主谓一致范文

2024-06-18

主谓一致范文(精选11篇)

主谓一致 第1篇

高考解读

主谓一致是指句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上须保持一致。道理虽然简单, 但其牵涉到的要点繁多, 出现的形式多样, 并可以各种题型出现, 故不可忽视。

考点一:以不可数名词、可数名词单数或单数代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时, 谓语动词用复数形式。

【典例1】All the scientific evidence that increasing use of chemicals in farming damaging our health. (2012年湖南卷)

解析:D。句意:所有的科学证据表明:农业方面越来越多的使用化学物质正在损害着我们的健康。主语是evidence意为“证据 (不可数名词) ”, 所以谓语动词应用单数形式shows, 宾语从句的主语是use意为“使用 (不可数名词) ”, 所以要用is。

【典例2】Planning so far aheadsome sense—we can overcome some difficulty.

解析:C。句意:这么早作计划有道理———我们可以克服许多困难。题中so far修饰ahead, 表示“那么”。make some sense是对主语planning的客观描述。此题容易误选为D。学生误以为so far在这里是到目前为止的意思。故答案为C。

【典例3】That piece of music sounds quite famil-iar.Who the piano in the next room?

解析:D。句意:这首音乐听起来很熟悉。谁在隔壁弹钢琴?根据逻辑弹钢琴是一个人, 且现在正在弹, 故选D。

注:由what引导的主语从句, 后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式, 但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时, 主句的谓语动词用复数形式。

【典例4】Most of what has been said about the Greensalso true of the Kings.

解析:B。句意:关于Green一家人的大多数言论对于King一家人也是正确的。四个选项中能与主语搭配形成完整句子的选项是A和B, 由于what has been said about the Greens为单数含义, 泛指关于Green一家的言论, 与其对应的主语most也应为单数形式, 所以应填入is。

考点二:主语后接together with, as much as, rather than等构成的短语时, 谓语仍须与这类短语前面的主语保持“一致”。类似的短语有:with, along with, without, as well as, in addition to, except, but, besides, including, like, added to, more than, no less than等。

【典例1】The basketball coach, as well as histeam, interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance. (2012年陕西卷)

解析:B。句意:因为他们杰出的表现, 在比赛后不久, 这位篮球教练同他的球队一起被采访。主语中心词the basketball coach是单数, 根据shortly after the match可以推断出题干时态是一般过去时, 故选B。

【典例2】The famous football player together withhis fans to the concert.Did you enjoy that party?

解析:C。句意:这位著名的足球运动员与他的粉丝们一起被邀请参加这次音乐会, 你喜欢这次联欢会吗?together with意为“与……一起”, 与主语连用时, 谓语动词的单复数应与主语保持一致。

考点三:由or, eitheror等词语连接的并列主语, 谓语与靠近的名词、代词在“人称、数”上保持一致。类似的短语还有:there be, nor, neithernor, whetheror, notbut, not onlybut also等。

【典例1】Either you or one of your parentsto attend the ceremony that is due tomorrow.

解析:B。句意:无论是你还是你的一位家长来出席明天的仪式均可。与空格靠近的主语是one of, 谓语用单数。

【典例2】Not only Clare and Tom but also theirsister, Alva, great interest in the piano lessons.

解析:B。句意:不仅Clare和Tom而且他们的妹妹Alva也对钢琴课感兴趣。not onlybut also连接两个主语时, 谓语动词要就近一致。

考点四:and连接主语时, 谓语一般用复数。但是表示一个人兼有两个职业、表示一套东西 (后面名词没有不定冠词) 时或在“every (each, no, many a) +单数名词+and+every (each, no, many a) +单数名词”时, 谓语动词用单数形式。many a+名词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式。

【典例1】—Did you go to the show last night?

—Yeah.Every boy and every girl in our company invited.

解析:D。句意:“你昨晚参加这场秀了吗?”“是的。我们公司的每个男生和女生都受到邀请。”“every+名词+and+every+名词”作主语时, 谓语用单数。

【典例2】You're fooled.It's a trick.Many a personby such tricks.

解析A。句意:你被欺骗了。那是个骗术。许多人被这样的把戏欺骗了。Many a person作主语时, 谓语用单数, 根据逻辑应用现在完成时。

考点五:表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡、金钱等的复数名词作主语表一个整体概念, 常用单数谓语;如果它们不是作一个整体概念, 而是表具体内容时, 常用复数谓语。

【典例1】We live day by day, but in the greatthings, the time of days and weeks so small that a day is unimportant.

解析:A。句意:我们一天一天的生活下去, 但是从大事的方面来看, 几天几周的时间都不算什么, 所以一天就显得不那么重要了。the time作主语, 谓语用单数。

【典例2】Ten yearssince I met you the first time.

解析:C。句意:自从我第一次见到你十年过去了。ten years作主语, 谓语用单数。

考点六:army, family, class, club, company, committee, country, crew, crowd, enemy, government, group, party, public, team, people等集体名词表示一个单位或组织机构时, 常用单数谓语;如果它们表示全体成员或人时, 则用复数谓语。cattle, people, sheep, police, public, trousers等本身就表示复数的名词, 作主语时谓语用复数形式。

【典例1】One-third of the countrycov-ered with trees and the majority of the citizens black people. (2011年湖南卷)

解析:A。句意:这个国家的三分之一被树林覆盖, 大多数公民是黑人。the country是单数, 而the citizens是复数, 故选A。

【典例2】The exercises are extremely difficult, but half of the classthem ahead of time.

解析:C。句意:这个练习非常难, 但全班一半的人提前完成了。句中class表示班上全体成员, 故用复数。

考点七:学科名、书名、报名、电影名、国名、公司名等作主语时, 谓语用单数。

【典例1】Walmart, which is one of the largestAmerican supermarket chains, some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. (2012年安徽卷)

解析:A。句意:沃尔玛, 美国最大的超级连锁店, 在周一到周六让他的一些店铺24小时营业。Walmart是公司的名称, 谓语用单数。

【典例2】The Arabian Nightswellknown all over the world, in which many a story interesting and instructive.

解析:D。句意:《一千零一夜》全世界闻名, 许多故事有趣且有教育意义。The Arabian Nights是书名, 谓语用单数, 在定语从句中, many a story作主语, 谓语用单数。

考点八:表示部分和一定数量的名词或代词作主语时, 谓语动词也应与介词of后的名词保持数的一致。这些词有:some, all, most, half, a lot, the rest, plenty, majority或百分数、分数、小数。

【典例1】The factory used 65 percent of the rawmaterials, the rest of which saved for other purposes. (2011年安徽卷)

解析:D。句意:该工厂使用了65%的原材料, 其余的用作其他用途。非限制性定语从句中的主语rest意为“其余的”, 谓语应与of后的名词一致, 而which指代先行词materials, 故谓语用复数;定语从句中的谓语应与主句中的谓语动词used一致, 故用过去时态。从时态和主谓一致两方面考虑, 应选D项。

【典例2】When the professor spoke out his plan, theof the students in the classagainst it.

解析:A。句意:当教授说出他的计划时, 班上的大多数学生反对它。如第一空选most必须省去空格前的the, 第二空用复数。

考点九:a large quantity of, quantities of, large amount of, amounts of接名词作主语时, 谓语动词应与quantity或amount的数相一致。但“the number of+复数名词”表示“……的数量”, 其后的谓语动词用单数;“a number of+复数名词”表示“大量的”, 其后的谓语动词用复数。

【典例1】The number of foreign students attending our universityrising steadily since1990.

解析:C。句意:上我们大学的外国学生的人数从1990年以来稳定上升。the number of+复数名词表示“……的数量”, 其后的谓语动词用单数。

【典例2】It's reported that large quantities of moneyto the poor in that area every year.

