测试目标范文

2024-05-12

测试目标范文(精选8篇)

测试目标 第1篇

软件测试从20世纪50年代开始成为软件生命周期中的一项独立活动,发展到今天,软件测试在方法和技术方面取得巨大进步,但时至今日,测试活动仍然常常落后于开发的活动,测试在很多时候被作为软件生命周期中最后一项活动而进行。造成这种现象的一个主要原因就是没有正确的软件测试目标。

在进行软件测试的过程中,当被问到“软件测试的真正目标是什么?”时,软件项目管理者的答案是“为了验证软件能够正常运转”,开发人员的答案是“确认软件没有软件缺陷”,我认为这些回答都不准确。简单来说,软件测试的真正目的是找到以前没有发现的软件缺陷。

1 根本错误的观点:“软件测试的目标是为了确保软件不存在软件缺陷”

简单地说,就是根本不存在没有缺陷的软件。

首先,软件是人类智慧的结晶,是由人创造出来的,而人总是不可避免地出现各种错误,从而产生各种软件缺陷。这些软件缺陷可能从软件项目进行的初期阶段(例如需求分析阶段)就存在了,随着软件项目的进展软件缺陷的影响范围不断扩大,到后期发现时,可能已经到了无法弥补的程度,因为如果修改这个软件缺陷很可能整个项目需要从头开始。在这种情况下,项目管理者和开发人员会想尽一切办法来进行补救,但是所有的办法也都只是权宜之计,根本的缺陷仍然存在。

其次,从软件测试的角度根本不可能完全测试一个程序。第一个原因,不可能测试所有的输入,“就算是最简单地一个完成两个一位或两位数相加的小程序,其有效的输入也有39 601个不同数对”[1];第二个原因,不可能测试程序中所有的执行路径,“一个仅包含一个循环和一些IF语句的总共20行代码的简单程序,其程序的执行路径有100万亿条之多”[2]。

再次,在软件测试的过程中,即使发现了软件缺陷,并且进行了改正,但是你必须再一次进行测试,你会发现更多的软件缺陷。因为“如果对程序源代码的改动在1 0行以内或更少,那么首次就正确改正程序的可能性有50%;如果对程序源代码的改动在50行左右,那么首次就正确改正程序的可能性仅有20%”[3],这就意味着改正一个错误,可能会产生另一个错误,只有改正了第一个,第二个才会暴露出来。

2 让测试人员走上失败之路的观点:“软件测试的目标是为了验证软件能够正常运转”

首先,上面解释了不可能完全测试较大的程序,所以也就不可能验证程序是否运行正确,因为在那些没测试到的各种情况中可能会出现错误。

其次,程序不可能全部正确运行。程序在完成时都存在缺陷,“在交付测试的程序中,每1 00条可执行语句的平均错误数量是1到3个”[4],“在设计和编码时个体缺陷率为1.5个/可执行语句,也就是每写100行可执行语句就会产生150处错误”[5]。

第三,从心理学上讲,人总是容易看到自己想看到的东西,而对不喜欢的东西大脑会自动进行处理,因此我们总是尽力去创造和建造能够正常运行的事物,以最大的努力去避免故障。对于软件测试人员,如果测试目标定位于证明程序运行是正确的,那么每发生一次错误,就意味着失败一次,因此软件测试人员会潜意识地尽量避免问题的发生,这样将会遗漏很多重大的问题。

3 软件测试的真正目标:本着对用户负责的态度,找到以前没有发现的并且在用户使用过程中将对用户造成重大影响的软件缺陷,最终实现预防缺陷的目标

整个软件测试就是一个寻找软件缺陷的过程,软件测试的核心工作就是发现问题,测试人员应该有效地利用所有可用的时间,尽可能多地发现问题,发现的问题越严重越好。

而我们发现问题的目的是为了改正问题,只有在测试中不断地发现问题,才有机会改正问题,使软件的质量得到逐步提升。尽管测试人员在测试的过程中对程序采取破坏性的态度和方法,但从更大的范围来看,测试工作是建设性的。

如果我们不采用破坏性的态度和方法,那么我们将会设计避免故障的测试,结果将会使最终使用软件的用户失望,甚至会给最终用户带来经济损失。当你开发一个软件应用程序时,你会清楚地了解应用程序所使用的数据类型、配置以及它能运行所需要的环境。你也知道程序的局限性。如果你的目标是验证应用程序能够工作,你就会限制你在数据、配置和应用程序最初设计所支持环境的边界处测出故障的可能。如果你这样做,你有较大的机会通过你所有的测试。然而在现实世界中,你的客户很有可能会超越这些边界并遇到你测试中没有测出来的软件缺陷。

因此,在软件测试的过程中,测试人员应该要明白软件变更是缺陷的主要来源之一。如果软件发生了一个变更,就很可能引入了一个新的软件缺陷或者发现一个已经存在的软件缺陷。因此,新变更的功能一直是一个寻找软件缺陷的好地方,为了修正一个软件缺陷而修改的代码也是这样。而且,如果你在某个地方发现了软件缺陷,那么在附近潜藏着其他软件缺陷的可能性就很大。虽然普遍认为在经过了多年修正并且已经修正了很多软件缺陷的地方应该是一片“净土”了,但是这只是在发现了软件缺陷的根源并进行修正的情况下才是正确的。如果软件缺陷的根源是糟糕的设计,而进行的修正只是一个简单的补丁而不是从根本上解决这个问题,那么这个修正实际上可能引入了新的软件缺陷。即使是对修正了“根源缺陷”也有可能会引发基础性变更,暴露其他严重软件缺陷。

如果有充足的时间设计和进行测试,总是可以找到更多的软件缺陷。然而,如果那个软件缺陷好像对你的客户影响不大,那就不值得花时间和精力去找到它。搜索每一个可能导致系统在几个世纪之后发生一次故障的软件缺陷是没有意义的。集中时间和精力去找出哪里可能藏有真正有影响的软件缺陷,并将测试集中于那些地方,才更有效率更切合实际。

只有掌握了真正有影响的软件缺陷,才有可能找到这类软件缺陷产生的原因并进行预防,以保证不会再出现同类缺陷。

4 结语

作为一个软件测试人员应该始终坚信软件测试的真正目标是通过寻找软件缺陷,最终实现预防缺陷。即使在面临来自上级的压力以及任务交付压力的情况下,也应该坚定地朝着这个目标前行,这是对客户负责,对开发单位负责,更是对国家负责。如果测试人员在头脑中始终保持测试的目标是为了发现软件缺陷这一观念,那么他就可以开始考虑“成功”的测试就是让软件运行出现故障,预防更严重的缺陷。不论是运行了一个测试还是运行了成千上万次测试,即使没有发现软件缺陷,仍然不能说软件没有缺陷。软件缺陷仍然潜伏在测试没有覆盖到的领域。

有了这样的目标,测试才是有效率的,才有可能找到尽可能多的问题,才有可能避免将来对软件的最终用户造成更大的损失。

摘要:软件测试从20世纪50年代发展至今,测试方法和测试技术日新月异,但是对于软件测试的目标却存在诸多分歧。由于目标决定过程,过程决定质量,因此为了保证软件测试质量,首先必须有正确的测试目标。以软件测试实践中的经历为基础,对几种常见的软件测试目标的实质进行剖析,探讨并总结了软件测试的真正目标。

关键词:软件测试,软件测试目标,软件缺陷

参考文献

[1]Cem Kaner,Jack Falk,Hung Ouoc Nguyen.Testing Computer software[M].王峰,陈杰,喻琳译.第2版.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.

