一致性检验和各评价指标权重值的确定
设一致性指标为查RI取值表可得平均随机一致性检验指标RI,则当:CR=CI/RI<0.1时,Ak的一致性是可接受的,否则应对Ak中的元素进行调整,直到满足CR<0.1时为止。
指标层z评价元素权重可由目标层权重、准则层权重决定,即:
其中,ucibj为指标层z第i个元素对目标的权重;uabj为准则层第j个因素对目标层的权重。
4 模糊层析分析法在合同能源管理项目风险评价中的应用
某合同能源管理公司在对一商场空调进行节能改造前,请了三个专家组对项目进行了风险考察,其结果可由如下分层序列结构图2所示。
图2中:M为目标层,即商场空调节能改造项目的风险评价。P为判据层,该合同合同能源管理项目包括P1.政策与市场风险、P2.金融风险和P3.运营与效益风险三个风险因素。其中,P1.政策与市场风险包括:Z11.行政救济风险与司法救济风险、Z12.技术风险、Z13.设备与原材料采购风险:P2.金融风险包括:Z21.融资风险、Z22.通货膨胀风险、Z23.银行利率和汇率波动风险;P3.运营与效益风险包括:Z31.内部管理风险、Z32.能源价格及节能量风险、Z33.客户风险。
4.1 由AHP可得到如下判断矩阵Mk,Pik
经计算,判断矩阵计算结果如表1。
从表1结果表明:CIi<0.1,满足一致性要求,无需对各判断矩阵进行调整,至于总体的一致性检验,可由得总体也满足一致性。
4.2 指标层各指标权重的确定根据ubci=∑ucibjuabj可得到:
4.3 投标工程项目风险等级的评价由各组专家给出的等级隶属度评定值可得如下权重矩阵:
由ai=∑abaic可计算出各组专家组对指标层的总权重值为:
ai=(0.333 0.330 0.3327)
则:表明该项目风险较小。
5 结论
合同能源管理项目能充分调动社会上的人力、物力、财力投入到节能工作中。目前我国合同能源管理项目还处于推广阶段,在实施过程中确实存在很多问题,通过对这些问题的具体分析,建立适合合同能源管理项目的风险评价指标体系,并借助对合同能源管理项目风险的定量分析,能够使我国的合同能源管理企业更好地认识和控制风险,从而有效地加快合同能源管理模式在我国的进程。
摘要：以合同能源管理项目为研究对象,结合我国社会经济发展现状,分析了我国合同能源管理项目实施过程中存在的政策与市场、融资以及运营与效益三方面风险,并运用模糊层次分析法对合同能源管理项目进行了风险评价。
关键词：合同能源管理,模糊层次分析法,风险评价
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建筑施工企业合同综合管理探讨 第4篇
关键词：建筑施工企业；合同综合管理；企业内部管理；合同管理制度；建筑行业 文献标识码：A
中图分类号：TU723 文章编号：1009-2374（2015）22-0170-02 DOI：10.13535/j.cnki.11-4406/n.2015.22.084
自从我国改革开放实行市场经济以来，经济情况得到很大的提升，其中建筑产业逐渐成为我国经济发展的支柱性产业，建筑市场也得到不断发展和完善，但随着市场竞争的激烈进行，建筑企业想要在竞争中脱颖而出，实现绿色可持续发展，就必须进一步加强对企业内部的管理，特别是企业合同的综合管理。完善企业合同综合管理体制成为维持企业可持续发展的必要前提，在一定程度上也对建筑工程的施工质量有着重要影响。
1 建筑施工企业合同管理的现状
1.1 签订合同的主体不恰当，没有进行资信审核
确定合同主体是保障建筑企业签订有效合同的前提，而订立合同的双方是互为债务人与债权人的关系，需要双方都具有完全民事能力和民事权利。但目前我国的大部分建筑企业在订立合同之前，没有对合同双方进行详细的了解，从而出现了合同订立后还不知道企业法人是谁或者是工程质量出现问题后找不到具体的负责人的情况。同时我国目前的很多建筑企业在订立合同前，没有对合同双方的资信进行审核，使得有时和一些工程质量差、信誉条件差的企业进行项目合作，给企业的经济发展造成了巨大的损失，因此在进行合同签订之前，对双方的资信进行审核是必不可少的。
1.2 合同内容不规范，表里不一
合同内容的规范与否关系到合同双方的切身利益，因为当发生经济纠纷时，规范的合同便是维护自身利益的法律武器。我国目前的建筑企业在订立合同时，存在敷衍了事的问题，如文字语言的使用不严谨、条例不清晰，这都会使得合同不能真正发挥其应有的作用。建筑企业在订立合同时还存在“表里不一”的情况，双方在签订合同时会选择性地签订两份合同，一份是符合国家相关法律法规的，而另一份便是违背相关法律的。这样的“阴阳合同”可能会给当事双方带来不可估量的经济损失。
1.3 合同监督不到位，缺乏专业性人才
目前我国的建筑企业还没有建立起严格的合同监管体制，造成了合同的双方在履行合约时存在争执。同时由于缺乏专业性的技术人才，如企业合同负责人缺乏良好的业务素质或者领导没有经过深思熟虑，都会使得合同的签订缺乏科学性和规范性，导致合同如同虚设。合同的双方都不能真正利用合同的法律效力来维护个人的正当利益。
