第一篇：大学英语写作教程重点
大学英语写作教程复习重点
Sentence fragments：
句子碎片：
sentences are complete thoughts because they are have subjects and verbs and because they require no other elements to complete their meaning.
句子是完整的主题有完整的主语和谓语，而且并不需要成分来补充它的意思。
When any one of these dependent units is punctuated with a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop (period， exclamation point，or question mark)at the end，it is called a sentence fragment.
当任何一个非独立成分被句首大写字母强调并且末尾有一个停顿(句号， 感叹号，问号)，他被称为句子片段
A sentence fragment can be corrected in various ways：
句子碎片可以用多种不同的方法修正
a. by joining it to another sentence 把它加入进另一个句子
b. by supplying a subject and a predicate提供一个主语和谓语
c. by rewriting the passage in which it occurs在不改变句意的范围内重写
Any verbless or subjectlessfragment of a sentence ，whether you can classify it or not，should not be allowed to stand as a sentence.
任何没有主语或谓语的句子碎片，不管是否分类，都不应该当做句子。
A.A verbless or subjectless fragment can be corrected by adding a subject or verb accordingly;by attaching the fragment to the sentence that comes before it or the sentence that comes after it ，whichever makes sense ;or by rewriting the fragment entirely.
一个缺少主语或谓语的句子碎片可以通过增加一个相应的主语或谓语来改正;或通过把句子碎片加入它前面或后面的句子使其合理的完整;或完全的重写句子碎片。
B.Added—detail fragments also lack a subject and a verb .They often begin with one of the following words.;for example ，also，except，such as ，including，especially，namely 额外的碎片也是缺少主语和谓语的。大多是以以下的词开始的;例如，并且，除了，像，包含，特别，即
An added—detail fragments can be corrected in one of the three ways below： 额外碎片可以通过以下三种方式改正
a. Attach the fragment to the complete thought that precedes it.
附加到他之前的完整意思中
b. Add a subject and a verb to the fragment to make it a complete sentence.
在碎片中加入主语和谓语使他成为一个完整的句子
c. Change words necessary to make the fragment part of the sentence.
改变必要的词汇使句子碎片成为一个句子
Run—on sentence
连写句
A run—on sentence is tow or more complete thoughts (or independent clauses)without adequate sign given to mark the break between them.
连写句是两个或两个以上的写在一起且中间没有明显停顿标记的完整的意思(独立句) They may be corrected in four principal ways：
连写句的四种主要的改正方法：
a. Use a period and write two separate sentence.用一个句号把它写成两个分开的不同的句子。 b. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction用逗号和适合的连词
c. Use a semicolon用一个分号
d. Make one of the clauses dependent 使其中的一个句子变为从句
Misplaced and dangling modifiers
错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语
A modifier is a word，a phrase，or a clause that functions in the sentence to modify，that is，to limit，qualify，or restrict the meaning of another word, phrase ,clause.Misplaced and dangling modifiers break a fundamental rule that all modifiers must be near the word they modify. Misplaced and dangling modifiers modify either the wrong word or no word at all。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语修饰语在句子中的职能就是去修饰和限定句子中的另一个词的意思。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语破坏了修饰语必须挨着他所修饰的那个词的基本的规则。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语都修饰了错误的词或没有起到修饰的作用。
Misplaced modifiers
错位修饰语
A modifier is misplaced when it appears so far from what it is supposed to modify that the connection is no longer clear or modifier seems to modify something else
当一个修饰语出现在离他要修饰的词很远的地方时，修饰看起来不再明显或像在修饰其他的什么。
Squinting modifiers
偏斜修饰语
A squinting modifier is a word or phrase that appears to modify both the words that precede and follow it. Such a modifier seems to be looking in two directions at once.The result is a sentence with two possible meanings。
偏斜修饰语就是指一个修饰词看起来在同时修饰他前后的两个词,看起来是在一次修饰两个方向，结果句子就出现了两种可能的意思。
Split infinitives
分裂不定式
A split infinitive is a construction in which the sign of the infinitive “to”has been separated from the verb with which it is associated.
分裂不定式是将to 和有联系的那个动词隔离开的结构。
Dangling modifiers
悬垂修饰语
A dangling modifier is a group of word that has no grammatical connection to any element in the sentence.
悬垂修饰语是一组在句子中与任何元素都没有语法联系的修饰语。
There are five kinds of dangling modifiers：五种悬垂修饰
a. dangling participles 悬垂分词
b. dangling gerunds悬垂动名词
c. dangling infinitives 悬垂不定式
d. dangling elliptical clauses悬垂精简句
e. dangling prepositional phrases悬垂介词短语
Correcting dangling modifiers
校正悬垂修饰语
a. One way is to leave the modifier as it is and to rewrite the main clause so that its subject what the writer meant to modify。
一种方法是舍弃修饰语照现在的样子改写主句，以便明白什么才是作者修饰的主题。
b. Another way to correct sentence containing dangling modifiers is to change the dangling construction into a subordinate clause.
另一种改正包含悬垂修饰语的句子方法是将悬垂结构改成一个从句。
c. The third way to eliminate dangling modifiers is to recast the entire sentence.