解析:D。句意:据报道在那个地区每年有大量的钱捐给了穷人。large quantities of作主语时, 谓语用复数。

考点十:关系代词which, that和who在定语从句中作主语时, 从句动词的单复数要根据先行词的单复数来确定。强调句型中对主语进行强调时, 其后面的动词要与被强调的主语一致。

【典例1】Barbara is easy to recognize as she's the only one of the women whoevening dress. (2010全国Ⅱ卷)

解析:首先the only one of.为先行词时, 定语从句修饰的是one, 即one是主语, 而非后面的复数women, 根据主谓一致的原则, 谓语动词应该用单数, 排除A, D。另外, 从is可以看出句子是要表示一种习惯, 因此要用一般现在时, 排除C, 故选B。

【典例2】The old man lives in a quiet village, aroundsome tall mountains.

解析:C。句意:这位老人住在一个安静的小村庄, 四周高山环绕。分析句子可知, which在从句中作宾语, 又因为后面的是some tall mountains, 因此这里的动词应用复数形式, 故选C项。

【做题策略】

1.近年英语高考常把主谓一致与时态、语态等语法项目综合在一起考查, 从而增加了难度。

2.主谓一致有个三原则:语法一致, 意义一致和就近一致原则, 无论哪一种原则, 重要的是分清一个句子中, 哪个是主语, 主语是单数还是复数, 分清题目属于哪种一致的情况, 然后确定谓语形式。

巩固提升

1.Having a good dictionary for students who learn language.

2.A number of students absent from the meeting and the number of them surprising.

A.were;wasB.was;were

C.was;wasD.were;were

3.The students in our school eachan English dictionary.

A.haveB.has

C.hadD.are having

4.Bread and butterfor breakfast in many Chinese homes nowadays.

A.serveB.serves

C.is servedD.are served

5.Every student as well as teachers whoto visit the museumasked to be atthe school gate on time.

A.is;isB.are;are

C.is;areD.are;is

6.More than one examplenecessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.

A.isB.are

C.has takenD.have taken

7.Many a man and many a womanthat he or she had better education.

A.wishB.has wished

C.do wishesD.have wished

8.—Sorry, but the CDs Harry Porter out.

—How I wish I had bought one earlier!

A.sellB.were selling

C.is soldD.have been sold

9.Since the great forest was destroyed by a big fire in 1980s, large quantities of treeson the mountain each year.

A.is plantingB.is being planted

C.are plantingD.are being planted

10.This pair of glassesbelong to you.And whosethe glasses on my desk?

A.do;isB.do;are

C.does;isD.does;are

11.It's weekend and Alice together with four other studentsnew tricks on the skating ramp.

A.has triedB.have tried

C.is tryingD.are trying

12.To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, foolish.

A.isB.are

C.areD.were

13.A study of ancient writings and evidencethat for the past 5000 years, cats have been kept as pets.

14.China, together with some other countries, against the over politicizing of the differences over the South China Sea.

15.Each means to solve the problem, but none is effective.

16.In the box the letters that written to Mary by John.

17.A poet and artist coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.

18.Not only the students but also the teacher in the past three courses from the new teaching method.

19.Either visitors or the guide for the tickets as they reach a place of interest.

20.He is the only one of the students who a winner of scholarship for three years.

答案与解析

1.B。句意:对于学习语言的学生来说, 有一部好词典非常重要。Having a good dictionary作句子的主语时, 谓语应用第三人称单数makes;make a difference意为“有关系, 有影响”是固定短语。

2.A。句意:许多同学没有到会, 没有到会同学的人数很惊人。a number of+名词作主语时, 谓语动词用复数形式;the number of+名词作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。

3.A。句意:我们学校的学生人手一本英语字典。The students作主语, 谓语用复数。干扰项是each作同位语, 不能限制句子的谓语。

4.C。句意:涂黄油的面包目前在许多中国家庭已被作为早餐。bread和butter指“作早餐不可缺少的食物”, 应视为单数的整体概念。serve作及物动词, 其被动结构表示“被用作”。

5.D。句意:每个学生连同访问这个博物馆的老师一道被要求准时到达学校门口。第一空是定语从句中的谓语动词同先行词teachers保持一致, 故用复数;第二空与句子主语Every student保持一致, 谓语应用单数。

6.A。句意:不止一个例子有必要让学生清楚地理解这个规则。More than one example作主语, 谓语用单数。

7.B。句意:许多男士和许多女士希望他或她曾有过更好的教育。Many a man and many a woman作主语, 谓语用单数。

8.D。the CDs是复数, 谓语应该用复数, 且它和sell之间构成被动关系。根据句意, 是到现在为止, 应该用现在完成时。

9.D。large quantities of作主语时, 谓语用复数, a large quantity of作主语时, 谓语用单数;plant和主语trees之间构成被动关系。

10.D。句意:这副眼镜真的属于你。那么我桌子上的眼镜是谁的呢?一些“成双成套”的名词, 如trousers/pants/glasses/clothes/shoes/scissors/compasses (圆规) 等用作主语时, 谓语动词常用复数;若此类名词前有a (the/this) pair of/a suit of等量词修饰时, 谓语动词则常用单数形式。

11.C。together with four other students放在主语后面, 谓语应该与主语Alice相一致, 再根据句意, 用现在进行时比现在完成时更合题意。

12.A。句意:与你们中的许多人一样, 闭眼对待事实是愚蠢的。先去掉状语从句as many of you do, 句子结果就简单了。不定式作主语, 谓语动词用单数。

13.B。句意:古代的书法和证据显示, 过去的5000年里, 猫就被当作宠物了。A study作主语, 谓语用单数。

14.C。China作主语, 句子的谓语动词用单数。

15.A。each means作主语, 谓语动词用单数。

16.B。In the box were the letters是倒装句, 主语是the letters, 故要用were。that were written to Mary by John是定语从句, that代指the letters, 故也要用were。

17.A。句意:明天下午一个诗人画家将来向我们作关于中国文学与绘画的报告。a poet and artist只用了一个冠词, 表明是同一个人, 所以用单数谓语动词。再结合后面的tomorrow afternoon可排除C项。

18.B。与谓语靠近的主语是the teacher, 故谓语用单数。

19.A。句意:当他们到达一个名胜景点时, 要么游客要么向导付费。与谓语靠近的主语是the guide, 谓语用单数。

20.A。定语从句中先行词被the only修饰时, 从句的谓语动词用单数。

主谓一致讲义 第2篇

1.集体名词如:army,class,audience,enemy,family,crew,government,group,team,couple,party,union,public,nation,crowd,population,company,majority,committee等作主语时,如果强调的是整体,即把它看作一个整体,谓语动词常用单数;如果强调组成的个体,即把它看成其中的成分(个体),谓语动词常用复数形式。2.有些集体名词如:people,police,cattle,folk,youth(青年),poultry(家禽),vermin(害虫),militia(民兵)等作主语,谓语动词一般用复数形式。

3.有些无生命的集体名词如 equipment,furniture,machinery(机器),foliage(树叶),merchandise(货物)等在句中充当主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。Much of her jewellery was stolen.Some of the furniture has been moved to another room.并列结构作主语

1.and 连接的两个名词作主语,表示不同的人或事物,其概念是复数,句子谓语动词用复数形式。The headmaster and the maths teacher are going to attend the meeting.What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged his brother.2.and 连接两个名词,指同一个人、同一件事或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式。My teacher and friend is a young girl.Bread and butter is served for breakfast.A knife and fork is on the table.3.and 后加 no 或 not 构成复合主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Tom,(and)not Jim, is going to visit New York City.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.4.当主语为 many a +名词+ and + many a +名词;no +名词+ and + no +名词时,谓语依然用单数形式。No teacher and no student has seen the film.5.and 连接的并列主语为单数概念,前面有 every,each 等词修饰时,谓语动词用单数形式。Every man-worker and every woman-worker enjoys free medicine care.Each actor and actress was invited.6.each 放在主语后面,修饰复数概念的主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。The boy and the girl each have their own toys.They each have a book to read in the reading room.7.both„ and„ 连接并列主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。

