长沙市博物馆导游词

2024-07-25

长沙市博物馆导游词(精选5篇)

长沙市博物馆导游词 第1篇

楚人是相信鬼神的,所以两千年前的楚人屈原说:身既死兮神以灵,魂魄毅兮为鬼雄。

所以两千年后的楚人毛泽东放歌:我失骄杨君失柳,杨柳轻飏直上重霄九。问讯吴刚何所有,吴刚捧出桂花酒。寂寞嫦娥舒广袖,万里长空且为忠魂舞。忽报人间曾伏虎,泪飞顿作倾盆雨。

“骄杨”是毛泽东的第一任妻子杨开慧,与他最为相爱,所以死后还如此怀念,相信她的灵魂永在,高高飘扬在九天,在高高的九天依旧关注着地上人间的爱人,关注与爱人志同道合的革命事业。

而在他们生前,夫妻生活时间最长的地方,就在长沙的清水塘,如今的长沙市博物馆内。

进入占地四点二万平方米的长沙市博物馆馆区,首先映入眼帘的就是一尊高大的毛泽东铝镁合金塑像,塑像为晚年毛泽东形象,他头戴军帽,身穿军棉大衣,挥手屹立在蓝天白云下。像高七点一米,象征党的生日,基座五点一六米,纪念一九六六年五月十六日,中共中央政治局扩大会议在北京通过了毛泽东主持起草的指导““””的纲领性文件《中国共产党中央委员会通知》(即“五、一六通知”)。塑像总的高度为十二点二六米,寓意毛泽东诞辰日。让我们高兴的是,这尊塑像是家乡黑龙江省的作品,是东北轻合金加工厂在一九六八年铸造完成的,当年塑像有两尊,一尊运来长沙,一尊留在厂内,由于铝镁合金是制造飞机的材料,毛主席知道后说“雕像虽好,还我飞机”,于是厂内的塑像被回炉熔掉了。长沙市清水塘的这尊塑像,是国内唯一一尊是铝镁合金(也有人说是铝质,非合金)巨型毛泽东塑像。

塑像后有一弧形拱门,正中镌有主席手迹 “故园”二字。过此拱门便至一塘边,塘边有石刻“清水塘”,清水塘杨柳依依、绿波荡漾,沿塘边向前便是中共湘区委员会旧址暨毛泽东杨开慧故居。

到长沙旅游的,很多人都会到长沙市博物馆暨中共湘区委员会旧址,这里是中宣部二OO一年公布的第二批全国爱国主义教育基地、二OO四年评选的百姓最喜爱的湖南百景之一,二OO六年国务院公布为全国重点文物保护单位,如今游人往来,热闹得很。

然而当初毛泽东他们看中这里的原因却恰恰是它位于城外荒郊、环境僻静,不引人注意。一九二一年十月十日中共湖南支部建立了,毛泽东为书记,这是全国最早的中共省级支部。当年秋天,中共湖南支部的委员易礼容经手租下了清水塘二十二号房屋,系一栋坐落于一个大菜园之中的青瓦平房,砖木结构,单层二进三开间,占地面积一百七十九平方米,建筑一百一十二平方米,坐北朝南,门开东壁,中间为堂屋,两侧为住房,共六间。前有围墙庭院,临清水塘,后有杂屋竹林。毛泽东以湖南省第一师范教员身份租佃此屋,他的薪水每月八块大洋,租金就要七块大洋,毛泽东偕夫人杨开慧在此居住工作,同时做为区委机关所在地。把个人收入的百分之八十七点五拿出来为党的事业所用,毛泽东何等无私,杨开慧对丈夫的这一举动无条件支持,又是何等理解和恩爱!这样无私的奉献,终换来了中华人民共和国的建立;这样的理解和支持,才使杨开慧是毛泽东心中永远的骄傲永远的“骄杨”。我们知道,《毛泽东选集》和《毛泽东诗词》中收录最早的文章和诗词都是写于一九二五年的,在一九二五年之前,他与爱人在一起,应该是未必英雄气短,但一定儿女情长的。导游让游客仔细看青年毛泽东的照片,下颌上并没有那颗痣,痣是中年以后才有的,所以叫“中年得志”。在共同理想和相互恩爱中,一九二二年十月和一九二三年十一月他们的长子毛岸英、次子毛岸青相继在这里出生。卧室很简单,除了一张床,几乎没多余的家具。洗澡间很小,并没有现在的水龙头和浴盆等沐浴设施,就是一个封闭的空地,用木盆盛水来冲洗而已。还有一间为杨开慧母亲向振熙老人的卧室。

一九二二年五月前后,在湖南支部基础上建立中共湘区委员会(湘区辖今湖南全省及江西萍乡地区),毛泽东继续任书记,何叔衡、易礼容、李立三、刘少奇、郭亮等为领导成员。刘少奇、李立三、李维汉等都曾来此开会、汇报,然后在客房休息或住宿。