2 建筑施工企业合同综合管理的措施
2.1 建立健全合同管理制度
古语有云：“无规矩不成方圆。”因此要加强建筑企业合同的综合管理，首先就应该建立并健全企业的合同管理制度，形成一套全面协调、科学正确的管理体制。以下为如何建立合同管理制度的具体措施：
2.1.1 制定规矩，明确职责。要真正解决“合同多头管理，实则无人管理”的现状，明确各部门的职责、职能以及严格规定管理流程和惩罚措施，加强对各部门的监管，一旦发现有违背企业合同内容的情况，就严厉打击，做到“有法可依，有法必依，执法必严，违法必究”，确保企业内部各部门都严格按照合同办事。
2.1.2 制定适合企业实情的管理办法。合同管理涉及的环节众多，因此需要各个环节都制定出适合该企业发展情况且操作性强的管理条例，如合同履行监控管理的具体办法、合同档案管理办法以及合同纠纷处理的具体办法等。但值得注意的是，要将企业合同综合管理的办法与各个细节管理之间完美结合，既能防范风险，又能提高企业的工作效率。同时还应加强对企业合同综合管理部门人员的教育培训工作，让他们对自己所工作的内容有更为直观的了解，制定出简明扼要的工作流程图，以确保合同综合管理的各个环节都能落实到实处。
2.2 制定合同标准文本
由于现在的建筑施工企业的工作人员都存在着文化素质低、法律知识欠缺，而合同内容又复杂、专业的问题，因此制定合同的标准文本就十分有必要了，因为这样才能有效地提高基层项目合同管理的水平。如何制定合同的标准文本？首先合同综合管理的部门应该对企业所要签订的多种多样的合同类型进行分析，对企业主营业务的合同制定出具有标准化的合同文本，然后征求基层项目管理和专业高级管理部门的意见后，再咨询具有法律知识的专业人员，从法律以及专业性的角度制定出一套适合企业发展实情的合同综合管理的标准文本，来达到减少风险的目的。同时在企业内部推行这一制度时，有可能会遇到阻力，因此要加强内部执法力度和监管力度，强制推行。但在特殊情况下，可以根据具体情况有所转变，如市场或法律的特殊要求等不能使用标准合同文本时。其次，当标准文本制定出以后，要加强对相关工作人员的培训，使其充分理解合同的含义，以便能在实际工作中灵活运用。最后，在企业的标准合同文本实行一段时间后，企业的合同综合管理部门应该与时俱进，根据现有的市场情况或法律环境来及时调整合同内容，并及时听取基层部门或专业部门的意见和建议，从而使得合同的标准文本能满足企业可持续发展的经营需要。
2.3 代表授权委托
在合同管理中“代表授权委托”也是一个重要环节，因此也该受到充分的重视。这项工作涉及的方面众多，首先是要制定出明确的代表授权管理条例，明确授权管理部门的职责、工作流程以及处罚条例。其次是合同综合管理部门要加强对授权管理部门的监管，使其严格执行授权管理办法，做好代表授权工作。这其中最值得注意的就是要做好代表授权工作人员的监督工作，防止他们出现越权代理的情况，给合同签订方带来不可估量的经济损失，因此一旦发现此类情况，便要严厉惩罚。最后还要对合同双方的授权书进行仔细的检查，核实法定代表人的基本信息、授权期限、所受权限、资信情况、履约能力、企业信誉、资质证书、企业经营状况以及营业执照等，防止出现无效代理或虚假代理，而给企业带来经济损失。
2.4 加强合同文本的评审
合同综合管理部门要严把合同评审关，对每一份合同都认真评审，防止出现因为用词不规范而产生歧义的情况。同时要多级把关，从基层管理到高级管理，从合同关系到补充条例，并对上级的评审意见进行反馈，让审核制度的作用真正落到实处，以保证评审制度的闭合性以及合同管理制度能够严格执行。
2.5 加强合同情况的监管
由于建筑施工企业的工作项目众多、期限长、监控难度大，因此加强对合同的监管就显得意义重大。这不但要制定合同履约监控管理办法，还需要在履约过程中留下书面证据。因为有了好的管理办法才能让事情按照规定发生，保证事情有序进行，但在履约过程中留下书面证据，是施工企业进行自我保护的有效措施。但值得注意的是，不是所有的书面证据都具有法律效力，只有那些有明确内容、盖章且未超过期限的书面证据才是具有法律效力的书面证据。最后还应该正确、及时地行使合同权利，来维护自己的合法权利。
3 结语
随着市场经济的建立以及建筑行业的蓬勃发展，给建筑企业带来极大发展机会的同时也带来了巨大的竞争压力。目前我国的建筑企业在合同的综合管理上还存在着很多问题，这严重制约了企业的可持续发展，只有解决了这些问题，才能促进建筑企业的健康发展。
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合同管理综合练习论文 第5篇
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. The radio says that rainfall has been above ________ this July.