第三种方法是省略悬垂修饰语，重写完整的句子。
Pronoun reference
指示代词
Pronouns are useful because they take the place of nouns (persons，places， or things)，which otherwise would have to repeated over and over.指示代词代替那些在句子中多次出现的名词。 Antecedent先行词代词所指代的那个词。每个代词有且只有一个先行词
Pronoun must be used in such a way as to make their exact reference clear.
代词必须在这样的方式中使用已明确他们的职权
a. more than one possible antecedent 不可以有多个先行词
b. it has no antecedent at all没有先行词
Weak reference
暗示指代
Weak reference refers to the type of the sentence in which the antecedent of a pronoun is implied or unspecified.
暗示指代是代词的先行词是暗示或未指定的句子类型
Implied pronoun reference also refers to the type of sentence in which the same pronoun stands for different implied antecedents.
暗含代词也引用同样的代名词代表不同的隐含先行词的句子类型
Broad reference
宽泛指代
There are two ways to improve broad reference：两种改善宽泛指代的方法
a. Eliminate the pronoun 不要使用代词
b. Change the pronoun to a demonstrative adjective by giving it a noun to modify
把代词变为指示形容词
Parallelism
平行 排比
Parallelism is the rhetorical principle that sentence elements having the same grammatical function should be put in the same grammatical form. It is the writer’s technique of balancing like with like —noun with noun，verb with verb， infinitive with infinitive，phrase with phrase，clause with clause，and so forth. 平行的修辞原则就是句子中有相同的语法功能的成分要放在相同的语法结构中。这是作家们对类似物的平衡技巧，名词和名词，动词和动词，不定式和不定式，短语和短语，分句和分句，等等。
Value of parallelism
排比的价值
It is used by writers for two reasons ：to make a sentence smooth and coherent rather than jerky and awkward，and to give sentences rhythm，balance，and greater force.
作者用排比来保持句子的流畅和连贯，和给句子 节奏 平衡 强调语气
Techniques used in gaining parallelism
排比的使用方法
a. Elements joined by coordinating conjunctions加入并列连词
b. Elements joined by correlative conjunctions 加入关联连词
c. Repetition of certain word 重复一些有特点的词
Unnecessary shifts
不必要的变幻
An unnecessary shift，as the name implies ，is a sudden—andinexplicable shift in the point of view used by the writer.不必要的变幻就像名字的暗示是作者不可说明的观点
A good writer needs to keep consistency in voice，tense，mood，person and discourse. 一个好的作者要保持语态 时态 语气 人称 以及叙事方式的一致
a. Unnecessary shifts in voice or subject语态一致
b. Unnecessary shifts in tense时态上的一致
c. Unnecessary shifts in mood语气上的一致
d. Unnecessary shifts in person or number人称 数上的一致
e. Unnecessary shifts in discourse叙事方式上的一致
f. Discourse (speech)can be either direct or indirect叙事方式可以是直接引语或间接引语 Sentence emphasis
句子重点
There are some useful ways of gaining emphasis ，covering order，voice，from，repetition，omission，sentence patterns and mechanical devices.
一些获得重点的途径，包括：顺序 语态 形式 重复 省略 句型 和机械的技巧。
A .Considering the order of words as a means achieving emphasis
句子中词的的顺序表示的重要性
a.use position for emphasis用位置来表现强调end begin middle
b.invert the normal sentence order for emphasis 颠倒句子中的正常顺序来表现强调 c .use periodic sentences for occasional emphasis 用圆周句来表现偶尔的强调
The periodic sentences is one in which the main thought is held suspended until the end or near the end when it is suddenly released.
圆周句是一种其主题思想直到句子结束或者接近结束的时候才停止之前的暂停说明而突然释放的句子
The loose sentence is one in which the main thought is complete well before the end.
松散句是一种其中心思想在句子结束之前就很好的表达了的句子
The periodic sentences is usually emphatic and conclusive because the weight of statement falls on the long—awaited predication.
圆周句通常是很论述力和决定性作用的，因为其重量型的观点建立在之前期待已久的预测上的。
d .ordinarily arrange a series of items in climactic order
层进结构
climactic order is the order that goes from the least important to the most important (or in the order that goes from the general to the specific)
层进结构是从最不重要的到最重要的，或是从总体到细节。
B. Using the voice that is most emphatic and appropriate 用最明确的语态
C. Putting statements in positive form 用肯定句式
D. Repeating words，structures，or ideas for occasional emphasis 重复要强调的
E. Omitting unimportant words省略不必要的词
F. Making use of special emphatic sentence patterns 强调句型
G. Using mechanical devices for emphasis用这些机械的技巧
Italics 斜体 boldface 黑体 capital 大写 punctuation marks 标点符号
Sentence variety
句子多样性
A. Varying the beginning of sentences
句子开头的多样性
a. begin sentences with an appositive用同位语做句子开头
b. begin sentences with an adverb用副词做句子开头
c. begin sentences with an adjective or adjective phrase用形容词或形容词短语做句子开头 d. begin sentences with participial phrase用分词短语做句子开头
e. begin sentences with an infinitive phrase用不定式短语做句子开头
f. begin sentences with a prepositional phrase用介词短语做句子开头
g. begin sentences with clause modifiers用从句做句子开头
B. Varying the kinds of sentences
句子种类的多样性
A )Use simple，compound，and complex sentences 用简单句并列句以及含有从句的复杂句
B)use rhetorical sentences 运用修辞手法
a.the loose sentences 松散句
b.the periodic sentences 圆周句
c.Sentences are not necessarily periodic or loose throughout句子不一定是松散句或圆周句 d.the balanced sentence is one that contains two or more phrases or clauses similar in form about the same length ，but often contrasted in meaning.