旧址旁边是长沙市展览馆,是““””时建设的红色陈列馆,曾名“万岁馆”是一座大型仿苏建筑,造型极富时代特征,两边各有红旗的旗杆,红旗上有镰刀斧头,中间是青年毛泽东像,如今已是国内罕存。

我们去展览馆参观时,馆内有两项展览,一个是“虎年话虎”,今年是虎年。一个是率真瓷李铁映工艺美术作品展,李铁映是中国工艺美术协会的名誉理事长,展览以“率真”命名旨在表达直率真诚。展出了二百余件陶瓷作品,包括紫砂壶、珐琅瓷、青瓷、景德镇釉上彩、景德镇釉下彩和青花瓷、刻瓷、钧瓷、汉光瓷等几十个品种。李铁映是长沙人,所以他的作品在长沙展览很合理,但选择在长沙市展览馆展出,应该还有另一层深意。

在一九二三年四月,毛泽东赴上海党中央工作,李维汉成为了中共湘区委员会的第二任书记。李铁映的父亲,正是李维汉,能在父亲工作过的中共湘区委员会旧址举办个人作品展览,应该是一种莫大的荣耀。

毛泽东虽离开这里,但杨开慧带着孩子继续在此住了一年多,于一九二四年五月才搬走。

毛泽东一九二三年离开长沙去参加国民党第一次全国代表会议时,与爱人杨开慧依依不舍,对往日温馨的回忆,让他情不自禁,吟了一阕平生难得一见的婉约之作《贺新郎》:“挥手从兹去。更哪堪凄然相向,苦情重诉。眼角眉梢都似恨,热泪欲零还住。知误会前番书语,过眼滔滔云共雾,算人间知己吾和汝。人有病,天知否?今朝霜重东门路,照横塘半天残月,凄清如许。汽笛一声肠已断,从此天涯孤旅。凭割断愁丝恨缕。要似昆仑崩绝壁,又恰像台风扫寰宇。重比翼,和云翥。”

即有豪情,更有温情,多了两情深重的缠绵,多了双飞比翼的倾诉,看着清水塘中缺月儿的倒影,憧憬着离别后幸福的团圆。

如果万物有灵,他们的灵魂一定会团圆的,世界上相互最了解,最情意相投的这对知己,不是在九霄云外的高天之上双飞,就是在明月映照的清水塘畔比翼。

长沙市博物馆导游词 第2篇

各位游客:

大家好!欢迎来到湖南省博物馆。我们将在这里参观马王堆汉墓出土的三千余件珍贵文物和一具保存完整的汉代女尸。它们都是中华民族的历史瑰宝,对于研究西汉初期的政治、经济、文化、军事和科学等都具有重大的价值,被学者誉为“世界奇观,中华伟绩”。

马王堆汉墓位于长沙市东郊。原来这里有两个土冢,相传是五代,就是公元907?960年时楚王马殷的墓地,所以名叫“马王堆”。1972年初到1974年初,我国文物考古工作者相继对它们进行了科学发掘,发现地下有一、二、三号三座墓葬。根据二号墓中出土的“长沙丞相”、“软侯之印”(均为龟纽铜印)和“利苍”(玉印)三颗印章,证明这里是汉初诸侯长沙国的丞相??软侯利苍及其家族的墓地。据记载,利苍死于吕后二年,即公元前186年;三号墓墓主是利苍的儿子,死于公元前168年;一号墓墓主是利苍的妻子,根据出土印章,死者名辛追。从地层关系以及随葬物等情况分析,一号墓略晚于三号墓,故辛追约死于公元前2世纪60年代。一号墓保存最完好,这里陈列的文物大都出土于一号墓。下面我大致按陈列的次序为大家讲解。

钱币这里出土的钱币,基本上都是“明器”,即神明之器,是专为陪葬制作的。因此,它只具有象征性意义,而无实用价值。它的种类主要有“郢称”和“半两”。“郢称”是楚国通行的货币,一直沿用到汉初;“半两”多属于汉文帝时期的四铢半两。

木俑这是木俑。一号墓出土162件,三号墓出土104件。计有侍俑、乐俑、杂役俑等。这些木俑,无疑是软侯家奴婢的替身,反映了软侯家役使着众多的奴婢,过着剥削寄生生活的情况。这批木俑在制作上大量采用了半肉雕技法,造型生动,形态逼真,显示出当时雕刻工艺的高超。