Both he and his parents are going to visit the Great Wall next month.8.当 either„ or„,neither„ nor„,not only„ but also,not„ but„,or 等连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词应遵循“临近一致”的原则,即根据最接近谓语的主语来变,当邻近的主语为单数时,谓语用单数;当邻近的主语为复数时,谓语用复数。

9.当主语后面跟有 with,together with,along with,as well as,like,but,except,besides,including,as much as,more than,no less than,rather than,in addition to 等短语时,谓语动词应和(不亚于)第一个名词的人称和数保持一致。

时间长度等复数名词作主语

通常作整体看待,谓语动词用单数。Ten minutes is enough to get there.但是,如果把这一复数名词看作一个个的个体时,句子的谓语动词常用复数形式。There are ten dollars on the table.以-s 结尾的名词作主语

1.有些以 –s 结尾的名词单复数同形,如 means,works,series,species 等,当它们作主语时,谓语动词要根据这个名词在句中的单、复数意义而变,当它们前面有 a,such a,this,that 等修饰时,谓语常用单数;当它们前面有 all,such,these,those 等修饰时,谓语常用复数。2.有些以 –s 结尾的名词常作复数看待,当它们作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。

(1)一些由两个部分构成的表示衣物或工具的名词作主语时,谓语常用复数形式,这类名词有:glasses,shoes,shorts,stocks,gloves,trousers,chopsticks,scissors,compasses 等。

但当这些名词前面有 a pair of,a kind of,a series of 等修饰时,谓语用单数形式。

(2)以 –s 结尾的名词如 clothes,goods,stairs,contents 等,通常作复数看待,谓语用复数形式。

(3)由-ings 结尾的名词如surroundings,sweepings,earnings,lodgings,clippings 等作主语,谓语动词常用复数。(4)以 –s 结尾的群岛、海峡、山脉等名称的词作主语,谓语常用复数。

3.有些以 –s 结尾的名词如 news(新闻),billiards(台球)及其他以 –s 结尾的游戏名称;arthritis(关节炎),measles(麻疹)及其他以-s 结尾的疾病名称;politics(政治),physics(物理),mathematics(数学)及其他以-ics 结尾的学科名称,还有一些以 –s 结尾指单一事物的专有名词,如 the United States,the United Nations 等,这些名词尽管形式是复数,但却都是不可数名词或作为一个整体来看待,谓语要用单数形式。

单复数同型的名词作主语

一些单复数同形的名词如:sheep,fish,deer,aircraft,Chinese,Japanese 等作主语时,要根据其所在句子的实际意思来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。

more than one +名词

作主语时,谓语常用单数形式。one and a half +复数名词

但是,more +复数名词+ than one 作主语时,谓语常用复数形式;而 more than one不接名词作主语时,谓语用单数也可用复数。

另外,a +名词+ or two 作主语时,谓语可用单数也可用复数;而 one or two +复数名词作主语,谓语常用复数形式。

代词作主语的主谓一致问题

.sb.等不定代词作主语

当主语是不定代词 somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody,everything,nothing,something 等时,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。

none、neither 修饰复数名词作主语

代词 neither(两者都不),none(全都不)修饰复数名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数,取决于说话人的意思,当说话人着眼于“每一个都不„„”或“两个中的任何一个都不„„”时,谓语动词用单数;当说话者着眼于“所有的都不„„”或“两个中的全部都不„„”时,谓语动词用复数。

但是,如果 none 指的是不可数名词,或 none of +不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。None of the money is wasted.None of us like(likes)the film.all 作主语

all 指人时,谓语常用复数形式;当它指物时,如果修饰复数名词,则谓语用复数;若其单独指物或修饰的是不可数名词,谓语则要用单数形式。

All(of the)water is polluted.All(of the)students have arrived.定语从句中关系代词作主语

定语从句中,关系代词 who,which,that 等作主语时,其人称和数的变化随先行词而定。先行词是单数名词或不可数名词,关系代词 who,which 和 that 一般视为单数概念,从句谓语动词用单数形式。若先行词是复数名词,who,which 和 that 则视为复数概念,从句谓语动词用复数形式。

注意:在 one of +复数名词+定语从句这种结构中,定语从句所修饰的先行词应为该复数名词,所以其谓语应用复数形式;若 one 前面有 the only 或 the 等限定词和修饰语时,这时定语从句所修饰的先行词应为 the(only)one,其谓语应用单数形式。

Tom is one of the students who have helped me.Tom is the only one of the students who has helped me.名词性物主代词作主语

名词性物主代词作主语时,如果它指代的是复数意义时,谓语用复数;若它指代的是单数意义,谓语则相应地用单数形式。

疑问代词 which、who 作主语

疑问代词 which,who,what 作主语时,谓语动词要根据它所表达的意思决定单复数形式。如: Who is the boy over there?

Who are the boys over there?

指示代词 such、the same 作主语

指示代词 such,the same 作主语时,谓语要根据它所指的具体内容来决定单、复数形式。如: Such is my plan.Such are his words.其他结构作主语的主谓一致问题 1.There be 句型

在 There be„ 句型中,如果主语不只一个,谓语动词根据临近一致的原则,常和邻近的即第一个主语在单复数上保持一致,以 Here 开头的句子也是如此。如:Here is a book and a pencil for you.在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:Between the two windows hangs a picture..2.四则运算

在四则运算中,谓语动词用单复数均可。如:Two and ten is/are twelve.24 divided by 4 is/are 6.the + adj./ 过去分词作主语

the +形容词/过去分词作主语时,如果它表示某一类人时,如 the dead,the blind/rich/poor,the wounded 等,其谓语常用复数形式;如果它指一个人或抽象概念时,如 the good/new/difficult/known 等,谓语动词常用单数形式。如:The old are respected in our country.The new is sure to replace the old.A/The number of + n.(pl)作主语

A number of +复数名词作主语时,表示“许多„„”、“大量„„”,谓语常用复数形式。The number of +复数名词作主语时,表示“„„的数量”,谓语常用单数形式。

the rest/the rest of +名词作主语,若它所代表/修饰的名词为复数,则谓语动词用复数;若它所代表或修饰的名词为不可数名词或可数名词的单数形式,则谓语动词用单数。

主谓一致三原则 第3篇

一、语法一致原则

语法一致原则是指单复数形式与谓语要一致。句中作主语的词若是单数形式,谓语动词则用单数形式;若主语是复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。常见规则如下:

1. 单数可数名词以及不可数名词、动名词、动词不定式、从句等作主语时,谓语通常用单数。

Reading aloud is very important in learning English. 大声朗读对于英语学习非常重要。

To nod one’s head means agreement. 点头表示同意。

What they said is true. 他们说的是真的。

2. 主语中有and 连接词时,谓语动词多用复数。但如果主语表示抽象整体概念或表示一个单一的概念时,谓语动词则要用单数。常见的由and 连接两个名词指一个概念的形式有:the needle and thread (针线),the fork and knife(刀叉),soap and water(肥皂水),iron and steel(钢铁),bread and butter(涂有奶油的面包)等。

Mary and Catherine are close friends. 玛丽和凯瑟琳是亲密的朋友。

Bread and butter is served for breakfast in this hotel. 这家旅馆提供黄油面包作为早餐。

注意 用and连接的两个名词若被 no,each,every,many a修饰做主语时,谓语用单数。有时可将第二个every/each/no省略。

Each man and (each) woman has a chance to be raised in our company. 在我们公司,每位男士和女士都有提升的机会。

No boy and (no) girl doesn’t go to school at the age of six in this village because of the Hope Project. 由于希望工程,这个村所有六岁的男孩女孩都能去读书。

3. as well as,rather than,including,like,with,together with,along with,but,except,besides,including,no less than等连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语与最前面的主语保持一致。

The teacher together with the students is discussing Reading Skills that was newly published in America. 老师和学生们都在讨论美国新出版的《阅读技巧》。

The father as well as his three children goes skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. 冬天,父亲和他的三个孩子每个周日下午都去结冰的河上滑冰。