[2]Myers,G.J..The Art of Software Testing[M].New York:John Wiley & Sons,1979.

[3]Martin J.& McClure C.Software Maintenance: The Problem and Its Solutions[M].Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall,1983.

[4]Beizer,B..Software Testing Techniques[M].第2版. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold,1990.

测试:你有怎样的事业目标? 第2篇

1.童话式的糖果屋

2.充满SPA禅风的木屋

3.有牛有羊的牧场

4.人文气息的庙宇

5.豪华的独栋别墅

选1你有时会有逃脱现实的渴望,与其说你期待在事业上有所成就,不如说你更希望有一个人,能成全你、了解你,

选2你对物质的享受其实并不那么留恋,物质不过是你实现心灵的用具罢了!你在事业上对自己会有“做什么就要像什么”的期许,

选3你是一个能够同时兼顾事业的理想,与家庭幸福美满的人,对你而言,事业与家庭有一项不完满,都是莫大的缺憾。

选4你的事业将不会循着前人铺好的路走,你的处事风格独特,在事业上将有一番作为。

新目标七年级下期中测试(二) 第3篇

1. ——Is Tom looking at the blackboard?

——____.

A. Yes, he look at the blackboard

B. No, he isn’t

C. Yes, he looks at the blackboard

D. No, he is

2. ——What does Lin Tao like, football or basketball?

——____ I think basketball.

A. I don’t have one.B. I’m not sure.

C. I don’t think so.D. Don’t you know?

3. How many ____ would you like?

A. bottle of oranges B. bottles of orange

C. bottles of oranges D. bottle of orange

4.Let’s ____ what animal this is.

A. guess B. think C. takeD. bring

5.We have ____ for you as a reporter.

A. jobB. works C. a workD. a job

6.Anna wants ____ a pizza with olives and cheese.

A. orderB. ordersC. to order D. ordering

7.How do you arrive ____ Beijing and how do you get ____ Jiangxi Hotel?

A. at, to B. in, to C. to, toD. to, in

8.The hotel is ____ 25 Chang’an Street.

A. on B. in C. at D. from

9.Owen is a good football ____.

A. play B. plays C. playing D. player

10. ——What day is ____ today?

——It’s Monday.

A. date B. hour C. time D. it

11. The children are having ____ in the park.

A. good time B. a good time C. good times D. the good time

12. ____ fine weather it is!

A. What a B. What C. How D. How a

13. ——Thank you for your help.

——____.

A. All right B. OK

C. It’s a pleasure D. No thanks

14. There’re many ____ on the big tree.

A. leaf B. leafs C. leaves D. leave

15. ——What does Mrs Smith do?

——____.

A. She’s Bill’s motherB. She’s at home

C. She’s a nurseD. She’s from China

Ⅱ.完形填空

Sun Jun’s home isn’t far from the school. It’s about 10 __1__ by bus. But he has a problem. The classes begin at a quarter to eight. He is often late for class.

Sun Jun usually __2__ at six, but he gets up at half past six. So he is busy in the morning and sometimes he doesn’t have time to have __3__ for breakfast. He leaves home at ten past seven, but he is still late. He is sorry __4__ it.

Today his mother is ill. She stays in bed all day. His father is out and he must look after her at home. He gives his mother medicine __5__ the right time. It’s twenty to eight __6__ now. He’s late again. He says with tears in his eyes, “Sorry, sir.” “That’s all right. You are a good boy!”

1.A. secondsB. minutesC. hoursD. days

2.A. stands upB. wakes upC. gets upD. climbs up

3.A. somethingB. nothingC. anythingD. everything

4.A. toB. atC. forD. with

5.A. ofB. inC. onD. at

6.A. rightB. justC. toD. at

Ⅲ.阅读理解

(A)

There are four seasons in a year, spring, summer, autumn and winter.

Spring is a beautiful season. It’s from March to May. In spring, the trees turn green; the grass comes out. Everything looks new.

Summer is a happy season. It’s from June to August. In summer, we can swim and eat a lot of ice cream. Of course, we have a long holiday, summer holiday! At that time, we can join the summer camp. That’s great.

Autumn is a colorful season. It’s from September to November. In autumn, the trees and grass turn yellow. They’re different, light, dark, yellow and brown, sometimes red. The colors are beautiful.

Winter is a white season. It’s from December to February. In winter, it begins to snow in most of China. Snow is white, and everything looks white. The boys and girls like playing with snow.

1. Summer is from ____.

A. March to MayB. June to August

C. September to NovemberD. December to February

2. In ____, the trees and grass turn yellow.

A. springB. summerC. autumnD. winter

3. Can you play with snow in winter in most of China? ____.

A. Yes, we canB. Yes, we can’tC. No, we canD. No, we can’t

(B)

One day the students are having a painting lesson. Everyone begins to draw a picture. Xiao Ming is very free. When the bell rings for the break, Xiao Ming passes his picture to the teacher.

The teacher looks at it and gets angry. “Why do you give me a piece of paper with nothing, Xiao Ming?” asks the teacher.

“I’m sorry, sir. I draw a dog and some bread on the paper,” says Xiao Ming.

“Where’s the dog and where’s the bread?” asks the teacher again.

“I draw some bread first. When I finish drawing the dog, she eats up the bread. When I give it to you, she runs away,” says Xiao Ming.

1. Xiao Ming is a ____.

A. teacherB. studentC. workerD. farmer

2. The students are busy ____.

A. readingB. writingC. drawingD. talking

3. The teacher is very ____ when he sees Xiao Ming’s picture.

A. happyB. angryC. sadD. pleased

4. Xiao Ming’s words make the students ____.

A. sadB. angryC. laughD. pleased

(C)

Fred goes home from school. He is hungry. And he has a lot of homework to do. He wants to play football with Tom, too.

“Mum, I’m hungry.”

“Well, there isn’t much milk, but there’s some fruit,” Mother says.

“No, I don’t want any fruit; I’d like some bread.”

“OK, but please don’t eat too much. We have dinner in an hour.”

Fred eats some bread. Then he begins to do his homework. His mother goes to the supermarket to buy some milk and vegetables. When she comes back, Fred is still doing his homework.

“Fred, you’re a good student; you are going to do well this year,” says Mother.

“Oh, I forgot about football,” says Fred.