乐器下面请大家参观出土的乐器。一号墓中出土有完整的25弦的瑟,22管的竽和12支竽律管。三号墓除了出土的瑟、竽之外,还出土了七弦瑟和竹笛等。下面我重点介绍一下竽和竽律两种乐器。一号墓出土的竽用竹木制成。由竽斗、竽嘴和22根竽管所组成。竿斗和竽嘴用木制;竽管由刮去表皮的竹管做成,长短不一,分两排插在竽斗内,并用多道篾箍固定。它是专为死者制作的明器。各位游客请看,与竽同出土的还有竽律一套,共12管,用竹管制成。均装在一个用乘云绣和黄绢缝制的长方形竽律袋内,每管一个小袋。各管均中空无底,律管下部书有十二律吕的名称。它也是明器。竽律在古代文献中没发现有记载。它的发掘,使我们首次看到了古代竽律的形制,是很有意义的。朋友们再请看,三号墓中也出土有一件竽,是实用器。它尚有四种折叠管,共23支。每支管上有出气孔和按孔,管内有簧片,簧片上还有银白色的“点簧”,以控制音高。这是世界管乐器中使用簧片最早的实物之 一,为我国古代音乐史的研究提供了可靠的史料。竽的出土,使我们很自然地想起了历史上有名的“南郭处士吹竽”的故事和由此而形成的“滥竽充数”著名成语。

博具这里展示的是一套博具。博具是一种娱乐用具,它是我国目前发现的惟一一件汉代完整的博具。博戏在汉代是十分受人喜爱的一种娱乐活动,但自晋代以后逐渐衰落并开始演变,到唐宋时由象棋取代。兵器这里陈列的是兵器。三号墓出土的兵器有38件。包括弓、弩、箭、剑等。弩,它利用了杠杆的原理,使箭射得更远、更准;加上铜廓,更为坚固,成了名副其实的“强弓劲弩”。

农副畜产品各位朋友都知道,中国是一个农业大国。而远在两千一百多年前的西汉长沙国就已经有了较发达的农副畜牧业。下面请看,出土的大量产品有稻、小麦、大麦、麻籽、菜籽、枣、梨、杨梅、鹿、黄牛、山羊、绵羊、鲤鱼、鲫鱼、鸡蛋等等。其中稻谷有籼、粳、黏、糯四大品种,对于研究我国古代稻谷品种和类型的演变发展,是不可多得的资料。

漆器请看,这么多漂亮的漆器,简直是太美了。数量很多,一号墓出土184件,三号墓出土316件,二号墓的漆器多已破损。器形有鼎、钟、方壶、圆壶、厘、耳杯、几、勺等。其胎质多为木胎,也有竹胎和麻布胎。纹饰有漆绘、粉彩和锥画多种,线条流畅,色彩绚丽,有的还记有容量。请看,这是

一件云纹漆鼎,在一号墓出土时,考古人员发现漆鼎中的水面上漂浮着一层莲藕片。挖掘时 满片因遇空气加上在起取过程中不可避免地荡动,藕片已全部溶解于水中了。地质工作者认为:这一现象说明二千一百年以来,长沙地区没有发生过大的地震。否则,藕片会被震荡,早已沉于水中了。在这里陈列的很多盛食器具中,您可以看到吉祥颂语,如“君幸酒”、“君幸食”等,意思是请您喝酒,请您享用美食。各位游客,至此我们看完了一展厅的周围部分,现在请大家进入中心处的内厅。

丝织品一、三号墓出土的丝织品,名目繁多。服饰有丝绵袍11件、夹袍1件、素纱禅(单)衣l件,以及裳(裙子)、手套、纱帽、鞋、袜等40余件;还有整幅的丝织物63件,品种有绢、绮、罗、纱、锦、绣等。起绒锦是我国目前发现最早的起绒织物,说明当时已经掌握了复杂的提花技术。它的发现,把我国起绒技术的创始时间,至少提早了数百年。大家看到的这件素纱禅衣的确是一件令人惊叹的稀世珍品。它身长128厘米,两袖通长190厘米,其重量包括厚实的衣领和袖口锦边在内,还不到现在的1两,仅49克。真是“薄如蝉翼”、“轻若烟雾”。它是目前世界上现存年代最早、保存最完好、制作工艺最精和最轻薄的一件丝绸衣服。可见当时的纺织技术已达到了相当高的水平。

帛书请大家往前看:三号墓中出土的十多万字的帛书,是我国历史上极为罕见的重要发现。这批帛书,为研究我国古代历史、哲学思想、科学技术等提供了极其丰富的新的资料。帛书中有《老子》甲、乙两种抄本,甲本卷后、乙本卷前各有古佚书四种;还有新的春秋战国史料《春秋事语》、《战国纵横家书》,以及《五星占》、《相马经》、《医书》数篇,共计20多种。《五星占》记载了秦始皇元年至汉文帝三年共七十年间木星、土星、金星在天空运行的位置,其中的数据资料与现在的计算数据十分接近,反映了当时我国天文学已达到了很高的水平。