4. “either/neither/each/every/no + 单数名词”以及由some,any,no,every与one,body,thing构成的复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

Neither book is interesting to me. 在我看来,这两本书都没什么趣味。

Someone has come to see you. 有人来看你。

5. 由“a lot of/lots of/plenty of/the rest of/a large quantity of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的数要根据短语后面名词的数而定。

As a result of destroying the forests, a large quantity of desert has covered the land. 由于森林被大量破坏导致沙漠覆盖了地面。

About three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water. 地球四分之三的表面被水覆盖着。

注意 “quantities of/ amounts of +不可数名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词均用复数形式。

The lake smells terrible because large quantities of water have been polluted. 这个湖非常难闻,因为有大量的水已被污染。

6. 在“one of +复数名词+定语从句”中,当关系代词作主语引导定语从句时,若是one of结构,定语从句谓语动词用复数形式,若是the only one of结构,定语从句谓语动词用单数形式。

He was one of the boys who were praised. 他是受表扬的男孩之一。

He was the only one of the boys who was praised. 他是男孩中唯一受到表扬的。

二、意义一致原则

意义一致原则就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致,这是因为有时主语形式为单数,但意义为复数;有时形式为复数,但意义为单数。

1. 当表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor. 一百美元对于穷人来说是一大笔钱。

Two kilometers is a long way to go on foot. 步行两千米是一段很长的路程。

2. 当“the + 形容词(或过去分词)” 指一类人当作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。常用词有:rich,poor,living,dead,young,old,blind,sick,wounded,aged,disabled等。

What a life the poor were living! 穷人们过着怎样的生活!

The wounded have been sent to hospital. 伤者已被送往医院。

注意 如果该形容词指抽象概念,谓语动词则用单数形式。

The true is to be distinguished from the false. 真假必须明辨。

The unexpected has happened. 出乎意料的事发生了。

3. 以-ics结尾的学科名词,如mathematics,politics,physics,economics等作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。

Mathematics is my favourite subject. 数学是我最喜欢的科目。

4. 复数名词用作书、电影、戏剧、报刊、国家等名称时,谓语动词用单数。

The Arabian Nights is a very interesting book.《天方夜谭》是一本很有趣的书。

The United States is a developed country. 美国是发达国家。

5. equipment,furniture,clothing,luggage,advice,information等不可数集合名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数;army,committee,team,family,group,government,class,population,audience,public等集合名词作主语时,若强调名词的整体概念,则谓语动词用单数形式;若强调名词的个体组成部分,则谓语动词用复数形式。

His family isn't very large. 他的家庭不算很大。

His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。

6. trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors, spectacles, pants等名词作主语时,谓语只能用复数,但如果这些名词前有a(the)pair of等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数;而有的名词则是单、复数形式相同,如 sheep,deer,aircraft,means等,当这类名词作主语时,就必须根据意思来确定其谓语的单、复数形式。

My glasses are broken. 我的眼镜坏了。

A pair of glasses costs quite a lot now. 现在,一副眼镜的费用很高。

Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. 用尽了所有方法阻止污染,天空却依然不晴朗。

7. 在含有数字运算的句子中,谓语可以用单数,也可以用复数,但多用单数。

Eight plus four is/are twelve. 8加4等于12。

三、就近原则

就近原则也叫临近原则,即谓语动词的数与最靠近它的那部分主语一致。一般常用于下列结构之中:

1.由or,either ... or,neither ... nor,not only ... but also,not ... but等连接多个主语时,其谓语与其相邻的那个主语的数保持一致。

Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another. 不仅仅是我,珍妮和玛丽也都厌烦了一个接一个的考试。

2.在there be句型中,如果主语不只一个,谓语动词通常和邻近的,即第一个主语保持一致。

There is a dictionary and some magazines on the desk. 书桌上有一本字典和许多杂志。

练习

1. 早睡早起对你的健康有益。

To get up early and to go to bed early ______________your health. (good)

2. 经理进入办公室,高兴地得知五分之四的票已被预定。

The manager enters the office and is happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets______________. (book)

3. 除了经理之外,所有的雇员都被鼓励在家上网工作。

All the employers except the manager______________online at home. (encourage)

4. 这个机构自从建立以来已提供了大量的信息。

Large amounts of information______________since the organization was built. (offer)

5. 随着更多的森林正被破坏,每年都有大量的沃土在流失。

With more forests being destroyed, hudg quantities of good earth ______________ each year. (wash)

6. 所有方法都已用尽,但仍不能说服他改变主意。

Every possible means______________, but we can’t persuade him to change his mind. (try)

7. 牧羊人用牧羊犬来聚拢正在四处吃草的牛群。

The sheep farmer used their dog to round up the cattle that ______________here and there. (eat)

8. 截止到目前为止,此决定已带来一系列的问题。

So far a series of problems______________by this decision. (bring)

答案

1. is good for

2. have been booked

3. are encouraged to work

4. have been offered

5. are being washed away

6. has been tried

7. were eating the grass

英语中主谓一致问题的探讨 第4篇

学术界认为主谓一致遵循三个原则。

1.1语法一致原则

语法一致原则指谓语动词要根据主语的语法意义来确定, 主要表现在语法“数”的意义上。如果主语的中心语是单数, 谓语动词就要用单数;如果主语的中心语是复数, 谓语动词则要用复数。语法一致原则是三原则中的基础原则

1.2意义一致原则

意义一致原则是指谓语动词单复数的选择并不根据主语中心语“数”的情况而定, 而是将名词主语的意义作为参考的标准。这种形单意复或形复意单的名词做主语时谓语动词单复数的选择有悖于语法一致原则。意义一致原则是主谓一致中重要的指导原则, 跟语法一致原则比较起来, 情况较复杂, 可以分为以下几类:

在例1中, darts表示“投镖游戏”, 因此要用单数谓语动词;但在例2中, darts表示投镖游戏中所用的镖, 镖是可数的, 因此谓语动词要用复数。

2) 以-ics结尾的学科名称

一些学科名称, 如physics (物理学) , mathematics (数学) , me⁃chanics (机械学) , optics (光学) , acoustics (声学) , politics (政治学) 等学科名称尽管以-s结尾, 但是它在意义上仅仅表示一个单数概念, 谓语动词则要用单数形式。但是如果它不是表示“学科”意, 谓语动词则可以用复数。如:

The tactics employed in this campaign were above reproach.[1]

在此例中, 应释为“策略”, 而非“兵法”。

对于分类1和分类2, 当一个词含有双重含义的时候, 我们要对它在句子中所表达的意思仔细加以分析, 根据其表达的单复数含义来确定和判断谓语动词。

3) 以-s结尾的地理名称

某些以-s结尾的地理名称, 因为表示“单一政治实体”, 因此谓语动词也应用单数。如:the United States, the United Na⁃tions, the Netherlands等。

4) 集体名词做主语

集体名词做主语, 当该名词表示 (或侧重表示) 整体概念或集体概念时, 谓语动词用单数;当该名词表示 (或侧重表示) 组成集体的一个一个的成员时, 谓语动词则应用复数。

5) 主语从句、不定式短语以及表示时间、金钱、距离等度量的词做主语时, 一般表示单数意义, 通常用单数谓语动词。

6) 主语+as much as, 主语+as well as, 主语+except, 主语+in⁃cluding, 主语+rather than等主语加介词或副词引导附加成分时, 谓语动词仍根据中心主语的含义来定。如:

Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.

在此例中, as much as the manager附加在中心名词后面只起一个补充作用, 中心名词仍是workers, 表示复数意, 所以谓语动词要用复数。

7) and连接并列主语时

and可连接形容词, 名词, 代词, 动名词, 不定式, 从句等做并列谓语。尽管表并列, 在形式上看似是多种事物的结合, 但是在实际应用中同样需要根据语境对其所表达的含义进行具体分析。如:

①Simple and plain living is a fine quality.

②Ancient and modern history are the subjects we are study⁃ing.