1. What does Fred do after school? ____.

A. Watches TV

B. Does his homework

C. Eats something

D. Does his homework and then plays football

2. What does Fred eat? ____.

A. FruitB. BreadC. MilkD. Meat

3. What does Fred’s mother do after Fred goes home? ____.

A. She cooks at homeB. She watches TV

C. She goes to the supermarketD. She eats at home

4. Is Fred’s mother happy when she sees Fred still studying? ____.

A. Yes, she isB. No, she isn’t

C. I don’t knowD. I don’t think so

5. Doesn’t Fred want to play football? ____.

A. Yes, he doesB. No, he does

C. Yes, he doesn’tD. Yes, he is

Ⅳ.单词填空

(A)在下列空句上填入适当的词,使意思通顺合理。

1. In the afternoon, I ____ TV at home.

2. Last Sunday, we saw many animals in the ____.

3. He ____ to be an actor.

4. The pandas are from ____.

5. I’d ____ a pizza.

6. What ____ shoes would you like?

7. To be a policeman is kind of ____.

8. Mary works in a TV station. She’s a ____.

9. Monday is the ____ day of week.

10. ——Why do they like pandas?

——____ they are funny and kind.

(B)在B句的每个句中填入适当的词,使A,B两句意思相同。

1. A: Can I help you?

B: What ____ I ____ ____ ____?

2. A: They are enjoying themselves.

B: They are ____ a good ____.

3. A: What’s the weather like today?

B: How ____ the weather today?

4. A: How did you spend your weekend?

B: ____ ____ you ____ ____ the weekend?

5. A: I like apples best.

B: ____ ____ fruit is apple.

Ⅴ.补全对话

A: Excuse me!

B: Yes? __1__

A: Could you tell me the way to the West Park?

B: __2__ Go along this street, then turn left at the second crossing.

A: Oh! I’m sorry. I can’t follow you. __3__

B: OK. Go along this street, then turn left at the second crossing. Goon until you reach the end of the street, then you’ll find it.

A: __4__

B: No, it isn’t. It will take you ten minutes to walk there.

A: Thank you very much.

B: __5__

Ⅵ.书面表达

周杰伦是很受大家喜欢的乐坛天才,下面是他的档案,请你根据此档案提供的内容以My Favorite Singer为题写一篇短文,不能少于70个词。

English Name: Jay Chow

Birthday: Jan. 18, 1979

Height: 173cm

Weight: 60kg

Favorite Sport: Basketball

Favorite Singer: Usher, Babyface

Favorite Color: Blue

Favorite Food: Chicken

Favorite NBA Player: Michael Jordan

Hobbies: Songwriting, Movies

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

基于内存数据模糊测试的目标应用 第4篇

内存数据模糊测试的目标是将模糊测试从所熟悉的客户机——服务器模型,转换到只面向内存目标的模型中。尽管从技术上来看,它是一种更复杂的方法,要求熟练掌握汇编语言、进程内存规划以及进程工具的底层知识,但是,内存数据模糊测试将关注的焦点从数据输入转换到负责解析数据输入的函数以及单个的汇编指令,采用这种方式,可以忽略所期望的数据通信通道,而是关注于在目标应用程序的内存中变异或生成数据。利用内存数据模糊测试的两种优化方法,来测试内存数据模糊测试工具所支持的平台上的不开源的目标应用。

2 优化方法

当对目标应用进行模糊测试时,准备应用该方法时必须要考虑许多的因素,首先并且最重要的考虑因素就是内存数据模糊测试要求将目标进行逆向工程,以定位最佳的“钩住”点,这样就可以减少进入的开销。

2.1 变异循环插入(MLI)

变异循环插入(MLI)要求首先通过手工的逆向工程来定位prase()例程的起始点和结束点。一旦将其定位,MLI客户端就可以将一个mutate()例程插入到目标应用的内存空间中。变异例程负责传递被解析例程所处理的数据,接下来,MLI客户端将插入从解析例程末尾到变异例程起始点的一个无条件跳转,以及从变异例程末尾到解析例程起始点的一个无条件跳转。在这些操作执行完毕后,针对目标的控制流图如图1所示。

在目标应用的解析代码周围创建了一个自我满足的数据变异循环。这样就不再需要远程连接到目标应用并发送数据包,自然就节省了大量的时间。每次循环迭代将传递不同的、潜在导致错误的数据到mutate()所规定的解析例程中。

2.2 快照恢复变异(SRM)

使用快照恢复变异(SRM)方法,可以略过目标应用中以网络为中心的部分,而只攻击关注的焦点,同样,SRM也要定位解析代码的起始点和结束点。在这些位置被标记后,当达到解析代码的起始点时,SRM客户端将利用目标进程的一个快照。一旦解析过程完成,SRM客户端将会把进程快照进行恢复,变异初始数据,并且再次执行解析代码。修改之后的目标应用的控制流图如图2所示。

3 技术问题

3.1 在特定点将“钩子”植入目标进程的需求

在所给定的平台上有两种支持的断点类型,即硬件断点和软件断点。可以分别被设定以触发读、写、或者执行任意的1字节,2字节或4字节区域。通过修改目标进程的上下文环境,用从DR3到DR7的调试寄存器来修改DR0寄存器,来设置硬件断点。软件断点的实现是通过修改目标进程,并且使用单字节INT3来实现。另外,指令指针位于0XDEAD-BEF0而不是OXDEADBEEF。这是由于在地址OXDEADBEEF插入的单字节INT3指令被成功执行,从而导致EIP被更新为OXDEADBEEF+1。然后,就可以CONTEXT结构的内容,并调用SETTHREADCONTEX()API,再一次传递当前线程的句柄以修改上下文:

3.2 处理进程快照和恢复

进程快照和恢复过程需要在上下文环境进行获取和设置,在代码中加入处理逻辑,通过指定TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD标志来获取所有系统线程的一个列表:

4 结语

内存数据模糊测试时一个崭新的、理论性很强的模糊测试方法,值得将该理论应用于某些具体目标应用,通过实际去执行应用进程测试。这种模糊技术在不开源的目标应用中应用得更好,而二进制软件在Windows平台上的分布要比其在UNIX平台上的分布更加广泛。

摘要:给出了内存数据模糊测试基本概念,归纳了内存数据模糊测试的两种优化方法,解决了内存数据模糊测试应用的两个技术问题。

关键词:模糊测试,优化,目标应用,进程

参考文献

[1]李友善,李军.模糊控制理论及其在过程控制中的应用.国防工业出版社.

[2]易继锴.现代控制系统设计.北京工业大学出版社.

[3]王彩华,宋连天.模糊论方法学.中国建筑工业出版社.

[4]郭宗祥,杨鸿铨.模糊信息处理基础.成都电讯工程学院出版社.