平衡句子是在对相同长度中的句子包括两个或两个以上的相似形式短语或分句
C. Varying the length of sentences
句子长度的多样性
Coordination 并列连词
Coordination is the linking of equally weighed elements .
连词可连接相等重量的元素
Intelligent use of coordination can help give smoothness , variety , emphasis and unity to our writing .
聪明的运用连词可以使句子通顺，多样性，加强语气，增强我们文章的统一性。 Patterns of coordination
连词的模式
A. simple coordination
简单的连词
B. a second pattern of coordination makes use of correlative conjunctions to strengthen the connection between two coordination elements
第二种连词的模式利用相关加强协调两个连词元素的连接
C. a third pattern of coordination involves the series , a list of three or more items .
第三种连词的模式包含一系列、列表、三个或更多的物品
Try eliminating all conjunctions ; it is even possible to combine in a single sentence a series that repeats conjunctions with one that eliminates the rest completely ; they can be grouped into pairs .试着消除所有连词,它甚至可以用一句话概括了一系列与重复合用,消除了其余的全部，它们可以分组配对。
Avoidance of excessive coordination 避免通篇使用连词
Subordination
从句
subordination is the technique of putting together ideas that are unequal in weight so that the relative importance of each will be quickly apparent to the reader .
从句是把重要性不相等概念放在一起的手法，通过相对的比较使读者更容易明白
Subordination helps you to avoid choppy sentences or excessive coordination and to achieve variety and smoothness .
从句帮助我们避免断断续续的句子或者过多的连词以达到多样性和句子的通顺
Ways of subordination
从句的方法
a. subordination by and adverbial clause状语从句
b. subordination by and attributive clause 定语从句
c. subordination by a modifying phrase 修饰短语从句
d. subordination by an appositive 同位语从句
e. subordination by a word . 用单词
Avoidance of inverted subordination . 避免倒装的从句
Avoidance of expressive overlapping of subordination constructions
避免过量的重叠的从句
Avoidance of expressive subordination 避免表达过多的从属
第二篇：大学英语四级考试写作辅导教程
记叙文的思路与练习
记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即：时间(When)—— 何时发生，有没有具体时间?
地点(Where)—— 何地发生，有没有地点变化?
人物(Who)—— 何人参与，谁是主角?
事件(What)—— 发生了什么，有何特点?
原因(Why)—— 事件的起因?
结果(How)—— 事件的经过及结局?
一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。
记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。
【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning Walk”(1988.6.)，2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。
对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。
Where：到哪儿散步?去公园?在校园里?在街上(街上空气不好，还是不去!)。
Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子;在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。
What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。
Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼;一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。
当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。
参考范文
An Early Morning Walk
One morning I got up very early， and everything around was very quiet. The sun had just risen， shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk. There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees. I strolled along the street toward the park， breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.
When I arrived at the park， I found， to my surprise， that there were so many people there. Men and women， boys and girls， all were enjoying themselves in their various activities. Some
were doing morning exercises， some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.
I wandered around the park. To my delight， I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park. I went up and spoke to them in English. We soon became friends. I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English. On the way home， I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful. Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.
【点评】文章按照时间顺序(in chronological order)，第一句话点明时间(One morning)、人物(第一人称“I”)，并简要描述了早晨的特点(What was the setting)，接着第二段第一句话交代地点(in the park)，然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动(What was happening)，最后在文章结尾点题，即，归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise. 仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”，又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节，行文方式符合要求。
1. 以“A Most Unlucky Day”为题，想想该怎么写。注意：题目的中心词是“unlucky”。When：
Where：
Who：
What：
Why：
How：
参考思路
When：哪一天是最倒霉的日子?考前的晚上?公布成绩的日子?周末?
Where：在大街上违章停车?在学校?在商场?在经常光顾的地方——食堂、餐厅、麦当劳、图书馆、溜冰场、投影厅?
Who：是我倒霉?是好友?你?那个蛋白质室友?
What：拿到罚单?上课上班迟到?失恋?被窃?四级没过?
Why：倒霉嘛，无非是运气不好，睡过头了、态度恶劣、偷懒、不刻苦„
How：一团糟，挨批，心情极度沮丧，不过也无所谓嘛„
想完之后，我们再花点儿功夫将关联的东东挑出来，别忘了本文的中心是“unlucky”。
根据自己的思路，写一篇文章：
参考范文
A Most Unlucky Day
I had a streak of tough luck yesterday. Everything， it seemed to me， went wrong. And I simply couldn’t understand why all the bad things happened to me in one single day.
In the morning， as luck would have it， my alarm clock didn’t ring， and with an aching head I woke up half an hour later than usual. I was in such a hurry that， when making an omelet， I got my fingers burnt and splashed the omelet all over the floor of the kitchen.