帛书中有三幅地图。一幅是汉朝诸侯长沙国南部地形图。主区的范围相当于现在广西全州、灌阳一线以东,湖南新田、广东连州市一线以西,北起新田、全州一带,南界直达广东珠江口外的南海。所示的河流流向和弯曲轮廓、山脉走向、城镇方位与实际情况基本相符。第二幅为汉代诸侯长沙国南境驻军图。图中标有部队名称及驻地、工事、烽火台等军事情况。第三幅是一个县城的平面图。这些地图的出土,证明早在二千一百多年前的汉初,我国的地理科学已经达到了惊人的水平,它给我国地图学史增添了宝贵的一页。帛画请大家注意,这里是两张覆盖在一、三号墓内棺上的彩绘帛画,内容大致相似。帛画呈“T”形,画面从上至下画的是天上、人间和地下的景象。上部画有日、月、星、扶桑树、天神及天国守门神等;中部画的是墓主人出行及祭祀的场面;下部画有一巨人站在两条鳌鱼背上,托举着大地。画中神话与现实和谐地交织在一起,构思、布局精妙有致。就其绘画艺术而言,帛画堪称古代艺术品中的杰作。从帛画的形制、内容及摆放位置等情况来看,它应属于丧葬礼俗中“铭旌”一类的旗幡,用以“引魂升天”。三号墓棺室的东、西两壁悬挂有两张长方形帛画。西壁的帛画画面上有百余人,数百匹马和数十乘车。从其内容、布局分析,表现的是墓主人登临高坛检阅出征部队场面。因此这幅帛画可以叫做“出征图”。东壁的帛画由于残破过甚,已分辨不清楚,估计是墓主人生前奢侈豪华生活的写照。

朋友们!至此,第一展厅的陈列已全部观看完毕。那么两千一百多年前的汉代女尸和棺木是什么样子呢?下面请跟我到地下室,也就是第二展厅去参观。

女尸长沙马王堆汉墓中最引人注意的是,首次发现了一具保存了两千一百多年的女尸。今天,我们就来认识认识她吧。她是谁呢?她就是一号墓中汉初诸侯长沙国丞相软侯利苍的妻子辛追。在出土时,此人身高154厘米,保存体重34.3公斤。体形完整,全身润泽,皮肤覆盖完好,大部分毛发尚存,部分关节可以弯动,软组织尚有弹性。1972年底,对尸体进行了解剖,并进行了解剖学、组织学、病理学、化学等多种学科的研究。经过多方面观察研究分析,死者生前患有全身性动脉粥样硬化症、冠心病、胆石症等多种疾病。在其食管、胃肠道内共发现甜瓜子138粒半,表明患者是在吃了甜瓜之后不久死去的。经过综合分析研究,死者由于胆绞痛的急性发作,反射性地引起冠状动脉痉挛,导致心肌缺血造成猝死的可能性最大。对于古尸能保存完好的原因,也作了多方面的探讨,认为辛追死后

进行了“浴尸”,用约二十层衣衾严密包裹,及时人殓封棺后,逐渐形成了缺氧条件,这有助于延缓尸体的腐烂。入土后由于深埋20.5米、密封,共有四层棺套、棺外有椁,椁的上下四周用密闭性能好的白膏泥封闭,再加上隔绝了氧气的来源和光的照射,保持着相对的恒温和恒湿,并由于椁室中大批随葬物的腐败而产生沼气,细菌相继死亡,于是腐败过程趋向停止,加上长沙没有发生过破坏性地震,保持了墓室的密闭性能。内棺中的80升茶褐色棺液为弱酸性,具有轻度的抑菌和杀菌作用,对蛋白水解酶有较强的抑酶作用。这些都是使这具古尸能够保存下来的因素.这具女尸是一具特殊类型的尸体。它是防腐学上的奇迹,反映了汉初人们所掌握的防腐的丰富经验以及防腐学所达到的高度水平。棺木这是一号墓中的三具棺木,均系梓属类楸木制成。锦饰内棺是存放女尸的。由于汉代还没有使用棺钉,故在棺木的两端用束帛加以捆扎。朱地彩绘的头挡绘有双龙穿壁,足挡绘有两鹿登山峰。这个棺内外均涂朱红漆,又画龙、虎、鹿等古代长寿和吉祥的动物,意为表示吉祥。黑地彩绘棺用彩漆描绘了古人想象中流云漫卷的天空,在流云之中还穿插着一百一十多个神怪和奇禽异兽。棺椁请大家跟我到第三展厅看看马王堆一、三号墓的木椁。马王堆二号墓由于早年被盗,已坍塌腐烂,仅剩残木。数以千计的随葬品就放置在木椁的四个边箱之内。整个木椁结构平整严密,没有一根金属嵌钉,全是用扣接、套榫结合成的,说明当时的工艺水平是非常高的。

长沙市博物馆藏战国琉璃珠赏析 第3篇

1949年以来的考古资料显示,战国琉璃珠出土地主要集中于湖北江陵和湖南长沙,两地都属于战国时期楚国的故土。湖南长沙经考古发掘的楚墓有数千座,其中部分墓葬中就出土了琉璃珠,这些精美的文物分别收藏在省市博物馆和考古所,其中长沙市博物馆就收藏有五件套琉璃珠,分有眼式和无眼式两种。