在上述例子中, and连接两个并列形容词, 句1中的simple and plain (简单朴素) 应该看成一个整体, 共同修饰living;而在句2中, 我们根据表语subjects, 可知ancient后面省略了名词histo⁃ry, ancient history和modern history应该表示两门不同的学科, 因此谓语动词要用复数。

①what he says and does do not agree.

②What he says and does does not concern me.

在这组例子中, 尽管主语都是what引导的主语从句, 但是句1表示的是“他所说的”和“他所做的”不一致, “说”和“做”是两件事情, 即我们说的“说一套做一套”, 所以谓语动词要用复数;句1中“what he says and does” (他做什么说什么) , 我一点都不关心, 应把所说的和所做的看做整体, 因此谓语动词用单数。

) 定冠词由连接的并列成分做主语

(1) (1) the secretary and treasurer is absent

②②The secretary and the treasurer are absent

句1只有一个定冠词, 说明缺席的人身兼两职, 既是secre⁃tary也是treasurer, 因此谓语动词要用单数;句2中的secretary和treasurer各由一个定冠词修饰, 表示担任不同职位的两个人, 因此谓语动词要用复数。

9) 如果主语是由限定词+kind/type/sort of+名词构成, 动词形式又要视具体情况而定。

①a kind/sort/type of, this kind/sort/type of之后通常跟单数或不可数名词, 动词用单数

②当限定词变成these, many, several的时候, kind, sort, type也要相应变成kinds, sorts, types, 不管后面带了何种名词, 谓语动词都应用复数。

10) An average of/a majority of/a mass of+复数名词, 谓语动词单复数视情况而定。当主语明确表示多数个体概念时, 随后的动词用复数;当这类主语不表示多数个体概念, 应视为一个整体时, 动词则用单数。

1.3就近原则

根据就近原则, 谓语动词与最靠近它的名词的单复数应保持一致。就近原则有一些标志性的词作为提示。一般来说, 这些标志词包括:either, either…or, or, neither, neither…nor, nor, not only…but also等。一些以表示非确定数量的名词词组做主语时, 谓语动词单复数的判断也应遵循就近原则。如:

1) 如果主语是all of...., some of...., none of....., half of....., most of...., 其后的动词形式依of词组中的名词类别而定。

2) 如果主语是all of...., some of...., none of....., half of....., most of...., 其后的动词形式依of词组中的名词类别而定。

3) 如果主语是由lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of+名词构成, 表示“许许多多”的概念时, 随后动词的单复数也依of词组中的名词类别而定。

4) many a+单数名词, more than one+单数名词, 谓语动词用单数。

5) 在存在句中, 谓语的单复数形式一般取决于随后的实义主语的形式, 当用作实义主语的名词词组是个并列结构时, 谓语动词依据最靠近它的实义动词而定。

如:

There is a long springboard and three rafts at varying distanc⁃es from the shore.[1]

在此例句中, 尽管实义动词是由and组成的并列结构, 但谓语动词应根据最靠近它的springboard来确定, 因springboard为单数, 故谓语动词也要用单数。

常锋 (2003) [2]、陈岚 (2001) [3]、李丽 (2003) [4]、石茂祥 (1999) [5]、任丽波 (2001) [6]认为语法一致和意义一致是三原则中最重要的两项原则, 在这两项原则不发挥作用的前提下才能考虑使用就近原则。

尽管主谓一致的三个指导原则在帮助判断谓语动词单复数的时候起到了积极的指导作用, 但它并不能解释所有的语法现象。其中涉及固定用法的问题, 美国英语和英国英语习惯用法的问题, 指导原则之间存在相互矛盾的问题, 正式语体和非正式语体下指导原则不一致的问题。

1) 固定用法方面:

①语中一些由两个部分组成的以-s结尾的物体名称, 如scissors, pincers, glasses, shorts, trousers, suspenders等, 谓语动词通常用复数。但如果这些词前面有单位词修饰, 那么谓语动词根据单位词的单复数来判断。

②语中一些以-s结尾的名词 (一般为抽象名词) , 如ar⁃chives, arms, clothes, contents, caves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains, stairs, suburbs, thanks, wages等通常用复数。但少数这类名词如whereabouts, dramatics后跟单数谓语动词或复数谓语动词均可。

③些以-s结尾的单复数同形的名词, 谓语动词单复数的判断要根据名词主语在句子中的意思来确定。如remains与单数谓语连用通常表示“遗迹”或“剩余物”;与复数谓语动词连用, 表示“遗体”意。

2) 美国英语和英国英语习惯用法方面。常锋 (2003) [2]、陈岚 (2001) [3]、李丽 (2003) [4]、石茂祥 (1999) [5]、任丽波 (2001) [6]认为美国英语在主谓一致上倾向于语法一致的原则, 而英国英语则倾向于意义一致的原则。

3) 指导原则相互矛盾问题。我们在上文中已经提到当主语+as well as/except等伴随成分做主语时, 谓语动词要以意义一致原则作为指导, 因此谓语动词应用单数, 如:

No one except two girls was late for dinner.[7]

但同样在《新编英语语法教程》里, 我们发现了这样一个例句:

no one except his own supporters agree with him.[7]

如果按照意义一致原则, 此句中的谓语动词agree应改成单数形式。通过分析我们发现, 这里谓语动词受就近原则, 而非意义一致原则的指导。同样一种句子结构, 指导原则之间并未完全固定, 有时候甚至相互矛盾。

4) 正式语体和非正式语体问题。在意义一致原则第9条第2点中我们提到, these/many/several+kinds/sorts/types+单数名词/复数名词不可数名词+复数谓语动词的结构, 但在非正式语体中, 表示类别的kind, sort, type可以以单数的形式存在。

摘要:主谓一致是英语语法教学中的重点, 同时因为汉语中没有主谓一致这种要求, 不需要主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致, 因此对于母语是中文的中国学生来说, 这一语法点也是学习的难点。该文将总结前人的研究成果并结合自身的教学经历, 探讨英语主谓一致问题

关键词:语法一致,探析,原因,建议

参考文献

[1]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海外语教育出版社, 2012 (2) :24, 27, 37.

[2]常锋.初探英语主谓一致规律[J].吕粱高等专科学校学报, 2003, 19 (3) :37-39.

[3]陈岚.根据三原则探讨英语主谓一致的规律[J].连云港职业技术学院学报, 2001, 14 (1) :61-63.

[4]李丽.浅谈英语主谓一致的几项基本原则[J].辽宁工学院学报, 2003, 5 (5) :45-46.

[5]茂祥.试论英语句子主谓一致的指导原则与应用[J].武刚职工大学学报, 1999, 11 (1) :70-74.

[6]任丽波.主谓一致在英语语法中应该遵循的几个基本原则[J].长春工程学院学报社会科学版, 2001, 2 (2) :29-31.