Having no time for my breakfast at that point， I rushed out of my house with an empty stomach and hurting fingers. I had intended to catch the 7:30 subway， but somehow I couldn’t make it. I became very nervous at the mere thought of being late for my English class， because my English teacher is very strict and demanding， and he gets angry whenever any student is late for his class.
After getting off the 7:40 subway， I raced all the way from the station to my school， thinking it would be impossible for me to flag a taxi at this hour of the day. At the corner of the street near my school， I abruptly bumped into a man and， worse luck， broke the glasses I had bought for 500 yuan just last week. With scarcely any time to receive or offer an apology， I just kept on running and running. At long last， I arrived at the school only to find， with great sadness mixed with some relief， that the school was empty and the classrooms were all locked. It was Saturday.
My ill luck showed no sign of coming to an end. When I returned home greatly frustrated， I found myself locked out. In my hurry I had forgotten to bring the key with me. Just my luck!
【点评】这篇文章按照时间顺序一气呵成。文章的标题、第一句和最后一句都点出了中心思想：“I had a most unlucky day”。故事从作者醒来开始，在慌慌张张中煎蛋卷、赶地铁、急奔学校、撞破眼镜、发现白忙乎了一场，最后猛然清醒——匆忙之中忘了钥匙!整个故事描述得精彩生动，既有动作的细节又有作者内心的感受，让读者也身临其境地体会了倒霉的一天。
根据以下提示叙述一场交通事故：1)用第一人称;2)短语提示：drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour;it was dark;a small girl chased a dog;not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3)写出作者对此交通意外的感想。
参考范文
Last night I was driving home from work. I had an accident. I was following behind a truck， driving at about 30 kilometers an hour. I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.
Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left. She was chasing a dog and she wasn’t paying any attention to the traffic. I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.
The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car. Fortunately I did not hit her， but I hit a car coming in the other direction. Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious. It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child， I thought to myself.
B： 以第一人称写一篇记叙文，讲述在旅行中经历的一件小事。
参考范文
Go on a Mediterranean Journey
My wife and I have always enjoyed traveling by sea，and last year we decided to go on a Mediterranean journey. Although our holiday was rather expensive we thought that the high standard of accommodation， the first-class food and the many interesting places we saw were well worth the price we paid.We found that most of the other passengers were friendly and interesting， but there was one man， a Mr. James， who irritated and annoyed us. Whatever subject we talked about， it seemed that he was an expert at it. He had， apparently， read more books， visited more countries and studied more languages， than anyone else had. After a few days， we ate our meals in silence， because nobody wanted to begin a conversation that would soon be taken over by this man.
Then my wife had an idea. She suggested that we might think of an unusual subject， look it up in an encyclopedia and then talk about it at dinner. If it were an unusual subject， Mr. James could not possibly know anything about it. The subject we chose was “English Agriculture in the Eleventh Century.” At dinner that night we discussed this subject with great enthusiasm. Mr
历年四级考试中的“How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English”、“My Ideal Job”以及图表作文的第一段都属于说明文的范畴，如，2002年6月的根据坐标图写题为“Students Use of Computers”的作文。
说明文必须按一定的顺序进行说明：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，选择具体的特点和细节来说明。
所以，说明文的思路要围绕说明顺序、事物的特点和细节展开。例如：
范文点评
A Famous Clock
When you visit London， one of the first things you will see is Big Ben， the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C. If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834， the great clock would never have been erected. Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built. It is not only of immense size， but is extremely accurate as well. Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day. On the B.B.C. you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower. Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. Once， however， it failed to give the correct time. A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!
【点评】这是《新概念英语》中的一篇经典说明文，介绍了世界著名的“大本钟”。文章开篇指明该钟位于英国伦敦，且全世界的人们通过BBC就能够听到钟声。接下来讲述了“大本钟”的由来，特点——不仅外型巨大，而且走时准确，在结尾处讲了“大本钟”的一个幽默的小插曲——油漆工把油漆桶挂在指针上，把钟弄慢了。细读这篇文章，我们不难发现，区区159个单词就把“大本钟”的光辉形象牢牢地刻在读者的脑海里，为什么?本文基于事实，分析了主题的来龙去脉，语言简洁又不失生动贴切，作者态度客观又充满幽默，使读者既“明白了事理”，又对事物有较完整明晰的了解认识，此乃说明文之真谛也。
第三篇：全新版大学英语综合教程4重点单词表
Unit 1 text A
Alliance Campaign Conquest Crucial Decisive Declaration Desperate Efficient Engage Equip Heroic Instruct Invasion Launch Limp Minus
Occupation Offensive Raw Reckon Region Render Resistance Siege Stroke(n.) Toll
Underestimate Weaken
At the cost of Be faced with
Be/get bogged down Bide one’s time Bring to a halt Catch sb off guard Drag on
Engage/be engaged in (doing) sth.