测试目标 第5篇

说明:本试卷分第I卷和第II卷两部分,第I卷50分,第II卷50分,共100分,答题时间60分钟.第Ⅰ卷(选择题,共50分)

一、选择题(在下列各题选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的,请将正确答案填写在括号里,每小题2分,共50分)

“生命的价值何在?”这是每一个即将踏上人生征途的青年必须探讨的问题,答案是众多的,然而真理只有一个:“生命的价值在于奉献。”2005年9月10日,值第21个教师节来临之际,一位学生在给老师的E-mail里写到:“加减乘除,算不尽您做出的奉献!诗词歌赋,颂不完对您的崇敬!您用知识甘露,浇开我们理想的花朵;您用心灵清泉,润育我们情操的美果……”回答1—5题。1.马克思说:“人类的天性生成是这样:人们只有为了同代人的完善,为了他人的幸福而工

作,他们自己才能得到完善。”这表明

()

A.价值的实现必须有良好的条件

B.人们都是为了自身的幸福而工作

C.一个人对社会的贡献是实现人生价值的基础

D.人的社会性制约着人的自然性 2.“你不奉献我不奉献谁来奉献,你也索取我也索取向谁索取”这句话反映的人生观道理是A.人生的真正价值在于对社会的贡献而不是索取

()B.奉献和索取是由个人主观能动性决定的C.索取是实现奉献的前提和基础

D.奉献与索取是对立的

3.上述材料表明一个人的人生价值在于

()

A.默默地工作

B.实现自我价值 C.实现社会价值

D.受到人们的敬仰 4.一位全国优秀教师在先进事迹报告会上说到:“我的工作是平凡的,但我的平凡中孕育着

伟大。”对这句话的正确理解是

()

A.只要发挥主观能动性,就可以对社会做出贡献

B.平凡的工作可以做出不平凡的业绩,同样能实现人生价值

C.在一定条件下,精神贡献可以大于物质贡献

D.实现人生价值必须做平凡的工作 5.爱因斯坦说:“只有献身于社会,才能找出那短暂而有风险的生命的意义。”这表明()

A.人生价值的实现受社会客观条件的制约

B.社会价值与自我价值之间不存在矛盾

C.人的自我价值和社会价值是统一的 D.人生价值就是指个人对社会的贡献

6.2005年10月15日10时,青藏铁路全线贯通,宣告青藏铁路西宁至拉萨全长1956公里的路轨全线贯通。铁路修进被称为“世界屋脊”的西藏,这是人类铁路建设史上的伟大

创举。美国现代火车旅行家保罗·泰鲁在《游历中国》一书中写道:“有昆仑山脉在,铁路就永远到不了拉萨。”但中国科学家和4万多名建设者经过多次实地勘察和反复研

究,最终克服了多年冻土、生态脆弱、高寒缺氧这三大“世界性难题”,在世界屋脊谱

写了可歌可泣的壮丽篇章。从中国科学家和4万多名建设者身上反映出的人生观道理是

()

为顺利完成三峡移民任务做出了显著贡献。我们永远也忘不了他的临终遗嘱——“请把我的坟墓面向长江,埋在175米水位线上,让我好看到长江,看到库区一天天发展起来。” 叶福彩去世后,人们以各种方式缅怀他。据此回答16—19题。

16.叶福彩的感人事迹说明了

()

A.先进人物对社会的贡献主要在精神方面

B.先进人物的精神财富比物质财富更重要

C.衡量一个人的人生价值重要看他在精神方面的贡献

D.衡量一个人的人生价值,既要看其物质贡献,也要注重其精神贡献

17.金钱与人生、人生价值的关系,是许多思想家探索的问题。对于金钱,我们应持的正确观点是

()

A.金钱是人生追求的目标,有了金钱就有了一切

B.应通过正当手段获得金钱,因为金钱是现实生活中人们生活不可缺少的东西,但应

有更高的精神追求

C.应丢掉“金钱”,只讲对社会贡献,不要社会报酬

D.商品经济社会讲求物质利益原则,把金钱作为人生的唯一目标符合价值规律的要求 18.叶福彩同志的事迹表明

()

A.自然性与社会性都是人的基本属性 B.“人性自私论”是不符合现实情况的C.英雄人物是不计较个人生命的 D.实现人生价值必须有惊人的壮举 19.法国作家雨果说:“人有了物质才能生存,有了理想才谈得上生活。”这句话强调的是

A.理想受社会存在的制约

B.理想源于现实又高于现实

C.人要有物质生活,更要有精神生活 D.不同的人有不同的理想 20.《中国共产党章程》指出:“中国共产党人追求的共产主义理想,只有在社会主义社会充

分发展和高度发达的基础上才能实现。”这说明

()

A.理想源于现实,又高于现实

B.最高理想的实现必须以共同理想为基础

C.只要艰苦奋斗,就能实现最高理想 D.我们必须自觉树立崇高的社会理想 21.“你要有益于社会,最好的办法莫过于把自己这块材料铸造成器。”这句话包含的人生观道理是

()①人生价值的实现必须有良好的社会环境②人生价值的实现有赖于人的自身素质的全面提高

③要实现社会价值首先要实现自我价值

④人的自我价值和社会价值是统一的A. ①②

B. ②③

C. ②④

D. ①④

22.当代国际管理界有句名言:智力比体力更重要,素质比智力更重要,品德比素质更重要。这种人才标准告诉我们

()

A.人的价值观不同,追求的目标也就不同

B.人生价值是通过人的智力、素质、品德表现出来的C.智力、素质、品德应成为衡量人生价值大小的尺度

D.实现人生价值应全面提高自身素质

23.下列看法,符合科学人生观的是

()

A.主观为自我,客观为别人

B.人人先为我,我再为人人

C.个人的自我价值高于社会价值

D.个人的社会价值高于自我价值

24.下列选项中,不能体现个人与社会关系的有

()

A.人生自古谁无死,留取丹心照汗青 B.书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟

C.横眉冷对千夫指,俯首甘为孺子牛

D.先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐

25.眼下的大学校园,现在大学生中享乐主义和拜金主义比较严重,不少大学生借钱选购手机、电脑、数码相机等高档商品,成为了“负债消费”一族,由此引起经济纠纷,动武斗殴,甚至是犯罪事件屡有发生。解决大学生中存在的上述现象,最迫切的是要加强

()

A.共产主义理想教育

B.人生观和价值观教育

因为对社会贡献是社会存在和发展的基本保障,是人生价值的基本标志,是人生价值的可靠标志,体现了人的,社会价值与自我价值的统一。(4分)

(3)我们青年人要实现自己的人生价值,必须充分利用社会主义制度为我们提供的有利客观条件,全面提高自身素质,创造实现人生价值的主观条件。在实践中实现人生价值,要在自己的岗位上发挥聪明才智,为社会作贡献。(6分)27.(11分)(1)这句话强调了贡献在人生价值中的重要地位,但不能据此认为人生价值就是贡献。(3分)(2)人生价值包括相互联系、密不可分的两个方面:一是个人对社会的责任和贡献,二是社会对个人的尊重与满足。贡献是索取的前提和基础,索取有助于人们做出更大的贡献。可见,认为人生价值就是贡献的观点是片面的。(4分)(3)在人生价值的两个方面中,贡献与索取的地位并不相同,贡献居于首要地位。这是因为,贡献是社会存在和发展的基本保障,是人生价值的基本标志和可靠标志。(4分)28.(25分)(1)①任何事物的发展都是前进性和曲折性的统一,前进中有曲折,在曲折中前进,人类对太空的探索正是在挫折、失败中曲折前进的。(5分)②要把航天事业继续推向前进,不断获得成功,必须要把发挥主观能动性与尊重客观规律结合起来:既要有崇高的献身精神,又要有严谨的科学态度。(5分)③“失败是成功之母”。要创造条件,促进矛盾着的事物向好的方面转化,在不断总结经验教训的基础上,使太空探索和实验由失败走向成功。(5分)(考生如果从其它角度作答,只要言之有理,均可酌情给分。)

测试目标 第6篇

1. This is not ____ eraser.

A. my an B. my C. a my D. my a

2. ——What’s this ____ English?