英语语法主谓一致 第5篇

Step1 定义

1.语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。

2.意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式上一致。eg.I am seventeen.She is sixteen.There is a desk in the room.There are no chairs in it.They have not come yet.Step2.Rules

1.例句

 is the biggest city in China. lies in North America. is read all over china. plays an important part in the world affairs.归纳:表示国家、城市、人名、书名、报纸、杂志及组织等专有名词作主语,通常作为整体看,谓语动词用单数

2.例句

 is a professor from a university. plays an important part in our national economy  has come to the meeting. do not agree. were over there.归纳: And 连接两个名词做主语,若and前后的名词指的是同一个人或物,谓语用单数。若指的是不同的人或物,谓语用复数。

3.例句

 are twin sisters. were surprised when they heard the news. was in the room. likes it.归纳:由and连接的两个单数名词做主语,谓语动词用复数。如在分词前由

every, each, no, many a时,谓语动词用单数。

4.例句

 was in the classroom. was getting on the bus. is to blame. Mr.Smith, his wife and children, is arriving in Beijing next

Monday.归纳:由with, together with, as well as, besides, except, along with, including, rather than等连接两个名词作主语,谓语动词根据第一个名词来判断。

5.例句

 is a large one with seven members. is a big one. 归纳:集合名词做主语,若表示整体时谓语用单数,若表示集体中的成员时

谓语用复数。

6.例句

is a long distance. is a large sum of money. is a long time.归纳:有些表示时间、数量、金钱、距离等的名词可以作为一个整体来对待,谓语动词用单数。

7.例句

have been tried. has been tried. is at the other end of the town. were closed for lack of raw material.归纳:有些单复数同型的名词,要根据意思决定谓语动词的形式。

8.例句

 Walking on the moon is very difficult. What he said is wrong. To walk with him is a great pleasure. Smoking is harmful to people’s health.归纳:动名词、不定式或从句做主语时,谓语用单数。

9.例句

are taken good care of in our village. were sent to hospital immediately. are for the plan, but the poor are against it.gives pleasure to all.归纳:定冠词the 加上某些形容词,如the rich, the wounded, the old, the dead, the

sick 等表示一类人,谓语用复数。表示一类物,用单数。

10.例句

 am to go.is wholly right. am going to be punished for playing computer games

after school.归纳:当两个主语由either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接时,谓

语动词与邻近的主语保持一致。

11.例句

 is a computer and many books for you. were many pictures of him on the wall.归纳:Here, there 引导的句子,谓语动词也采用就近原则。

12.例句

is covered with water. were bad.归纳:分数或百分数做主语时,谓语动词根据后面的名词来判断。若名词为

可数名词,谓语用复数,若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数

13.例句

 None of them has arrived yet at the area. None of them have arrived yet. Neither of them knows the answers. Neither of them know the answers.归纳:代词none, neither 有时作单数看,有时作复数看待,主要 根据说话人的意思来判断。

14.例句

 have been to shanghai. has been to shanghai.归纳:“One of+复数名词” 后的定语从句中的谓语用复数,而“the(only/very)one of+复数名词”后的定语从句中的谓语用单数

15.例句

 Everyone is here. Everything is ready.归纳:Everybody, everyone, someone ,nobody, everything, nothing, something等

不定代词作主语,谓语动词用单数

Step3.Exx.1.Mike and John’s __________.A.father is a teacherB.fathers are teachers

C.father are teacherD.fathers are teachers

2.Three fourths of the homework ________ today.A.has finishedB.has been finished

C.have finishedD.have been finished

3.Jane is the only one of the best students in her class who _______ by their teacher.A.are praisedB.is praisedC.praiseD.praised

4.The whole class _____ the teacher attentively.A.are listening toB.is listening toC.are listening D.is listening

5.The United States of America___one of the most developed countries in the world.A.isB.areC.wasD.were

6.Nobody_______to smoke in the cinema.A.allowsB.allowC.is allowedD.are allowed

7.Mary as well as her sisters______Chinese in China.A.are studying B.have studied C.is studying D.study

8.I, who_______your teacher,will try my best to help you with your study.A.beB.amC.areD.is

9.The rich _______ not always happy.A.areB.isC.hasD.have

10.Many a man ______ come to help me.A.haveB.hasC.doesD.had

11.No one but her parents _______ it.A.knowB.knowsC.is knowingD.are knowing

单元检测

一. 单词拼写

1.The old man came in, with two young men ______(搀扶)his body.2.Flying across the high mountain for the first time is a great a___________.3.Devoted to the cause of education all her life, she was r________ by all the

people in her country.4.________(鉴于)his age, he did it quite well.5.His first song was __________(给予灵感)by the memory of his mother.二. 完成句子

6.She worked hard to _______ ________ ________ _________ ________ ________ ________ not to use them.她努力工作让尽可能多的国家同意不再使用他们。

7.But the evening _______ _______ all __________.但是到傍晚时分我们觉得这一切都是值得的。

8.________ unusual _________ __________ in the forest.对女性来说住进大森林是一件稀罕的事。

9.Why not study a medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and ______ __ her good work?

为什么不像林巧稚一样在医学院学习然后继续她高尚的工作呢?

10.They are _______ ________ ________ to learners of English.他们对学习英语的人很有帮助。

三. 单项选择

11.It can be said that reaching the agreement so quickly was a great ____ for the

meeting

A.appointmentB.achievementC.progressD.accident

12.----What are the students _____ about?

-----Whether Senior Three students should join in the coming school sports meet.A.quarrelingB.inspiringC.fightingD.arguing

13.______ the stars carefully, and you will find that they are not shining themselves..A.ObserveB.NoticeC.Glance atD.Mind

14.Although there are many _____ programs on TV, I think it’s wise of you not to

sit watching too much.A.worthB.worthwhileC.meaninglessD.sensible

15.Actually, the newly-published English magazine is not _______ to enlarge vocabulary.A.intendedB.instructedC.writtentD.translated

16.______ with so many fans of the famous Super Girl, the stadium is hard for us to enter.A.CrowdingB.To be crowdedC.CrowdedD.Crowded out

17.It’s my daily duty to have the English newspapers ______ to the senior students.A.printedB.publishedC.deliveredD.advertised

18.I was about to give up my effort to work on the puzzle when a good idea ___ me.A.attackedB.beatC.caughtD.hit

19.It was foolish of him to _____ his notes during that important test, and as a result,he got punished.A.stick toB.refer toC.keep toD.point to

20.In a way, I think we both won---I won the game, but you won my _______.A.supportB.favourC.respectD.impression

21.Greatly _____, the students made up their minds to carry _____ the experiment.A.inspiring;outB.inspired;on

C.having inspired;throughD.to be inspired;away

22.----What is his suggestion?

-----Just guess the meaning of it whenever you _____ a new word in reading.A.come intoB.come atC.come acrossD.come about

23.______ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will

always be in demand.A.WhileB.SinceC.AsD.If

24.-----Anything different today?

-----Er, no teacher and no student______ absent today, which means all _______ present at the meeting.A.are;areB.was;wereC.were;wasD.is;is

25.-----Am I free to run around here?

-------_______.Don’t you know the school rules?

A.Behave yourselfB.Believe in yourself

主谓一致考点探究 第6篇

1. 把主谓一致和动词的时态、语态结合起来考查;

2. 以考查动词的各种形式为主,偶尔会要求考生根据谓语动词的单复数形式来确定主语的单复数形式;

3. 主语的中心词有时不明确,需要考生仔细分析句子结构,找准主语中心词;

4. 个别题目把主谓一致和倒装句等其他知识点结合起来考查。

我们来看看几种主要的考查方式:

1. 给出动词提示词,时态语态单复数都很明确

例1 Professor James will give us a lecture on the western culture, and he as well as his assistants (be) to arrive by air.

解析 is。句意为“詹姆斯教授要给我们做关于西方文化的演讲,他和他的助手将乘飞机抵达”。主语后有as well as连接的成分时,谓语动词的单复数形式与主语保持一致,且根据句意应该用一般现在时,故填is。

例2 (2015年高考新课标II卷) This cycle 68

(go) day after day: the walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures.

解析 goes。根据第二句的warm up和are可知应该用一般现在时,主语This cycle是单数,所以填goes。

例3 (2015年高考广东卷) He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what 19 (leave).

解析 was left。此题综合考查了动词的时态、语态和单复数。根据第一句中的sold和exchanged可以确定应该用过去时态,根据意思可以确定要用被动语态,最后根据主语what的指代对象milk确定要用单数形式,所以填was left。

例4 (2014年高考上海卷) The machine (34) (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.

解析 is equipped。根据动词looks可以确定句子要用一般现在时。“某地装备了”表达方式为be equipped with,根据and可知设空句中是谓语,所以填is equipped。答题时要特别注意equip的过去式和过去分词要双写p。

2. 主语部分有修饰成分,需要找准主语中心词

例5 (2014年高考全国大纲卷) All of us need friendship. The understanding between two friends mean both of them have similar ideas and trust each other.