In the case of Press on/ahead Reckon with
Stand/get/be in the way
Take a gamble Take its/a toll Thanks to
Turn the tide (against)
Text B
Aboard Ambitious Boast Cancel Concern Contest Objective Obstacle Responsible Secure Stiff
Withstand Call off Due to Hold out In case
On the eve of Pay off Pin downPrior to
Unit 2 text A
Alert Apart
Application Approximately
Automate Bunch(v.) Calculate Computerize Correlate Decrease Detect Eliminate Expansion Frequency Harzard Incorporate Lane Lucrative Magnetic Monotonous Mount Orbit
Prototype Remote Satellite Signal Steer Vapor Vibrate
Be poised to (do) Get/be stuck in In the air Send out Start up
Take control of
Turn (sth.) into a reality
Text B
Accommodate Address(v.) Affordable Component Costly
Exposure Feasible Implement Mature Realistic Resume(v.) Select Shift Stress Thereby
At the start of By means of En route
In cooperation with
Unit 3 text A
Applicant Barely
Beforehand Blurt Chuckle Endeavor Generously Grill
Inadequate Incidentally Measurable Partner Physically Preparation Prospective Respond Rude Sparkle Structure Taxi(v.) Veteran As I see it
(as)the saying goes Beyond one’s/anyone’s wildest dreams
Follow up
From the standpoint of Go after
In sb.’s hands
In the neighborhood of Make a difference Take/have a crack at
Text B
Administration Benign Brand Carve Clatter Coil Fright Intricate Lengthen Messenger Mortal Pregnant Quiver Scrap Tear Unable Come at get in
Put in a word (for sb.) Take on
Unit 4 text A
Academic Accelerate Advantageous Aspire Asset Center(v.) Considerable Contradiction Displace
Domestic Earnest Economy Elsewhere Endorse Entitle Erase
Establishment Facilitate Forefront Growth
Increasingly Investment Landmark Network v. Outlook Overtake Patriotic Pendulum Strengthen Unlike Vanish Witness A handful of A variety of At odds with Be committed to Let alone
Makeno/little difference Strike a balance Sweep aside
Text B
Advantage Currency Fatigue Globalize Herald Inherent Namely Originate Participation
Stable Subsidy A majority of Add to Blow up Phase out In evidence So be it
Take advantage of You bet
Unit 5 text A
Affectionate Broke Candid Capable Constitution Current Deceptive Definite Hitherto Insane Instinct Mild Oddly Pawn Rub Sip Spicy Stroke
Transparent Trim Vacancy Vanity Wrinkle
(all) of a piece Be/go all to pieces Down and out Drive at
For one’s own part/the part of
In a way
In accordance with In bad/good condition Something of Stick to
Be taken aback Turn up
With (a) good/bad grace
Text B
Assumption Dump Fate Guilt Layer Literally Shaky Sheer
At one time or another Be overwhelmed with Come to grips with By far
Conjure up
Get to one’s feet
Get/keep under control Pass judgment on Reach for
Teach sb. a lesson Think up Well up
Unit 6 text A
Appalling applience Bewilder Burden
Comparative Confine Convention
Cram Decorate Discontent Distribution Divert Evade Explosion Famine Fax
Forecast Fraction Frontier Futile Honorary Minute Multiply Nurture Oblige Offspring Perception Prosperity Provoke Reaction Remedy Shortage Streamline Toil
Be doomed to By nature Eat into
Keep sb. up with sth. On the go
Point the way to sth. Pour in
Large quantities of Set about Switch off Waste away
text B
browse caption
dedicate endurance opt parallel possess suspend temporal thrill
waterproof back and force crash down in a rush make haste no wonder on the wing run the risk of under pressure
Unit 7 text A
accomplice ally armed chaos clear coat coup crystal debris denounce divine dusk
explosive fanatic farewell grief heal hijack illusion memorial mood mourn
perish revenge revolve sacred shatter solidarity sting topple tragic void
wreckage blot out bring down
fill/step intosb.’s shoes
in the aftermath of in the space of
in (great/crystal) detail long before/after pickat
take have get revenge on
think back on
Text B
aggravate arrangement collective consequent conservation conservative dependent destruction disrupt distort indebted justify pose proclaim revise stain
a long way from sth.
take stock of sth. track down
Unit 8 text A
bare dart
disembark dissolve fleet fringe fuss glide heap heave hollow hop hush illumine loop mute opaque paddle repute slap slump smear
spectacular strip(n.) stuff swarm tangle thrash trail
warm(v.)