——It’s ____ orange.

A. in; a B. of; a C. in; an D. of; an

3. ——Is that your computer?

——No, ____.

A. it is B. it isn’t C. that is D. that isn’t

4. This isn’t ____ bag. ____ is ____ bag.

A. his; It; her B. his; It; she

C. he; Its; her D. he; It; she

5. Let’s ____ football. I don’t like watching TV. It is not ____.

A. play; boring B. play; interesting

C. play the; fun D. play the; interesting

6. Look, some broccoli ____ here and some hamburgers ____ there.

A. is; is B. are; are C. are; is D. is; are

7. My father ____ lunch at home.

A. doesn’t have B. haven’t

C. don’t have D. don’t has

8. ——What color ____ Jim’s jackets?

——____ black.

A. is; It’s B. are; They’reC. is; It D. are; They

9. ——Are those your ____?

——No, they are my friends Tom and Steve.

A. sisters B. friends C. brothers D. aunts

10. ——____ he have a tennis racket?

——Yes, he ____.

A. Does; has B. Do; have C. Does; doesD. Does; have

11. ——Do you like apples?

——____.

A. Yes, you do B. No, I do

C. Yes, I don’t D. Yes, I do

12. She eats rice and vegetables ____ dinner.

A. at B. in C. of D. for

13. She likes bananas, eggs ____ oranges.

A. so B. or C. to D. and

14. Do you eat ____ vegetables every day?

A. a lot B. lots of C. a lots of D. lot of

15. They like some ____.

A. a tomato B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatos

16. Sam likes ice cream for ____.

A. fruits B. dessert C. chicken D. salad

17. ____ he ____ apples?

A. Does; likes B. Do; eat C. Does; haveD. Do; likes

18. ____ they eat ____ food?

A. Are; healthy B. Do; healthy C. Do; health D. Are; health

19. Bob ____ like ____.

A. don’t; broccoli B. doesn’t; broccoli

C. doesn’t; broccolis D. don’t broccolis

20. Tom eats ____ every day.

A. well B. good C. nice D. fine

Ⅱ. 词汇

A)根据句意及首字母提示,写出空白处所缺的单词。

1. ——What’s your telephone n____?

——It’s 8768467.

2. Oh, look, your key is in the lost and f____ case.

3. ——Do you like tomatoes or broccoli for lunch?

——I don’t like v____ for lunch, but I like meat.

4. ——Let’s play the computer game.

——That s____ good.

5. ——How do you s____ kitchen?

——K-I-T-C-H-E-N, kitchen.

B)根据句意,用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。

1. ——Is that Gina’s backpack?

——No, it’s not ____(she) backpack.

2. ____(thank) for the great picture of her family.

3. The ____(dictionary) are on the desk.

4. My brother likes French ____(fry) for lunch.

5. ____(that) are my sisters.

Ⅲ.句型转换。按括号内的要求改写下列句子,每空限填一词。

1. That girl eats salad for lunch. (改为否定句)

The girl ____ ____ salad for lunch.

2. Tom likes vegetables. (改为一般疑问句)

____ Tom ____ vegetables?

3. These are English books. (改为单数句子)

____ ____ ____ English book.

4. My balls are under the bed. (对划线部分提问)

____ ____ your balls?

5. My shorts are blue. (对划线部分提问)

____ ____ are your shorts?

Ⅳ.汉译英。根据汉语句子,完成英语句子,每空填一词(含缩写)。

1. 这两个排球是汤姆的吗?

Are the ____ ____ Tom’s?

2. 你的钥匙在床底下。

Your ____ are ____ the bed.

3. 她有许多有趣的图片。

She has ____ ____ funny pictures.

4. 咱们今天下午踢足球吧。

____ ____ soccer this afternoon.

5. 我不知道他的名字。

I ____ ____ his name.

Ⅴ.单句改错。从A、B、C、D中找出错项并加以改正。

1. He room is very nice.

ABCD

2. He real likes thrillers.

A BCD

3. I and Mona are at school.

A B CD

4. ——Are those your books? ——Yes, put it there.

A BCD

5. There is a set of key in the drawer.

A BC D

Ⅵ. 补全对话

(A)根据对话内容,在空白处填入适当的词语,使对话通顺、完整。

Jim: Good afternoon, Bob.

Bob: __1__, Jim. Welcome to my home. Mom, Dad, this is my friend,

Jim. Jim, these are my parents.

Jim: __2__.

Parents: Nice to meet you, too.

Bob: Jim, __3__ is my room. Please come in.

Jim: OK. Your room is very nice.

Bob: Thanks. Look! My computer is on the desk. Let’s __4__ games.

Jim: No, I think they are difficult. Do you have a baseball?

Bob: No, __5__. Do you like playing volleyball?

Jim: No, I don’t like it. Let’s watch TV. I think it’s relaxing.

Bob: That sounds fun.

(B)根据对话内容,在空白处填入适当的词语,使对话通顺、完整。

A: Tom!__1__ you like apples?

B: Yes, __2__ do. How about you?

A: I like apples. And my father __3__ apples, too. Does your father

__4__ apples?

B: No, he __5__. He likes oranges and bread __6__ breakfast. What

about __7__ father?

A: He likes chicken __8__ milk.

B: __9__ does your mother like?

A: Oh! She likes ice cream and hamburgers.

B: Does she like carrots?

A: No, she doesn’t. __10__ she likes broccoli. Do you like broccoli?

B: No, I don’t.

Ⅶ. 完形填空

根据短文内容,从各小题所给的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳答案。

Look at the picture on the wall. Those two __1__ are Li Ping and Wang Lin. They __2__ not brothers, but they are __3__ friends. Li Ping __4__ a Young Pioneer and Wang Lin is a Young Pioneer, __5__. They are __6__ Class Six, Grade One. They __7__ __8__. They __9__ hard and they are good __10__.

1. A. girlB. boysC. girls

2. A. isB. areC. am

3. A. goodB. wellC. fine

4. A. isB. areC. am

5. A. tooB. alsoC. either

6. A. onB. ofC. in

7. A. likesB. likeC. liking

8. A. studyB. studiesC. studying

9. A. studyB. studiesC. studyes

10. A. studentsB. brothersC. friend

Ⅷ.阅读理解

(A)

Dear Meimei,

This is my first letter to you. I would like to tell(告诉) you something about me. I’m a schoolgirl. My name is Rose Green. I’m an American girl. I’m the monitor(班长) of our class. I study hard and well.