有眼式的琉璃珠共三件,均呈扁圆形体,表面分布有白色圆圈,圆内或有蓝色圆球凸出,或以蓝色圆圈纹围绕。具体情况如下:

四眼琉璃珠,残径1.2厘米,厚1厘米。1983年长沙市麻园岭一号墓出土。琉璃珠呈扁圆形体,上下两端较平,中间为圆孔可以贯穿佩带。琉璃珠表面共有四处白色圆圈,圆内有蓝色圆球凸出,整个形成蜻蜒眼状的纹饰。

九眼琉璃珠,直径1.6厘米,厚1.2厘米。1981年长沙市解放路一号墓出土。琉璃珠呈扁圆形体,上下两端较平,中间为圆孔可以贯穿佩带。琉璃珠表面共有九处白色圆圈,圆内以三周蓝色圆圈纹围绕,中间均有破损痕迹,表明原来应有圆形物存在,整个形成蜻蜓眼状的纹饰。

三十眼琉璃珠,高2厘米,径1.2厘米,孔径0.7厘米。1990年长沙市浏城桥二号墓出土。琉璃珠呈扁圆形体,上下两端较平,中间为圆孔可以贯穿佩带。琉璃珠表面共有三十处白色圆圈,圆内有蓝色圆球凸出,整个形成蜻蜓眼状的纹饰。

无眼式的共两件套,每一套数量不尽相同,每一粒都只是简单的小珠子。具体情况如下:

蓝色琉璃珠,共148粒,直径0.6厘米。来源与三十眼琉璃珠一样,出土于1990年长沙市浏城桥二号墓。琉璃珠呈扁圆形体,中间为圆孔可以贯穿佩带。珠子表面含不同程度的白色杂质。

蓝色琉璃珠,约4808粒,最大的直径0.2厘米,最小的直径0.1厘米。1981年长沙市火车站邮电局十九号墓出土。琉璃珠呈扁圆形体,厚薄不均,中间为圆孔可以贯穿佩带。珠子呈蔚蓝色,晶莹透明。

琉璃珠是目前所见我国古代琉璃器物中最常见的一类器型,从西周开始就已存在了,至战国时期则大为流行。目前发掘的战国时期墓葬中其随葬琉璃器几乎均有琉璃珠。它的发展是与技术、设备的不断改进,琉璃质地更加洁净分不开的。

根据对古代文献的大量研究,专家们认为最早关于琉璃的记载是《穆天子传》中铸石的记事。人们认为,《穆天子传》中的铸石可能就是一种琉璃。文献中的记载虽然将我国琉璃史往前推进了许多,可是“琉璃”一词又是从何而得呢?说到这,就不得不讲一个浪漫而又凄美的故事。

周敬王元年(公元前496年),范蠡为越王勾践督造王者之剑,历经三年烧制才得以铸成。王剑出世之日,范蠡在铸剑模内发现了一种绿色神奇粉状物体,与水晶熔合后晶莹剔透却有金属之音。范蠡认为这种物质经过了烈火百炼,又有水晶的阴柔之气暗藏其间,既有王者之剑的霸气,又有水一般的柔和之感,是天地阴阳造化所能达成的极致,于是将这种物品随铸好的王者之剑一起进献给越王,并将此物称为“剑道”。越王感念范蠡铸剑的功劳,收下了王者之剑,却将“剑道”原物赐还,还以他的名字将这种神奇的物质命名为“蠡”。当时,范蠡刚刚遇到了西施,为她的美貌倾倒,惊为天人,他认为金银玉翠等天下俗物俱无法与西施相配,所以遍访能工巧匠,将以自己命名的“蠡”打造成一件精美的首饰,作为定情之物送给了西施。相传这就是世界最早的琉璃配饰。不料就在这一天,战事又起,勾践闻知吴王夫差日夜操练兵马,意图讨伐越国以报父仇,所以决定先发制人。范蠡苦谏未果,越国终于遭到了大败,几近亡国。西施被迫前往吴国和亲,临别时,西施将“蠡”送还给范蠡,传说中,西施的眼泪滴在这“蠡”上,天地日月为之所动,至今还可以看到西施的泪水在其中流动,后人称之为“流蠡”,今天的“琉璃”就是由这个名字演变而来。

除了在文献中有“琉璃”的记载外,在部分文献中也有“流离”的记载,那么琉璃、流离到底是什么物质呢?两者有没有区别呢?