at the edge of
be dying to do/for sth. get one’s hands on in (all) silence in flocks
in the heart of night after night
day after day now…now… out of range out of sight out of the way take apart
Text B
bound dash emigrate gear glimpse refresh snatch surf
at the foot of carve out embark on hit the road in a … vein in action live up to meet up with on wheels pop in stop off
wind/snake one’s way
第四篇：清华大学出版社 企业资源计划(ERP)教程 考试重点2
A卷
一、单选
ERP的核心思想是实现对整个供应链的有效管理。核心内容是：生产控制、物流管理和财务管理。(生产计划与控制管理)
主生产计划(Mster Production Schedule，简称MPS)详细规定生产什么、什么时段应该产出，它是独立需求计划。MPS是闭环计划系统的一个部份。MPS的实质是保证销售规划和生产规划对规定的需求与所使用的资源取得一致。MPS编制原则：最少项目、独立具体、关键项目、全面代表、适当裕量、适当稳定原则。
采购管理(Procurement Management)是计划下达、采购单生成、采购单执行、到货接收、检验入库、采购发票的收集到采购结算的采购活动的全过程，对采购过程中物流运动的各个环节状态进行严密的跟踪、监督，实现对企业采购活动执行过程的科学管理。采购管理包括采购计划、订单管理及发票校验三个组件。
物料清单(Bill of Material, BOM)，是指产品所需零部件明细表及其结构，即描述了制造产品所需的原材料与零件、部件、总装件之的从属关系，它是定义产品结构的技术文件。一个BOM文件至少应包括3个数据项：标识代码、需求量和层次码。BOM文件的生成步骤：1)描述产品结构树2)产生零件清单3)确定工艺流程4)基本BOM的建立5)基本BOM的扩展6)BOM的重构7)多层BOM的生成8)全部产品BOM的开发。BOM可分为：计划BOM、制造BOM、采购BOM、成本BOM。 车间管理是指对车间所从事的各项生产经营活动进行计划、组织、指挥、协调和控制的一系列管理工作。车间管理的主要任务：1)健全车间生产组织，合理组织生产2)完善车间管理制度3)加强劳动组织4)加强工艺纪律5)大搞技术革新，促进技术进步6)管好、用好固定资产7)加强核算工作8)建立车间指标体系9)车间利润评价。车间管理的职能：1)制订计划2)组织指挥3)监督控制4)生产服务5)激励士气。
能力需求计划是对生产过程中所需要的能力进行核算，以确定是否有足够的生产能力来满足生产需求的计划方法。能力需求计划将生产需求转换成相应的能力需求，估计可用的能力并确定应采取的措施，以协调生产负荷金额生产能力的差距。它帮助企业在生产能力的基础上，及早发现能力的瓶颈所在，提出切实可行的解决方案，从而为企业实现生产任务提供能力方面的保证。它协调能力需要和可用能力之间的关系，用于分析和检验生产计划大纲、主生产计划和物料需求计划的可行性。广义的能力需求计划分为粗能力需求计划和细能力需求计划(一般称为能力需求计划)。
ERP的基本思想是将企业的业务流程看作是一条紧密连接的供应链，以现代计算机和网络为工具，采用先进的管理思想与方法，整合优化企业所有的资源，实现准确生产，加速资金周转，减少库存，降低成本，提高劳动生产率，提高顾客满意度，增强企业核心竞争力的目的。它将企业管理从企业内部延伸到企业外部，对企业供应链的所有环节进行管理和集成。(基本思想：是基于企业经营目标制定生产计划，围绕物料转化组织制造资源实现按需要时间进行生产(P50 )。核心思想：供需链管理。)
企业产品成本包括直接材料、直接人工和制造费用，这样计算出来的产品成本实际上是到车间为止发生的成本。总成本包括产品成本(生产成本)和经营费用(期间费用)，产品成本包括直接成本(主要成本)和间接成本(制造费用)。产品直接材料费为材料费(采购件价格)和采购间接费之和。
采购间接费=采购件价格*采购间接费率
直接人工费=人工费率*工作小时数
制造间接费=间接费率*工作小时数
库房管理的职责是物料管理和库存控制。库房管理的主要职责如下：
1)接收并保管指定的物料。
2)授权发放物料或其他供应品。
3)维护准确的库存记录和物料安全。
4)盘点库存。
5)为安全和有效而规划库房布局。
6)维护整洁安全的库存环境。
需求计划。
二、填空
①假定已有了主生产计划 ②假设物料采购计划是可行的 ③认定生产执行机构是可胜任的
主生产计划将订单分成三个状态：计划订单、确认订单、下达订单
计划订单：所有的订单只是系统生成的建议性计划订单，在情况出现变动时允许系统自动修改;
确认订单：计划订单的数量和时间可以固定，计算机不能自动修改，只有计划员可能修改;
下达订单：下达生产的订单，授权制造指定的数量。它是系统管理的主要订单。
粗能力计划是与主生产计划是与相伴运行的能力计划，是对生产中所需的关键资源进行计算和分析，给出能力需求的概貌。它的处理过程是将成品的主生产计划转换成相关的工作中心的能力需求。粗能力计划通常是对生产中所需的关键资源进行计算和分析。
库存盘点是对库存物品的清点。内容包括：1)确定物料现存数量 2)检查物料管理绩效 3)计算损益得失。库存盘点的方法有期末盘点法和周期盘点法。
从过程看来不确定性分为：需求不确定性、供应不确定性以及生产过程中的不确定性。 从性质上看有两类不确定性：时间的不确定性和数量的不确定性。
失误、紧急设计改变和市场引起的对生产需求的变化等。
B卷
一、单选(2分*10)
供应链管理围绕核心企业，主要通过信息手段对供应各个环节中的各种物料、资金、信息等资源进行计划、调度、调配、控制与利用，形成用户、零售商、分销商、制造商、采购供应商的全部供应过程的功能整体。
MRPⅡ的基础上进一步发展而成的，面向供应链的管理思想。
MRP的运行机制或称算法是依据MPS规定的最终产品生产的数量和时间要求，以及零部件库存、在制品数据、前期计划执行情况和生产提前期等决定采购计划与加工计划的。
确定系统的功能性能和系统配置的需求，并进行选型的指导。需求分析还可以协助用户确定合理的人力、财力方面的预算，在系统实施过程中使各方面的要素
得以优化组合。
的计划对象主要是把生产规划中的产品系列具体化以后的出厂产品，通称最终项目。
作业基准成本法简称ABC法，它通过对产品形成过程的价值链的分析和明细作业核算，尽量消除对产品而言无附加价值的作业，来达到降低消费、降低成本的目标。
基本原理：ABC成本法按照各项作业消耗资源的多少把成本费用分摊到作业，再按照各产品发生的作业把成本分摊到产品，通过这样的微观分析和详细分配，使得计算的成本更真实地反映产品的经济特征。
主生产计划、产品结构、物料清单和库存信息。
二、填空(1分*15)
一般来说，编制能力需求计划遵照如下思路：首先，将MRP计划的各时间段内需要加工的所有制造件通过工艺路线文件进行编制，得到所需要的各工作中心的负荷;然后，再同各工作中心的额定能力进行比较，提出按时间段划分的各工作中心的负荷报告。最后，由企业根据报告提供的负荷情况及订单的优先级因素加以调整和平衡。
制定流程：1)收集数据2)计算与分析负荷3)能力/负荷调整4)确认能力需求计划 成本计算的基本方法是滚加法，即按照物料清单所体现的物料之间的层次关系、数量关系，从产品结构的最低层开始，按照工艺路线所体现的物料变化的制造过程，从低向高层逐层累积。