A. normal B. common C. ordinary D. usual
2. No matter how much money you have, it can not ______ a healthy body.
A. match B. fit C. defeat D. compare
3. I haven’t seen you for a couple of days. What have you been up _______?
A. in B. to C. with D. for
4. I advise you to take school more seriously, otherwise you’ll have to go out and work ________.
A. as a result B. now and then C. in a word D. at that moment
5. It _______ as if the suit was made _______ his own measurements.
A. is said; with B. sounds; on C. seemed; to D. looked; by
6. I _______ pay Tracy a visit, but I’m not sure whether I will have time this Sunday.
A. should B. might C. would D. could
7. _______ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.
A. While B. Sine C. As D. If
8. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her last book _________ 50 million.
A. have reached B. has reached C. are reaching D. had reached
9. Tom often _______ meals and his brother, Jim ________ the dishes after meals.
A. brings in; pick up B. brings on; picks up
C. brings on; picks out D. brings up; picks off
10. We have to ________ the wheat as soon as possible because a storm is on the way.
A. get away B. get across C. get through D. get in
11. No matter where he goes, he would like to _______ the best upon mind.
A. impress B. let C. take D. put
12. You must get up earlier to catch the first train, _______?
A. needn’t you B. mustn’t you
C. will you D. won’t you
13. Many families in the USA are doing everything they can, so that they can fight the ________ of living.
A. cost B. income C. standard D. price
14. After 2 hours’ driver, the visitors reached _______ they believed to be the place they’d been dreaming of
A. where B. what C. which D. that
15. The old lady, ________ killed in the war, was given help by the government.
A. all of her children were B. whose children
C. all of whose children D. all of her children
16. Who is it up _______ decide whether to go or not.
A. to to B. to C. for to D. to for
17. There will come a day when people of the whole country ________ a happy life.
A. live B. will live C. will have lived D. are living
18. ---_________ he open the door? ----Yes, please.
A. Shall B. Will C. Can D. Would
19. He will come to see my father _______ three o’clock.
A. in B. after C. by D. until
20. They are going to return some of the milu deer to the wild, ________ their number increases year by year.
A. so B. for C. therefore D. and
21. ---You must get there before six p.m. Can you make it?
---________. I’ve got a car.
A. Out of the question B. Without question
C. Absolutely certain D. I hope so
22. The people to be invited to the party were allowed to dress _______ they please.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whoever
23. ----David had an accident and lost his leg. ----________?
A. Since when has that been? B. For how long has been that?
C. When has that been? D. How long ago was that?
24. Boris is always so ____; he can arrange and plan his things very carefully and effectively.
A. organized B. controlled C. fixed D. arranged
25. It took quite a long time before we felt we ______ in the city.
A. impressed B. constructed C. belonged D. created
26. She is looking _______ for an article of _____ for her husband.
A. forward, clothes B. up, clothing
C. on; cloth D. out, clothing
27. Our teacher has a _________ for thinking up ways ________ his speeches attractive.
A. gift; of making B. gift; to make
C. knowledge; of making D. knowledge; to make
28. ----Look at the clouds. It _____ soon.
----Sure. If only we _______ out!