实际上,流离和琉璃都是玻璃的古代称谓。中国古代称玻璃为“琉琳”,“流离”、“琉璃”,从南北朝开始,还有“颇黎”之称。根据《广雅》和《韵集》的记载,在相当长的一段时间内,“琉璃”是用火烧的玻璃质珠子以及其他一些透明物质的统称。

琉璃制品在我国曾有很多名称,比如“琉璃,药玉、罐子玉、烧料、料器”等等。琉璃的色彩多为乳白色、浅绿、深绿、蓝色等,呈半透明状。

关于中国古时琉璃的来源,曾经被普遍认为是来源于国外。其实,根据多年的考古资料可以证实,中国琉璃生产技术有着自己的渊源。在河南洛阳淳沟、陕西宝鸡茹家庄等地的西周早期墓葬中,均发现了大量的琉璃管、琉璃珠等。经中外专家用现代化光谱鉴定,得出的结论是:中国古代琉璃主要成分是铅钡,烧成温度较低,虽然绚丽多彩、晶莹璀璨,但易碎、透明度差、不适应骤冷骤热,只适合加工成各种装饰品、礼器和随葬品,因而用途狭小,发展缓慢。而古埃及和地中海沿岸地区出土的琉璃器物的化学成分,主要以钠钙为主,克服了铅钡成分琉璃的弱点,耐温性能较好,对骤冷骤热的适应性较强。因此,这种古琉璃的用途和生产量都远大于中国古琉璃。成分的不同,表明中国与西方的琉璃分居两个不同的琉璃系统。而这一事实也表明,中国古代的琉璃是利用一种特有的原料独立制造出来的。

在考古发掘实践中,琉璃器常见的器形有珠、环、钟、碗、印章、剑首、璧等,其中战国时期以璧和珠为主,璧多饰以细小的谷纹,而珠多见蜻蜓眼式的,当然也有光滑无眼的,本文所列举的五件琉璃珠便是如此,这其中以蜻蜓眼式的最有魅力。

“蜻蜓眼”珠是特指战国时期用火烧制并用镶嵌工艺制作的铅钡玻璃装饰珠,因其珠子上叠加的圆圈很像是蜻蜓的复眼而得名。当时人们赋予了它“代表神人的眼睛,可用以抵御邪恶”的更深层次含义。材质以铅钡玻璃为主,珠面上常有多组有蓝色圆点和白色圆圈组成的“鱼目纹”,有的则在圆圈内外形成多彩的套色,胎底透光,看上去极像蓝色海水。

经过对1949年以来的考古发掘资料统计后得知,我国最早的“蜻蜓眼”珠是出现在春秋晚期,如新疆的轮台群巴克墓地出土的春秋晚期的蜻蜓眼,河南固始县侯古堆出土的春秋末期琉璃蜻蜓眼以及山西境内的晋国大墓中出土的春秋晚期蜻蜓眼珠,这些琉璃珠的成分经过检测不属于中国本土固有的,而与古埃及和地中海沿岸地区的近似,说明了这些琉璃珠均为外来货。

“蜻蜓眼”是中西文化融合的产物,见证了春秋战国时期中国与西方文化的交流。古籍对此做了详尽记载,《汉书·西域传》载:(剡宾)“出珠玑、珊瑚、虎魄、流离”;《魏略》载:“大秦国出赤白黑黄绿红紫等十种流离”;《魏书·大月氏传》载:“其国人商贩,自云能铸石为五色玉留璃。”国内考古发掘所获得的蜻蜓眼琉璃珠与西亚、北非地区琉璃珠从成分到形制的相似,也见证了文献记载的真实性。

学者们认为早期蜻蜓眼琉璃珠传人到我国的途径共有南北两条。南来蜻蜓眼式玻璃珠首先通过商业贸易传到印度等南亚地区,再通过民间往来辗转地经我国的云南等地进入楚地。而北来之路则通过赵与北方游牧民族的互动而实现。进入战国早期,作为楚文化腹地的湖南、湖北两省,出现了数量令人咋舌的蜻蜓眼珠。随着蜻蜓眼在楚国的盛行,到了战国中期,深受楚文化影响的河南、陕西、四川等秦国属地境内也出现了蜻蜓眼珠。在楚国强盛的经济实力和深厚的文化背景的相互作用下,全国形成了一个以湖北湖南两省为中心的蜻蜓眼辐射圈,被辐射的范围包括秦国、鲁国、齐国、魏国等。

蜻蜓眼式琉璃珠最初在西亚出现,多用作护身符以避邪攘灾,多只眼睛可以助人防卫。蜻蜓眼式琉璃珠辗转而至楚地,以其如蓝天白云般亮丽色彩,别致的造型,马上征服了好奇喜新的楚人。宗教上的意义又暗合楚重巫的文化心理。蜻蜓眼式琉璃珠就这样向楚文化迈进了第一步。而几乎同时传人山西的蜻蜓眼式琉璃珠最终如昙花一现,迅即消失,无法根植其文化之中,两者之间不同的文化秉性由此可见一斑。

无论是蜻蜓眼琉璃珠,还是无眼式琉璃珠都是琉璃制品的精粹,也是中国古代文化与外域文化的完美结合,其流光溢彩、变换瑰丽,是古人精致、细腻、含蓄的体现,是思想情感与艺术的融汇。在某种意义上说,琉璃是一种人格、一种精神、一种境界的象征。明澈的琉璃寄托了人们的美好心愿。

长沙市博物馆导游词 第4篇

The Exhibition of Inscribed Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha

Ladies and gentlemen,

Welcome to Changsha museum. We’ll be here to visit “The Exhibition of Inscribed Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha and The Years of Unearthed Most Valuable Cultural Relics”. I hope my explanation can satisfy you!