ERP实现的整个流程，以及一些模块之间的调配关系
低位码是指某个物料在所有产品结构树中所处的最低层数，所以可以通过零部件所在产品结构树中的层次来决定它的低位码。每个物料有且仅有一个低位码，该码得作用在于指出各种物料最早使用的时间，在MRP运算中使用低位码能简化运算。
A卷简答6题。P6
2生产提前期是由制造工艺路线中每道工序的传送、排队、准备、加工和等待时间构成的。 MRPII的计划层次为：经营规划、销售与运作规划、主生产计划、物料需求计划、车间作业控制。
第五篇：高考英语写作重点句型66句
1. The reason why people choose to live in the city is that the life is more convenient and colorful.人们为什么选择生活在城市的原因是因为城市的生活更方便、更多彩。2. We have lots of confidence in our ability to solve any problem.我们对自己解决问题的能力有足够的信心。3. You should read as many books as you possibly can.大家应该尽可能的多读书。4. We all need clean air to breathe; we all need clean water to drink; we all need green places to enjoy.我们都需要呼吸清新的空气，我们都需要饮用洁净的水，我们都需要绿地来享受。5. Let’s work together to make our world a better place.让我们一起努力把世界变得更加美好。6. We should make full use of our time to do useful and productive things.我们应该充分利用好时间去做有用的、富有成效的事。7. We should get into the good habit of using our time wisely.我们应该养成一个好习惯，明智地利用时间。8. In the past 10 years, great changes have taken place in our school.在过去的10年里，我们学校发生了巨大的变化。9. The harder you work at it, the more progress you will make.你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。(1)The+比较级..., the+比较级...(2)比较级+and+比较级(The world is getting smaller and smaller.)10. It is important for everyone to learn English well in our rapidly developing world.在这个迅速发展的世界里，对每个人来说，学好英语是非常重要的。同样句型包括：It is important/(necessary, difficult, convenient, possible)for sb. to do sth.11 . If everyone makes a contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful.如果每个人都为保护环境做出贡献，世界会变得更加美好。类似的句型还有：If necessary…, they can…12. The best way to remember new words is to practice them everyday.记忆新单词最好的方法是每天操练这些单词。13. The job was hard, which made me so tired that I almost quit half way.这份工作太辛苦，差点使我半途而废。(1)直接使用：so… that…The job was hard, boring and seemed endless, which made me so tired that I almost quit half way.这份工作太辛苦、太无聊，而且没完没了，这使我非常累，差点半途而废。(2)能够增加句子层次的高级连词还有：
高考英语写作重点句型66句
(Not only …but also…)、(Because…)、(because of…)、(As long as…)、(so long as…)
14. The E-reading room, where we can send e-mails to all parts of the world, is open
to both teachers and students.
我们可以向世界每个地方发电子邮件的电子阅览室，对老师和同学都同样开放。 15. I feel I will be fit for the job needed in your company.
我感觉我会是你们公司所需要的人。
16. The number of workers and engineers has risen(更高级词汇：increased) to over
2000, and 80% of them are college graduates.
工人和工程师的数量已超过了2000人，而且他们有80%都是大学学历。
17. There is an increasing tendency that students own their mobile phones on
campus.
在校园内，学生拥有手机的趋势在不断增长。
18. Now in the rural areas, there are many children out of school. I think one of
reasons is that their families are too poor to afford their schooling.
现今，在农村地区还有很多孩子失学。我认为原因之一就是他们的家庭太贫困，而
无法供应他们上学。
19. People should pay more attention to the education of children because they will
play a very significant /(important) part/(role) in the future of our country.
人们应该增加对儿童教育的重视，因为他们会在祖国的未来扮演重要的角色。 20. How nice to hear from you again.
能再次收到你的来信真是太好了。
21. Your early reply will be highly appreciated.
敬盼早日回复。
I’m looking forward to meeting you in no time.
我期待与你早日相见。
22. If you have any questions or requests, please let me know.
如果你有什么问题和请求只管跟我说。
34. Nothing is more important than to receive education.
没有什么比接受教育更重要的事了。
24. There is no doubt that playing video game is going to be their biggest problem
for students to affect study.