I have a large family. There are seven people in it. Grandpa and Grandma are very old. I have a 13-year-old brother and a 9-year-old sister. I’m eleven years old. We all live together(在一起). How happy we are!

My mother will give me a little dog on my birthday. I like animals very much. I often play with a dog or a cat. My sister likes fish. But you can’t play with a fish, can you?

My father often tells us about your country. China is a large and beautiful country, isn’t it?

We can get to know each other soon. Please write back and tell me something about you and China?

1. Rose comes from ____.

A. EnglandB. ChinaC. America

2. ____ is 13 years old.

A. My friendB. My sisterC. My brother

3. My mother will give ____ a little dog on my brithday.

A. meB. herC. him

4. My father often tells us about ____.

A. EnglandB. ChinaC. America

5. Rose Green and Meimei ____.

A. are friendsB. are ChineseC. are American

(B)

Hello! I’m Li Qiang. I’m twelve years old. I like eating junk food. For breakfast, I like 2 eggs, a lot of bread, and two hamburgers. For lunch, I like some tomatoes, French fries, chicken, a hamburger and a lot of rice. And for dinner, I have meat, French fries, a hamburger and a lot of rice, for dessert, a lot of ice cream. I really like it! My mom says I should(应该) not eat too much junk food. I think she is right. I should eat lots of healthy food.

1. What food does the boy like? ____.

A. Healthy food B. Junk food C. Fruits D. Vegetables

2. How many hamburgers does Li Qiang have every day? ____.

A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

3. What does Li Qiang have for lunch? ____.

A. Tomatoes, French fries, chicken, a hamburger and a lot of rice

B. Tomatoes, French fries, chicken, two hamburgers and a lot of rice

C. Two eggs, French fries, chicken, a hamburger and a lot of rice

D. Tomatoes, French fries, chicken and a lot of rice

4. What does Li Qiang really like? ____.

A. French fries B. Tomatoes

C. Hamburgers D. Ice cream

5. What should Li Qiang eat? ____.

A. Healthy food B. Junk food

C. French fries D. Ice cream

(C)

Sophia and Lisa are twins(双胞胎). This is the twins’ room. It’s a nice room. There are two beds. The red bed is Sophia’s and the blue bed is Lisa’s. There are two pairs of shoes under their beds. The green shoes are Sophia’s and they’re under her bed. The white ones are Lisa’s and they’re under her bed. They are new. There is one desk and two chairs. Sophia’s chair is yellow, and Lisa’s chair is black. Their books and pencil cases are in the desk. Their bags are behind the chairs.

1. Who are Sophia and Lisa? ____.

A. They are boys B. They are brothers

C. They are sisters D. They are friends

2. How many desks and chairs are there in the room? ____.

A. Two desks and two chairs B. One desk and two chairs

C. One desk and one chair D. Two desks and two chairs

3. What color is Sophia’s chair? ____.

A. Red B. Black C. Yellow D. White

4. What’s under the blue bed? ____.

A. The green shoes B. The white shoes

C. Lisa’s green shoes D. Sophia’s white shoes

5. Where are the books and pencil cases? ____.

A. In the desk B. On the desk

C. In the bags D. Behind the chairs

Ⅸ.书面表达

A)根据汉语提示,完成下面一则寻物启事。

假如你叫Sam, 昨天丢失了手表,想通过寻物启示来找回你的手表。你的联系电话是436-6582。

__1__

My __2__.

My __3__ is Sam.

Please __4__ me __5__ 436-6582.

B) 根据表格提供的内容,介绍一下你的朋友。词数:50~80个。

测试目标 第7篇

可测试性对大型装备的维修特性以及系统效能、全寿命周期费用都有重大影响,在装备设计过程中,测试性分配是测试性设计的重要任务之一,其主要工作在方案论证和初步设计阶段进行。

测试性分配是将要求的系统测试性和诊断指标逐级分配给子系统、设备、部件和组件,作为它们各自的测试性指标提供给设计人员,产品的设计必须满足这些要求[1]。目前,测试性分配的方法主要有等值分配法、经验分配法、按系统单元的故障率分配法、加权分配法等[1,2],这些方法主观性强,分配结果的优越性得不到体现。本文采用多目标优化的方法[3,4,5,6,7],以提高系统测试性水平和降低全生命周期费用为目标,建立测试性分配模型,并采用浮点编码遗传算法对模型进行求解。最后通过某型工程机械液压系统的测试性分配对该方法进行了验证。

1 测试性分配的数学描述

测试性分配是根据系统层次划分自上而下进行的[8],按照系统级、子系统级、现场可更换单元(LRU)、车间可更换单元(SRU)的先后顺序逐级向下分配。图1为系统测试性分配的功能层次示意图。需要进行分配的指标主要是如下两个参数的量值:一个是故障检测率(FDR),一个是故障隔离率(FIR),其他测试性参数一般不用分配[1]。本文主要研究系统故障检测率和故障隔离率的分配。在测试性设计过程中,系统及其各子系统(或单元)都有一定的测试性要求,测试性分配目标是通过确定子系统(或单元)的测试性指标,使系统的测试性水平达到最优,而全生命周期费用最少。因此,测试性分配是在系统及其子系统(或单元)测试性要求的约束下确定子系统(或单元)的故障检测率和故障隔离率,并对系统的测试性水平和全生命周期费用进行优化权衡。

根据分析,可将测试性分配问题描述成一个多目标优化问题:

其中,FDRiFIRi分别表示子系统(或单元)的故障检测率和故障隔离率,函数f1、f2分别表示子系统(或单元)测试性指标与系统费用和测试性水平的函数关系。优化问题的约束条件为系统和子系统的指标量值要求。

2 建立测试性分配模型

2.1 目标函数

装备的全寿命周期费用包括研究与研制费用、采办费用和使用保障费用三部分[9]。根据文献[1],装备的研制费用与测试性要求之间呈指数关系,可用下式表示:

Ci=[exp(a1FDRi)+exp(a2FIRi)] Cu i (2)

式中,a1、a2为故障检测率和故障隔离率对装备研制费用的影响系数,在0~1之间取值;Cu i为子系统(或单元)费用。

当系统有多个子系统(或单元)时,则其研制费用函数可表示为

C1=i=1n[exp(a1FDRi)+exp(a2FΙRi)]Cui (3)

设装备的采办费用随测试性要求的提高线性增长,则装备的采办费用为

C2=i=1n(b1FDRi+b2FΙRi+1)Cui (4)

式中,b1、b2为故障检测率和故障隔离率对装备采办费用的影响系数,在0~1之间取值。

由于虚警率一般不需要分配,可假设测试可靠,则使用保障费用与故障检测率和故障隔离率负相关,即故障检测率和隔离率越高,使用保障费用越低。使用保障费用为

C3=i=1n[exp(-c1FDRi)+exp(-c2FΙRi)]Cui(5)

式中,c1、c2为故障检测率和故障隔离率对使用保障费用的影响系数,在0~1之间取值。

系统的故障率越高,对测试性的要求也越高。因此,故障率较高的子系统(或单元)要求分配较高的故障检测率和故障隔离率,这样才能提高系统的测试性水平。系统的测试性与子系统(或单元)的故障检测率、故障隔离率可建立如下的函数关系:

φ1=i=1n[(λi/i=1nλi)FDRi] (6)

φ2=i=1n[(λi/i=1nλi)FΙRi] (7)

式中,λi为第i个子系统的故障率;φ1、φ2分别为与故障检测率和故障隔离率相关的系统测试性水平。

2.2 约束函数

参照可靠性和维修性,将测试性参数量值分为目标值和门限值[10]。门限值是测试设计时必须达到的指标,也是确定最低可接受值的依据。规定各子系统的故障检测率和故障隔离率的门限值为FDR*iFIR*i,为保证设计满足要求,则必须满足下式:

FDRiFDR*i (8)

FIRiFIR*i (9)

目标值是对测试性期望达到的指标,是规定值的依据,规定值是在合同中规定的期望达到的指标。考虑研制方的设计能力,可设期望值为测试性设计的最大值。设各子系统(或单元)指标期望值为FDRiFIRi,则可得到测试性指标的约束条件:

FDRiFDRi (10)

FIRiFIRi (11)

根据故障检测率和故障隔离率的定义,可得[1]

FDR=i=1nλDi/i=1nλiFΙR=i=1nλΙi/i=1nλDiFDRi=λDi/λiFΙRi=λΙi/λDi

因此

FDR=i=1n(λiFDRi)/i=1nλiFΙR=i=1n(λiFDRiFΙRi)/i=1n(λiFDRi)

式中,λD i为第i个子系统(或单元)检测的故障率,λI i为第i个子系统(或单元)隔离的故障率;FDRFIR为系统测试性指标。

根据子系统(或单元)确定的指标计算得到的系统指标必须高于系统的测试性要求,所以得到如下约束条件:

FDRFDR* (12)

FIRFIR* (13)

由以上分析可建立测试性分配模型如下:

目标函数为

约束函数为

3 浮点编码遗传算法求解

浮点编码遗传算法[11]直接将每个基因值用某一范围的一个浮点数来表示,个体的编码长度等于其决策变量的个数。在求解精度要求较高、有数位小数情况的问题时,浮点编码更靠近问题空间,比二进制编码有更高的求解精度和更快的求解速度。采用浮点编码遗传算法求解问题的具体方法如下。

(1)确定种群规模M、交叉概率Pc、变异概率Pm和遗传算法进化的最大代数T

(2)用浮点编码技术随机产生初始种群。

(3)设计适应度函数。对于一个多目标优化问题,求解时可将多目标优化转化为单目标优化。首先为每个子目标函数赋予一定的权重,然后对各子目标函数进行线性加权求和[3,6,7]。根据测试分配的目标函数和约束函数,将适应度函数设计如下:

f=γ1(1-C1C1max)+γ2(1-C2C2max)+γ3(1-C3C3max)+γ4φ1+γ5φ2+η(16)

其中,γ1、γ2、γ3、γ4、γ5为权系数;η为奖励因子,当个体满足所有约束条件时,对函数进行奖励,提高个体适应度,使其在遗传过程中比不满足条件的个体有更大的机会被保留下来,η可在具体编程过程中适当调整,使最终得到的个体为最优个体。

(4)选择、交叉和变异。选择操作采用最佳保留选择方法。该方法首先采用轮盘赌选择方法执行算法的选择操作,然后将当前群体中适应度最高的个体完整地复制到下一代群体中,保证算法终止时得到的结果是历代中出现的适应度最高的个体。

构造算术交叉算子时,首先对父代中的个体进行两两随机配对,对其中任意一对(Umt,Unt)按交叉概率Pc进行算术交叉操作,产生两个新个体:

式中,α为 [0,1]之间的常数。

变异操作采用均匀变异算子。均匀变异使搜索可以在整个搜索空间内自由地移动,从而增加群体的多样性,将其算子设计如下:

ut+1k=ukmin+(ukmax-ukmin) r (18)

式中,r为0~1之间均匀分布的随机数;ut+1kutk变异后基因;[ukmax,ukmin]为基因编码串中第k个基因的取值范围。

4 方法应用

以某型工程机械液压系统为例,在分析该液压系统的基础上,应用多目标优化模型对其进行系统级的测试性分配。该液压系统主要划分为6个子系统,其功能层次图如图2所示。该系统的测试性要求为FDR=0.92,FIR=0.90。各子系统属性及测试性要求如表1所示,U1~U6的故障率和费用为统计所得。子系统(或单元)的故障检测率和故障隔离率对系统的费用和测试性水平影响相同,因此,假设目标函数各系数的取值如下:a1=a2=0.5、b1=b2=0.3、c1=c2=0.6、η=1。取M=20、Pc=0.6、Pm=0.04、T=100。表2所示为编程后求解的分配结果,通过改变目标函数权重系数γ1~γ5,权衡系统的测试性要求和全生命周期费用,得到子系统的测试性分配值。

结果表明,运用该方法得到的子系统分配值满足要求。

5 结论

在测试性设计过程中,测试性分配是在方案论证和初步设计阶段所必须进行的重要工作之一。本文采用多目标优化方法建立测试性分配模型,综合权衡系统的测试性和全生命周期费用,确定各子系统的测试性指标;在模型的求解上将多目标优化问题按权重转化为单目标优化问题,并采用浮点编码遗传算法求解,求解精度高,收敛速度快,且在求解具体分配问题时只需对编程参数进行修改即可。应用该方法对某型工程机械的液压系统进行了测试性分配,分配结果表明该方法能够综合权衡系统的测试性和全生命周期费用,方法有效可行。

参考文献

[1]田仲,石君友.系统测试性设计分析与验证[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003.

[2]沈亲沐.装备系统级测试性分配技术研究及应用[D].长沙:国防科学技术大学,2007.

[3]Konak A,Coit D W,Smith A E.Multi-objective Opti-mization Using Genetic Algorithms:a Tutorial[J].Re-liability Engineering and System Safety,2006,91(9):992-1007.

[4]Jia X P,Zhang T Z,Wang F,et al.Multi-objectiveModeling and Optimization for Cleaner ProductionProcesses[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2006,14:146-151.

[5]Rajesh J K,Gupta S K,Rangaiah G P,et al.Multi-ob-jective Optimization of Industrial Hydrogen Plants[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2001,56(3):999-1010.

[6]Robert B,Brent R,Paul C.A Multi-objective Optimi-zation Approach to Urban School Bus Routing:Formu-lation and Solution Method[J].Transportation Re-search Part A:Policy and Practice,1995,29(2):107-123.

[7]Fulya A,Mitsuo G,Lin L,et al.A Genetic AlgorithmApproach for Multi-objective Optimization of SupplyChain Networks[J].Computers and Industrial Engi-neering,2006,51(1):196-215.

[8]Bellehsen D M,Kelly B A,Hanania A M.A SystemTestability“Top-Down”Appointment Method[C]//Proceedings of IEEE Autotestcon’90.Syosset,NY,USA:IEEE Press,1991:451-463.