解析 mean改为means。通过第一句可以确定第二句应该使用一般现在时,第二句的主语的中心词是单数词understanding,所以谓语动词应该用单数。这道题有一定的迷惑性,主语部分有一个修饰成分,要认真分析句子结构,找准主语的中心词。

3. 把主谓一致和倒装句结合起来考查

例6 (2015年高考福建卷) Here (77) my tips for you.

解析 are。此题考查了倒装句中的主谓一致问题。以here,there等副词开头的句子完全倒装。横线处的主语不是here,而是tips,所以应该填复数形式are。

4. 给出主语提示词,根据谓语动词的形式确定主语的单复数

例7 (2014年高考新课标I卷) While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the 69 (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.

解析 changes。主谓一致不仅会考查根据主语的单复数确定谓语动词的单复数形式,有时候还需要逆向思维,通过谓语动词的形式来确定主语的单复数形式。此题横线后面的谓语动词是复数,所以主语也应该用名词的复数形式。

点拨 设空处是名词时,根据谓语动词的单复数形式确定主语的单复数形式。

设空处是动词时,同学们答题时可以遵循如下三个步骤:

1. 一定时态。根据句子中其他动词的时态、句子的时间状语等信息确定时态;

2. 二定语态。根据主语和动词之间的意义关联确定有没有被动关系,设空处的后面如果有表示“被”的介词by,可直接确定用被动语态;

浅析英语中的主谓一致现象 第7篇

英语中处理主谓一致离不开三个原则,它们是:语法一致原则(grammatical concord)、概念一致原则(notional concord)和就近一致原则(Principle of Proximity)。三个原则虽然不同,但他们并不矛盾,有时还相互起作用。

1以名词或名词短语作主语时的主谓一致情况

英语中的名词一般可以分成普通名词和专有名词两大类,其中普通名词包括个体名词(如dog,chair,pen)、集体名词(如class,family,people)、物质名词(如water,air,paper)和抽象名称(如honesty,happiness,work)。

1.1以-ics结尾的学科名词,一般与单数形式的动词连用。例如:

a.Economics(Maths,Physics,Politics,Linguistics,Mechanics)is a very important subject.

经济学(数学、物理学、政治、语言学、机械学)是一门非常重要的学科。

b.Statistics is her major.统计学是她的专业。

1.2若干以-ings结尾的名词通常后接动词的复数形式。例如:

a.Your earnings are the sums of money that you are by working.

你的收入就是你工资的总数。

b.The surroundings of the school are good.这所学校的环境是好的。

c.The hair clippings have been swept up.剪下的头发被扫掉了。

1.3以-s结尾指单一事物的专有名词,一般后接动词的单数形式;有些表示山脉、群岛、瀑布等的专有名词往往用动词的复数形式。例如:

a.The United States is very rich..美国是非常富裕的。

b.The United Nations is an international organization.联合国是一个世界性的组织。

c.Athens is the capital of Greece.雅典是希腊的首都。

d.The Alps are in Europe.阿尔卑斯山脉是在欧洲。

1.4一些形式上是复数而意义上却是单数的名词,后接谓语动词的单数形式。例如:

a.The headquarters is far from the front.指挥部离前线很远。

b.The news has been spread throughout the world.这条消息已经传遍世界各地。

1.5集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的形式要与主语表示的概念一致.,而不与主语的形式一致,有时跟动词的单数,有时接动词的复数形式。例如:

a.The audience was enormous.观众是非常多的。

b.The audiencewere greatly moved at the words.观众被这些话深深地感动了。

c.The committee meets twice a month.这个委员每月碰两次面。

d.The police have caught the murder.警察已经抓住了凶手。

e.The cattle on the farm are well-fed.这个农场上的牛群被喂养的很好。

但也有一些集体名词,如furniture,equipment,merchandise等作主语时,随后的动词用单数形式。例如:

a.These furniture is very expensive.这些家具是非常昂贵的。

b.The equipment in the lab is from Japan.实验室里的仪器都来自日本。

1.6由and或both…and…连接两个单数形式的名词词组作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;当连接的名词在意义上是指同一个人或同一个事物、同一个概念时,谓语动词则用单数形式。例如:

a.The singer and the dancer are famous in their country.

这个歌唱家和那个舞蹈家在他们国家都是非常著名的。

b.Thesingeranddancerisvery well-known.

既是歌唱家又是舞蹈家的那个人是很有名气的。

c.Both rice and wheat are well grown in the field.地里的稻谷和小麦长势都不错。

1.7当名词作主语,名词后接一些介词短语(如more than,no less than,along with,except,together with,like,rather than)作另一个主语时,其谓语动词的单复数取决于第一个主语的名词的单复数。例如:

a.My mother,as well as my two brothers,has a key to the office.

我的母亲,也与我的两位兄弟一样,有一把办公室的钥匙。

b.The father,rather than the brother,is responsible for this thing.

那位父亲,而不是那个兄弟,对这件事是有责任的。

c.Thosestudents,togetherwiththeir teacher,were glad to hear the exciting news.

那些学生,与他们的老师一样,听到这个激动人心的消息都喜出望外。

d.No one except two guests was late for the dinner party.

除了两个客人之外,没有人在宴会上迟到。

1.8当名词作主语,其名词前被all of,most of,half of,a lot of,part of等修饰时,其谓语动词的用法取决于该名词的单复数。例如:

a.Half of the children are playing on the playground.

半数以上的孩子都到操场上去玩了。

b.All of his spare time was spent on watching TV.

他把所有的业余时间都花在看电视上了。

1.9当有两个对称部分组成的物体的名称,通常是以-s结尾的名词(如shorts短裤,scissors剪刀,trousers裤子)作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。当其名词前被a pair of,this kind of等修饰时,其谓语动词用单数形式;若是被these kinds of,those types of等修饰时,其谓语动词用复数形式。例如:

a.Where are my new glasses?The pair of glasses isn't mine.

我的新眼镜在哪儿?这副眼镜不是我的。

b.Those series of TV plays are very interesting for me.

那些电视剧对我来说都是非常有趣的。

c.His new trousers are black and white.他的新裤子是黑白相间。

2以代词或代词词组作主语时的主谓一致情况

2.1在every…and every…,each…and each…,no…and no…,one and a half…等结构后,谓语动词常用单数形式。例如:

a.No boy and no girl likes the film.男孩和女孩喜欢这部电影。

b.Each man and each woman is asked to help.任何人都被要求提供帮助。

2.2不定代词each,either,neither,the other,another,anything,nobody等有单数意义,作主语时,动词要与其一致,以符合语法上一致的原则。例如:

a.Nobody is listening to the teacher now.现在没有人在认真听老师上课。

b.Each knows about it.每一个人都知道这件事。

当each位于复数主语后时,不影响主语的数,动词仍用复数。例如:

They each have won a prize.(=They have won a prize each.)

他们每一个人都赢得一份奖金。

1.3当none,neither,any后面有“of+复数名词或代词”时,动词可以用复数形式.也可用单数形式。例如:

a.None of them have come.他们都没有来。

b.Neither of them knows French.他们两个人谁都不懂外语。

2.4由or,nor,either…or…,neither…nor…,not only…but also…连接的并列结构作主语,随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。例如:

a.Either you or I am wrong..要么是你要么是我错了。

b.Not only his classmates but also his English teacher is kind to him.

不仅他的同班同学而且他的英语老师对他都很好。

3以数词短语作主语时的主谓一致情况:

3.1英语中有一些表示数量概念的词组,他们在句子常常可以作主语。当数词短语作主语时,可以看成一个整体,其谓语动词常用单数形式。例如:

a.Ten years is a moment in history.十年在历史上是一瞬间。

b.One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor.一百美元对于穷人来说是一大笔钱.

c.Three miles was too long a distance for me to run..

对我来说要跑完三英里的路程太长了。

3.2由“most of/all of/half of等+名词”构成短语或由“分数或百分数+of+名词”构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词的形式由其后的名词决定。例如:

a.Three-fourths of the people are very poor in the village.