Now, we are in the first exhibition hall. Here, it adopts panoramic technique, and restores the site of unearthing Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom. In 1996, during July to November, in the southeast of Wu Yi square, team up with Ping He Tang Department. The exhumations were carried on by Changsha relics work teams. They unearth 61 archaic wells during the Warring States period and the Ming and Qing Dynasty, and found out 3000 kinds of relics, like copper, iron bamboo, wood, ceramics, and so on. To people’s astonishment, in the No.22 archaic well, they found lots of bamboo tablets and wooden slips. After confirming, they are the relics of Sun Wu in Three kingdoms 1700 years ago. These patches of relics would replenish the lacked historical materials of three kingdoms exactly. Our country once had four discoveries: The oracle bone inscription of Yin, bamboo tablets and wooden slips of Tunxu in northwest China, Cultural books of Dunhuang stone room, Files of Qing cabinet. Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha can be mentioned in the same breath with the four discoveries, and become the searching subject of international academia.

Everybody! Please look at the cross section reconstruction of the NO.22 archaic well. Its upper part of opening was damaged when it was excavating. This is an irregular circular shape vertical shaft; the bottom has a bag form likely. The opening of the well has a length 3.5 m from south to north, 3.1 m from east to west, and 5.6 m in depth. The opening is covered with pure red brown color clay, 1.5 m deeper of which is the bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer. The bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer is 50 cm thick in center and 20 cm thin on all sides, piled up with slope form. The ropes tied the bamboo tablets and wooden slips have become rotten, but we can see they were buried by bundles at that time. There are more than 10,000 pieces of bamboo tablets and wooden slips by the initial statistics. The second layer is the gray brown clay layer of 3.1 m thick, among them mix up with lots of bamboo wood scrapes, grass scrapes, leaves, fragmentary bricks, pottery and porcelain and so on. At the bottom of the well is another small well, which has square wooden frame. The four corners are nailed by a stick of spile inlayed with two wooden boards as the well wall. The circle of the well is 93 cm long, 58 cm tall. The function of this small well is probably for gathering the groundwater from all sides of the well, and then put forward to pour out with water pitcher and other tools in order to maintain the well space dry. This is the living photo taken by the time of excavating.

Analyzing the structure and relics of the well NO.22, it is an ancient well for storing food. The climate of Changsha is so hot, wet and rainy that the food is easy to be rot, but the circumstance under the ground of 10 m depth is just like as a modern refrigerator. The archaeological discoveries approved that people had used this storing method from the time of Shang dynasty.

You may ask that, why were the bamboo tablets of Wu Kingdom buried in the well? There are two statements. The first one considered that in the period of Three Kingdoms, there were so many wars, the suddenly burst-out war made people bury them here in a hurry. The other considered that to bury them in the well may be a way of dealing with the records in the past.

长沙市博物馆导游词 第5篇

Now, we are in the first exhibition hall.Here, it adopts panoramic technique, and restores the site of unearthing Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom.In 1996, during July to November, in the southeast of Wu Yi square, team up with ping He Tang Department.The exhumations were carried on by Changsha relics work teams.They unearth 61 archaic wells during the

Warring States period and the Ming and Qing Dynasty, and found out 3000 kinds of relics, like copper, iron bamboo, wood, ceramics, and so on.To people’s astonishment, in the No.22 archaic well, they found lots of bamboo tablets and wooden

slips.After confirming, they are the relics of Sun Wu in Three kingdoms 1700 years ago.These patches of relics would replenish the lacked historical materials of three kingdoms exactly.Our country once had four discoveries: The oracle bone inscription of Yin, bamboo tablets and wooden slips of Tunxu in northwest China, Cultural books of Dunhuang stone room, Files of Qing cabinet.Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha can be mentioned in the same breath with the four discoveries, and become the searching subject of international academia.Everybody!please look at the cross section reconstruction of the NO.22 archaic well.Its upper part of opening was damaged when it was excavating.This is an irregular circular shape vertical shaft;the bottom has a bag form likely.The opening of the well has a length 3.5 m from south to north, 3.1 m from east to west, and 5.6 m in depth.The opening is covered with pure red brown color clay, 1.5 m deeper of which is the bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer.The bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer is 50 cm thick in center and 20 cm thin on all sides, piled up with slope form.The ropes tied the bamboo tablets and wooden slips have become rotten, but we can see they were buried by bundles at that time.There are more than 10,000 pieces of bamboo tablets and wooden slips by the initial statistics.The second layer is the gray brown clay layer of 3.1 m thick, among them mix up