毫无疑问，玩电子游戏正在成为影响学生学习的最大问题。
25. Obviously, it is high/(about) time that we took some effective measures to solve
the problem.
显然，早该采取一些积极的措施来解决问题。
26. Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中，他
一直很用功。
描写人物性格的高级得分词汇如下：
diligent 勤奋的 energetic精力充沛的 humorous幽默的 attractive有吸引力的 modest谦虚的 optimistic乐观的 talkative健谈的 enthusiastic热情的
27. I have fully realized that English is essential to my future.我充分认识到英语对我的未来是多么的重要。描写人物性格的高级得分词汇如下：diligent 勤奋的 energetic精力充沛的 humorous幽默的 attractive有吸引力的modest谦虚的 optimistic乐观的 talkative健谈的 enthusiastic热情的28. I have fully realized that English is essential to my future.我充分认识到英语对我的未来是多么的重要。29. In conclusion, the advantages of studying abroad outweigh its disadvantages.总之，出国留学的优点要大于它的缺点。30. Views on the issue in question vary from person to person.对于该问题的看法因人而异。31. We are blessed with new opportunities and faced with new challenges.我们被赋予新的机会和面临着新的挑战。32. Thank you for your consideration. 感谢你的体谅。33. I really appreciate what you’ve done for my family and me.我衷心感谢你为我和我家人所做的一切。34. We will never forget the happy days we spent together.我们永远都不会忘记在一起度过的日子。35. Many people are becoming aware of the importance of exercising.很多人开始意识到锻炼的重要性了。36. The talk will be given at the Lecture Hall on Oct.12th, starting at 3:30p.m.报告将在10月12日3：30在报告厅举行。37. Students should know how to take advantage of their time.学生应该知道如何利用他们的时间。38. I got sick and tired of doing the routine work day after day.我厌倦了日复一日地做一些例行公事。39. Conquering English is not different from conquering a great mountain; both of them require determination, courage, and perseverance.征服英语不亚于征服一座高山，都需要决心，勇气和毅力。40. I’m disappointed in the performance of our team at the sports meeting.我对我们队在运动会上的表现感到失望。41. I’m very satisfied with what we have achieved so far.到目前为止，我对我们取得的成绩很是满意。更多表示“决心”的高级句型：I’m determined to…I have made up my mind to complete the task.42. The city is located on the banks of the Long River.这个城市位于长江畔。43. I’m very glad to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago.两星期前收到了你的来信，我真是太高兴了。44. I’m writing to request more information about the day tour to London.我写信是为了了解更多去伦敦旅行的信息。45. It is certain that if there are fewer people driving, there will be less air pollution.可以肯定，如果开车的人少一些，空气污染就一定会减少。
46. I personally feel that teacher is the most important profession in the world.我个人认为教师是世界上最重要的职业。.47 We can’t imagine what the world is going to be without purified water.我们无法想象没有纯净的水，这个世界会变成生么样子。48. I was walking east along Park Road, when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.当我沿着公园路往东走的时候，有一个老人在街的另一边从公园里走出来。49. In the big city, there are more schools and hospitals are available for its people.在大城市，有更多的学校和医院供人们使用。50. Some people think that we should read extensively.有一些人认为，我们应该有选择性地阅读。51. I am so sorry that I won’t be able to attend tomorrow’s lecture on American history.我很抱歉，明天我不能参加那场关于美国历史的演讲。52. While 25 minutes is spent on sports, only 12 minutes goes into housework.花在教育锻炼上的时间是25分钟，只有12分钟的时间用来做家务。53 Maybe you forgot you spent the money on something else yesterday afternoon.你可能忘了昨天下午你花钱买了其他东西。54. Good habits are the crosscut to success.好习惯是成功的捷径。55. Many new houses had been built and roads had been widened.很多新的楼房建了起来，路也都拓宽了。56. It is more than ten months since we last met.从我们上次见面到现在已经有十个多月了。57. It’s very nice of you to help me with my lessons every day.每天帮助我复习功课，你真是太好了。58. I prefer to live in the country rather than live in the city.我宁愿住在农村，而不愿住在城市。59. People must be stopped from throwing dirty things into the river.应阻止人们往河里扔脏东西。60. Linda didn’t go to bed until midnight so that she could finish reading the book.为了看完这本书，琳达直到午夜才睡。61. Early to bed and early to rise does good to your health.早睡早起有益于健康。62. More and more people are aware that it is important to obey the traffic rules.越来越多的人意识到遵守交通规则的重要性。63. Mrs. Brown is an Australian woman teacher with fair hair and blue eyes, who has been to many places of China.布朗女士是一个澳大利亚的老师，她有一头金黄色的头发和一双蓝色的眼睛，她去过中国的各个地方。64. With the increasingly rapid economic growth, more problems are brought to our attention.随着日益迅速的经济发展，更多的问题受到我们的关注。65. As far as I’m concerned, I am in favor of the opinion that…就我而言,我赞同…的观点66. Both governments and ordinary citizens should join hands to make this world a better place to live in, not only for ourselves, but also for future generations.不仅仅是为了我们，更是为了我们的后代，政府和普通市民应该联合起来，使这个
世界变成更美好的家园。 March 17, 2014