A. is raining; didn’t come out B. is to rain; won’t start
C. will rain; haven’t come D. is going to rain; hadn’t started
29. There is no doubt ______ the truth of the fact.
A. about B. with C. as to D. A or C
30. Books are the most important records we keep ______ man’s thoughts, ideas and feelings.
A. up B. of C. for D. on
31. ____________ working tirelessly for the hungry, the homeless and the sick, Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979.
A. Because B. Owing to C. Thanks for D. As
32. To our greatest joy, he has ________ his long illness.
A. got through B. gone through
C. pulled through D. put forward
33. ____ days going on, our homeland will become richer and richer, stronger and stronger.
A. As B. With C. By D. To
34. Shanghai has a larger population _________.
A. than that of Beijing B. than that in Beijing’s
C. than Beijing D. than Beijing’s
35. ---Shall I help you with that suitcase? ----_________.
A. It’s all right, thanks B. Yes, go ahead please
C. I don’t want to trouble you too much D. No, please don’t do it
36. ---They are having a meeting.
---Maybe they will be through _______.
A. at present B. presently C. later D. for the present
37. Fred didn’t marry again. He never _______ the shocks of losing Jane.
A. smoothed away B. made out of
C. got rid of D. got over
38. One of the advantages of living on top floor of a high rise is that you can get a good ____.
A. sight B. scene C. view D. look
39. His brother lost his life ________ the field of the battle.
A. in B. on C. at D. for
40. You may _______ remember some idioms in the texts but you couldn’t _______ remember all words in them.
A. probably; possibly B. possibly; probably
C. likely; possibly D. probably; likely
41. The _____ street was the only _______ to her house.
A. dead-end; access B. dead-ending; way
C. dead-end; enter D. dead-ended; access
42. A family can hardly manage _______ $ 5000 a year.
A. in B. on C. with D. to
43. It is said that he _____. He _______ a gift _______ art.
A. is born artist; has, for B. is a born artist, shows, in
C. was borne an artist, has, for D. was born an artist, shows, for
44. Though poor in health, he _______ attending today’s meeting.
A. insisted B. made a point of
C. made it a point to D. had expressed, that
45. He felt as if he alone ________ what had happened.
A. be responsible to B. should be responsible for
C. had been responsible for D. were responsible for
46. There are two big reading rooms in our new library, _______ about three hundred students in all.
A. sit B. sitting C. seating D. seated
47. He kept a little notebook, in which _______ the names and addresses of his friends.
A. wrote B. writing C. was written D. were written
48. When doing the repair work, workers often carry their building materials __________ the end of long poles.
A. in buckets, at B. with buckets, at
C. using buckets, in D. inside buckets, in
49. The watch he sent me last year keeps good time ________ the minute.
A. to B. in C. at D. with
50. If you _______ your belief, you promise to succeed finally.
A. hug B. stick up for C. keep up with D. hold out
合同管理综合练习论文 第6篇
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.
1. The engineer told everyone about the place he would ________ the boss.
A. take B. take of C. give for D. give of
2. I’ll thank you _______ my affairs alone.
A. leaving B. to leave C. for leaving D. not to leave
3. The women carrying babies, come in first, _______?
A. will you B. will they C. don’t they D. don’t you
4. Mary doesn’t think that ring ________ its price.
A. is worth of B. being worth of C. is worthy of D. being worthy of
5. Mary doesn’t ______ the life there. She is often ill.
A. fit in with B. go with C. fit for D. like
6. For a long time they walked without saying ________ word. Jim was the first to break ________ silence.
A. The; / B. a; the C. a; / D. the; /
7. They will ________ you even though you don’t succeed.
A. stand for B. stand up C. stand against D. stand by
8. There will come a day when all of us will be living in cities quite different from _______ of the present.
A. that B. ones C. those D. the ones
9. To support the family, Tom takes on much more work than ______ good for him.
A. is B. to be C. which is D. that is
10. His fear of flying was ______ she always managed to travel by train or by boat.
A. such that B. such as C. so that D. so as
11. -Excuse me. Can you spare me a few minutes?
- _____.
A. What’s on? B. What’s up?
C. What’s more? D. What is it?
12. Not that John doesn’t want to help you, _____it’s beyond his power.
A. but that B. for that C. and that D. in that
13. -How could I thank you enough?
-Don’t mention it. Any other man _____ that.
A. would do B. will do
C. would have done D. had done
14. ----How do you like Mr Li’s paintings?
----To tell you the truth, no one paints _______ .