with lots of bamboo wood scrapes, grass scrapes, leaves, fragmentary bricks, pottery and porcelain and so on.At the bottom of the well is another small well, which has square wooden frame.The four corners are nailed by a stick of spile inlayed with two wooden boards as the well wall.The circle of the well is 93 cm long, 58 cm tall.The function of this small well is probably for gathering the groundwater from all sides of the well, andthen put forward to pour out with water pitcher and other tools in order to maintain the well space dry.This is the living photo taken by the time of excavating.Analyzing the structure and relics of the well NO.22, it is an ancient well for storing food.The climate of Changsha is so hot, wet and rainy that the food is easy to be rot, but the circumstance under the ground of 10 m depth is just like as a modern refrigerator.The archaeological discoveries approved that people had used this storing method from the time of Shang dynasty.You may ask that, why were the bamboo tablets of Wu Kingdom buried in the well? There are two statements.The first one considered that in the period of Three Kingdoms, there were so many wars, the suddenly burst-out war made people bury them here in a hurry.The other considered that to bury them in the well may be a way of dealing with the records in the past.Now please look at the photo.This is the photo of unearthing the No.22 well.We can see that the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the mud.Why can they be kept intact for over 1700 years? One of the important reasons is that the ground water level in Changsha was very high, and the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the water.Besides, they were buried deeply;they can be sealed up wall.With these, they can be kept intact for over 1700 years.Next, let’s visit the second exhibition room.In this room we can get the detailed introduction of the bamboo tablets and wooden slips.Before we visit, I have a question to ask.Do you know whether the words on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were written or carved on them? With the question, let’s look at the photo of the pottery figurine.This pottery figurine was unearthed in a Western Jin tomb in Jinpenling in Changsha in 1950s.On the left of the photo there is a man handing a wooden slip and reading something, the man on the right who were holding a hair pencil in a hand and a wooden slip in the other was writing something.The pottery figurine shows us the condition of ancients writing on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips.Now, we can say, the word on the bamboo tablets and slips were written on them.Did you guess it?

To see another set of photos.This is a hair pencil unearthed from one of the tombs of the Warring State at Zuojiagong Mountain of Changsha in 1954.Its shaft is long and small but easy to be broken.On the side of it there is a bamboo pipe used for containing the pen when it is collected and preserved.This is an ink stone with little ink blocks near it.Here also remains a bronze chopping knife which is used for the calligrapher to make inscribed bamboo and wooden slips and correct writing mistakes.This is a set of photos of calligraphy tools discovered in No.168 Tomb in Jinan city of former capital of Chu State.In addition to this, there are 6 pieces of wooden slips without character.This is also the most complete and most typical set of Han Dynasty’s stationery ever seen up to now.Uniting our ancient people calculates the number of the inscribed bamboo tablets and wooden slips are not “slice”, but “jin”.It is recorded in history that the 1st emperor of Qin Dynasty did not have a rest until he finished reading over 120 jin of memorial to throne and inscribed bamboo and wooden slips.please notice the following brief tablet about information of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips unearthed from all parts of the nation from this century.Among this, the column in red character is the number of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips excavated from Changsha this time.The number this time has exceeded the total amount of that unearthed from all parts of the nation these years.Therefore, it is named as “the surprising wonder of the world”and “one of the most important archaeological discoveries of this century.”

It is well known that document history in the Three Kingdom period handed down is very rare.”The Annals of Three Kingdom”by Chenshou in Xijin has 65 volumes, among which there are 30 volumes of Wei Book, 15 volumes of Shu Book, 20 volumes of Wu Book with total of more than 1 million characters.Over the years, the unearthed inscribed bamboo slips and wooden tablets in nationwide archaeology is also rarely seen and only exist tens of pieces in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei.But nowadays in Changsha, the total number of the excavation of the inscribed bamboo from Wu State in Three Kingdom period reaches 10 thousand pieces for just one time and the total wordage reaches more than 3 million if counted with 20 words in each piece.These character materials greatly surpass the total wordage in that of the “Annals of Three Kingdom”, which offers abundant material for the study of social economy, political system, inscribed bamboo and volume system, history and geography and also fill the vacancy of historic works.We can forecast that the discovery of inscribed bamboo slips from Wu State in Changsha will surely influence many aspects of the Chinese historic study and anew examining and verifying the past final conclusion.Well, let us have a look at this map.Though the series archaeological excavation around the “Wuyi square ”by our archaeological workers, we have preliminarily defined the region of the ancient Changsha.It extends northward to “Lao Zhaobi ”, southward to “pozi Street”, eastward to “Cai’e Road”and westward to “Shanghe Street”which shaped rectangle.And the center of Changsha is today’s “Wuyi Square, which, we can say, hasn’t changed basically nearly 3000years.The unearthed inscribed bamboo slips and wooden tablets for this time, if according to their shape, they can be distributed to big and small inscribed bamboo slips, wooden tablets and so on;if according to their use, they can be distributed to five kinds:

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