[9]吕晓明,黄考利,连光耀,等.复杂装备系统级测试性指标确定方法研究[J].计算机测量与控制,2008,16(3):357-359,362.

[10]刘佳.商用支线飞机可靠性维修性指标确定与初步预计研究[D].南京:南京航空航天大学,2004.

测试目标 第8篇

(A) 根据句意、首字母及汉语提示,完成单词。

1. ——Where is my backpack?

——Sorry, I don’t k____.

2. Is that your pen in the lost and f____?

3. Kate likes music and she wants to be a m____.

4. ——Can you tell me your e-mail a____, please?

——Kate@163.com.

5. I don’t like math at all. It’s d____.

6. He has a set of ____(钥匙) to the door of his house.

7. Music is ____(令人轻松的), so we all like it.

8. I like eating ____(健康的) food very much.

9. Can you sing this song ____(用) English?

10. Every evening, I watch TV for two ____(小时).

(B) 用所给单词的适当形式填空。

1. The girl in red clothes ____(be) my sister.

2. It’s very interesting ____(have) an English party.

3. Please take these ____(photo) to school.

4. September is the ____(nine) month of the year.

5. ——Who are the two ____(act)?

——Sorry, I don’t know.

Ⅱ.单项选择。

1. ——Hello, Li Ming! This is my new friend, Tom.

——____

——How do you do, Li Ming?

A. How are you, Tom?B. How do you do, Tom?

C. Nice to meet you, Tom. D. Good, Tom.

2. ——Excuse me. Who is that man?

——____.

A. Sorry, I don’t know B. He is at school

C. He is fine D. He is OK

3. I’m new here. I’m ____. I can’t find my way.

A. happy B. lost C. tiredD. strict

4. ——Can you speak Japanese?

——____.

A. Yes, I can B. Yes, I do C. Yes, I can’tD. No, I can

5. The man ____ red is my teacher.

A. wearB. with C. onD. in

6. He wants to talk ____ his teacher.

A. in B. at C. with D. before

7. What a funny thing! Can you let me ____ a try?

A. haveB. give C. to have D. to give

8. ——What’s this ____?

——It’s a hat.

A. in the English B. in English

C. for English D. at English

9. ——Let’s play tennis. Do you have a tennis racket, please?

——____.

A. Sorry, I doB. Yes, I don’tC. Sorry, I don’tD. Oh no, sorry

10. ——Is it ____ English dictionary?

——Yes, it is.

A. some B. the C. a D. an

11. We need lots of ____ food every day.

A. meatsB. vegetables C. healthy D. apples

12. They always sell their clothes ____ a very high price.

A. inB. for C. on D. at

13. ——____ kind of movies do you like?

——Action movies.

A. WhatB. Who C. How D. When

14. We often go ____ a movie on weekends.

A. seeB. watch C. to look D. to see

15. ——Here ____ some books for you, Jim.

——Thank you.

A. is B. are C. am D. isn’t

Ⅲ.句型转换。

1. His sister has a basketball. (改为一般疑问句)

____ his sister ____ a basketball?

2. My sister has chicken for lunch. (对划线部分提问)

____ ____ your sister ____ for lunch?

3. The shop sells the black shorts for $25. (改为同义句)

The black shorts are ____ ____ for $25 in the shop.

4. They have a basketball game on July 22nd. (对划线部分提问)

____ do they ____ a basketball game?

5. She goes to buy many vegetables with her mother. (改为否定句)

She ____ ____ to buy many vegetables with her mother.

Ⅳ.根据汉语意思完成句子。

1. 吉姆是你的朋友吗?

Is Jim ____ ____?

2. “你喜欢运动吗?”

“是的,非常喜欢。”

——Do you ____ ____?

——Yes, very ____.

3. 你喜欢什么颜色的裤子?

____ ____ pants ____ you ____?

4. 莎莉的生日聚会是什么时候?

____ is Sally’s ____ ____?

5. 请在明天早上5点前叫醒我。

_____________________

Ⅴ.补全对话。(每空一词)

A: Excuse me. Where __1__ you from?

B: I __2__ from France.

A: What do you know __3__ New York?

B: Well, a lot. New York is a big __4__. It is very beautiful.

A: Can you __5__ English?

B: Yes, but only a __6__. I think English is hard to learn.

A: I think I can __7__ you with English, and you can help me with

my __8__.

B: Thanks a __9__.

A: You’re __10__.

Ⅵ.完形填空。

Near my home there’s a big __1__. It’s called Hongpi Clothes Store. You can __2__ all kinds of __3__ in it. Do you like __4__? They have very beautiful sweaters for __5__ ¥95. Do you need __6__? They sell great bags __7__ ¥36. They __8__ have nice skirts for girls __9__ red, green, white and blue, and football socks for boys. And they __10__ many nice clothes. Do you want to go there with me? Let’s go together (一起) this Sunday!

1. A. schoolB. factory C. hospital D. store

2. A. sell B. buy C. takeD. come

3. A. vegetables B. clothes C. food D. fruit

4. A. socks B. trousersC. shortsD. sweaters

5. A. only B. also C. too D. but

6. A. bags B. pens C. booksD. hats

7. A. toB. on C. in D. for

8. A. tooB. alsoC. only D. often

9. A. inB. from C. on D. out

10. A. buy B. sellC. do D. like

Ⅶ.阅读理解。

(A)

My name is Jim and I live in Canada. My mother is from Korea and my father is from France, so we speak three languages at home. I think languages are very interesting and I want to study Portuguese and Chinese. But my favorite subject at school isn’t language. It’s math. I really like history, too.

I like sports, especially soccer and basketball, because they’re relaxing, but I don’t have much time to play. I go to music club after school on Mondays, have guitar lessons on Wednesdays, and go to the library on Fridays. But Saturdays and Sundays are great because I can play sports, sleep, and watch TV.

1. Jim’s parents live in ____.

A. Argentina B. Japan C. Mexico D. Canada

2. Jim can speak ____ very well at home.

A. KoreanB. Chinese C. Portuguese D. Japanese

3. His favorite subject is ____.

A. a language B. math C. history D. Chinese

4. He can’t play soccer on ____.

A. Mondays and Fridays B. Tuesdays and Sundays

C. Saturdays and Thursdays D. Saturdays and Sundays

5. Jim thinks sports are ____.

A. interesting B. funnyC. relaxing D. happy

(B)

The children next door often play football in the garden and sometimes break my windows. Today I stay at home and read a book. After an hour, I close my eyes and go to sleep. A sound at the door makes me get up. In a moment a little boy comes in. “Break one of my windows again?”

“Oh, no,” the boy answers. “Your window is open this time and our ball is in your bedroom. May we get it, please?”

根据文章内容判断正(T)误(F)。

1. Sometimes I watch the children play football in the garden.

2. I open the window to get their football.

3. I’m sleeping when the boy comes.

4. The children often play football in the garden.

5. I think they break my window but they want to get the ball.

Ⅷ.书面表达。

上一篇:社会保障模式下一篇:信息自动化