A. terribly B. worse C. the worst D. badly
15. You ____ pay too much attention to your English learning, as it is so important.
A. should B. must C. cannot D. needn’t
16. John told you that there wasn’t anyone in the room at that time, _____?
A. was there B. wasn’t there
C. didn’t he D. did he
17. It matters little _____ a man dies, but ____ matters much is _____ he lives.
A. how; what; how B. how; it; how
C. why; it; why D. that; what; that
18. -So you have to leave now.
-Yes, I ______.
-How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer!
A. have to B. ought to C. do D. have
19. -Sorry to have hurt you.
-_______. You didn’t mean to, did you?
A. Forget it B. No problem
C. All right D. Don’t say so
20. You must attend carefully _____ these instructions.
A. in B. for C. on D. to
21. The train was ten minutes late, so I _____ have run all the way from my house to the station.
A. couldn’t B. shouldn’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t
22. “Bill, keep the things _____ here secret, will you?” said the manager after the meeting.
A. discussed B. being discussed
C. to be discussed D. having been discussed
23. -Did you blame the accident on him?
-Yes, but I’d _____it.
A. better not do B. rather not do
C. better not have done D. rather not have done
24. Tom is coming. With him _____me, I’m sure I will finish the work on time.
A. helping B. to help C. helps D. help
25. -Watch out! A car is coming down the bridge.
-_______.
A. No, you needn’t remind me of that
B. Thank you. I’ve already noticed that
C. Oh, it doesn’t matter
D. Thank goodness you mentioned that
26. -How do Americans like to be called?
-Most of them don’t object _____ them by their first names.
A. that I call B. for calling
C. to my calling D. to call
27. Human beings are different from animals ____ they can use language as a tool to communicate.
A. in that B. for that
C. in which D. for which
28. We happen to be of _____ age, and we all go in for _____ American football.
A. the same; the B. /; /
C. an; / D. an; the
29. We _____ trying to get all the information we need before the end of the week.
A. rushed around B. looked out
C. hurried out D. came away
30. -I thought you were all proud of the work I _____.
-I’m afraid not. You’d better change it for another.
A. do B. had done
C. did D. would do
31. --- I want to ask you a question, sir?
--- _____?
A. What B. What for
C. What about D. How about
32. ---- What is the matter with you?
---- After the long walk, my legs _____ and I couldn’t go any further.
A. gave out B. gave off
C. gave in D. gave up
33. ---- Don’t forget to take the message to my teacher.
---- _____.
A. Yes, I will B. No, I won’t
C. I don’t think so D. Sorry, I don’t
34. I haven’t seen you for ages. What have you been up _____?
A. in B. to C. with D. for
35. ----- Mum, it is nice weather. I want to skate this afternoon.
----- Don’t you think the ice on the lake is too thin to _____ your weight?
A. stand B. bear C. catch D. take
36. ---- Look! Someone has spilt coffee on the carpet.
---- Well, it _____ me.
A. isn’t B. wasn’t
C. hasn’t been D. hadn’t been
37. The party was successful, but we thought it a pity not __ you.
A. invite B. to invite
C. inviting D. to have invited
38. ---- How would you like your coffee?
--- __________________.
A. It’s well done
B. Very nice. Thank you.
C. One cup. That is enough
D. The stronger, the better
39. --I believe whoever gets the job will be well paid.
--Then why don’t you take it ?
--Well, I _____ about it .
A. just think B. am just thinking
C. just thought D. was just thinking
40. Do you expect _____ to be a possibility that we shall be able to afford the particular furniture that we need?
A. there B. that C. one D. it
41. Tom, I shall never forget the wonderful days _____ we worked together before
we left the country.
A. that B. which C. what D. when
42. -Would you mind if I used your telephone?
-______.A. Yes, do please. B. Go ahead C. Of course D. All right
43. When you read the book, you’d better make a mark_____ you have any questions.
A. at which B. at where C. the place where D. where
44. -How long have you stayed in this hotel?
-Not long, just ____ the Monday.
A. on B. until C. after D. since
45. -Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?
-No, I would gladly have paid _____ for it.
A. twice so much B. twice as much C. as much twice D. as twice much
46. Cold chicken is delicious _____ salad.
A. when to eat with B. when eaten with
C. when to be eaten with D. when eating with
47. A team of 15 Indian experts are organizing a work force of 400 Cambodians,____.
A. most of them women B. most of whom women
C. and most of whom are women D. most of them are women
48. _______ is that the population of China is the largest.
A. It is well known B. As is well known
C. Which is well known D. What is well known
49. Those to be invited to the party were allowed to dress _____ they pleased.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whoever
50. The young mother saw her baby fall to the ground, ______ brought her heart to her mouth
A. and which B. which C. it D. this