在那个村庄上四分之三的人是穷人。

b.Thirty percent of the students in the class like singing.

这个班级百分之三十的学生喜欢唱歌。

c.A lot of money was spent for travel.旅游花了许多钱。

d.An average of 25 applications a month is unusual.

每个月平均有25张申请是件不同寻常的事情。

e.A majority of the town's younger men are moving to the city.

这个镇上绝大多数年轻人都将搬到城里去。

3.3一般来说,英语中表达加法或乘法,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数;表达减法或除法时,谓语动词只能用单数。[3]例如:

a.Four and/plus four are/is eight.四加四等于八。

b.Five times/multiplied by six is/are thirty.五乘以六等于三十。

c.Thirty minus twelve equals/leaves eighteen.三十减去十二等于十八。

d.Twenty divided by five is/gives four.二十除以五等于四。

4以冠词词组作主语时的主谓一致情况:

4.1“the+形容词”作主语时,其主谓关系遵循意义一致的原则。意义若是指个人或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指一类人,谓语动词用复数。例如:

a.The true is to be distinguished from the false.真实应与假象区别开来。

b.In many films,the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate.在许多电影里,好人总是有好报,坏人注定要倒霉。

c.In that country,the poor become poorer,the rich become richer.

在那个国家里,穷人愈来愈穷,富人愈来愈富。

d.The rich was her father,who left her much money.

她父亲是个有钱人,给她留下了很多钱。

4.2“the+number of”和“a+number of”作主语时,谓语动词分别用单数和复数,意思分别是“……的数量”、“许多,很多,大量的”。例如:

a.The number of students in this school is2059.

b.A number of students are playing on the playground.

5以非谓语结构作主语时的主谓一致情况:

动词不定式或动名词作主语时,一般后接谓语动词的单数形式。例如:

a.Smoking is bad for your health.吸烟有害健康.

b.To work hard is necessary for me at present.当前努力工作对我来说是非常必要的。

c.Early to bed and early to rise is a good habit.早睡早起是一个好习惯。

6以从句形式作主语时的主谓一致情况:

6.1以what引导的名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数还是复数随意思而定,动词的数要遵循概念一致的原则。例如:

a.What he had done is wrong,we must correct it at once.

他所做的是错误的,我们必须立即纠正它。

b.What she read were the latest novels.

她所读的都是最新的一些小说.

6.2以that引导的名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。例如:

a.That we can visit there is a great pleasure.我们能到那儿去参观真是非常荣幸.

b.That I can work with you is enjoyable.能和你一起工作真是令人愉快的.

6.3以who,whether,how,why等词引导的名词性从句作主语时,其后的动词通常用单数。例如:

a.Whether he will stay at home or not tomorrow isn't decided.

明天他是否呆在家里还没有决定。

b.Who is the first man to work out the problem isn't important for us.

谁第一个计算出这道题目对我来说并不是重要的。

6.4定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该和它的先行词保持一致。例如:

a.I am not one who is afraid of difficulty.我是一个不怕困难的人。

b.Don't choose me,who am not qualified for this job.不要选我,我不适合做这项工作.

6.5在“one of+复数名词”之后的定语从句中,当关系代词作主语时,谓语动词的形式用复数。例如:

a.That is one of the most valuable dictionaries that have appeared in recent years.

那本词典是近几年来所见过的最有价值的词典之一。

b.It is one of the world capitals which are famous for its busy harbor.

那是一个以其海港繁忙而闻名世界的首都。

当关系代词的先行词前面有the、the only等限定词和修饰语时,定语从句的谓语动词要用单数形式.例如:

a.He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job.

他是那些工人中唯一能做此工作的人。

b.The captain is the only one of the players who has attended team practice regularly.

队长是这些运动员中唯一定期参加队里训练的人。

7其他作主语时的主谓一致情况:

7.1在主谓倒装的句子里,动词的数应与主语的数一致。例如:

a.On the wall were famous paintings.墙上是一些著名的油画.

b.Here comes the bus.那辆公共汽车来了.

7.2在there be引起的句子中,其谓语动词通常也与最邻近的那个主语一致。例如:

a.There is a book and three pens on the table.课桌上有一本书和三支钢笔.

b.There are three pens and a book.课桌上有三支钢笔和一本书.

7.3在“It is+被强调主语+who/that从句”中,从句中的谓语动词形式应与被强调主语保持一致。例如:

a.It is I who am to blame.是我应该受到责备。

b.It is Peter that knows the news.是彼特知道这个消息。

综上所述,在主谓一致的教学中,教师要始终从“语言使用”这一层面来传授知识,将显性的知识转换为学生潜在的技能,这样才能使学生有意识的运用主谓一致原则来规范自己的语言行为。

参考文献

[1]袁懋梓.实用大学英语语法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003:407.

[2]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003:28.

英语教学中的主谓一致 第8篇

一、语法协调

这是最基本的原则。请看下面的例子:

1.Mary was engaged to Jack a week ago.

2.Mary and Jack were engaged a week ago.

例1主语是第三人称单数, 谓语也用第三人称单数;例2主语是复数, 谓语动词也用复数。上面两个例子, 主谓一致, 这是语法协调原则的运用。但在运用这条原则时, 还要注意下面几个问题: (1) 主语中的中心词; (2) 冠词的使用; (3) 连接词的使用。

(1) 主语中的中心词

请看下面的例子:

1.The number of students taking the TOEFL test is growing rapidly.

2.A number of students are still studying in the reading-room of the library.

例1中的主语中心词是“number”, “of students”是修饰“number”的定语, 谓语动词要用单数。例2中的主语中心词是“students”, “a number of”相当于“many”, 是“students”的限定词, 谓语动词要用复数形式。常用的这类限定词有:a lot of, a couple of, plenty of等。

(2) 冠词的使用

请看下面的例子

1.The doctor and nurse is in the ward taking good care of the old woman.

2.The doctor and the nurse are in the ward taking good care of the old woman.

例1由“doctor”和“nurse”共用一个定冠词, 说明“doctor”和“nurse”是一个人, 医生兼护士, 故谓语动词用单数。例2在“doctor”和“nurse”前各有一个定冠词, 明显地表明医生和护士是两个人, 他们一起去照顾那位老妇人, 谓语动词用复数。

(3) 连接词的使用

在主谓一致的问题上, 要注意复合主语中连接词的使用。请看下面的例子:

1.Light, sound and electricity are forms of energy.

2.Either the school paper or the yearbook pays the expenses.

3.The lawyer, as well as his former college friend, was on the trip to Europe.

例1中的复合主语使用的连接词是“and”, 表示“和”的意思, 两个单数相加成为复数, 故谓语动词用复数。常用的这类连接词有:and, both...and...等。

例2使用的连接词是“either...or...”, 这种连接词表示一种选择, 故连接的两个名词都是单数时, 其谓语动词应该用单数。常用的这类连接词有:or, either...or..., nor, neither...nor...等。

例3使用“as well as”连接, 这是准连接词。尽管“friend”和“lawyer”是两个人, 而且两个人一起去, 但是谓语动词还是要用单数, 因为只有“The lawyer”才是句子的主语。这类准连接词常用的有:as much as, but, rather than, with等。

这些单词或词组只起意义上的连接, 不起语法上的连接。

二、意念协调

“意念协调”指的是从主语所表达的意念出发来决定谓语动词在数上与主语取得一致。

运用意念协调原则要注意某些名词的意念。有些名词, 随着所表达意念的不同, 虽不必改变形态, 但根据意念有时作单数, 有时作复数。这样的名词包括: (1) 某些集体名词; (2) 某些以“s”结尾的名词; (3) 某些无复数形式的名词。还有一些名词, 虽然形式上是单数, 所表达的意念却是复数;相反, 一些名词形式上虽是复数, 却只表达单数概念。下面分类举例谈一谈:

(一) 某些集体名词

有些集体名词, 当你把它作为一个集体看待时, 它是单数;考虑到这个集体的各个成员时, 它又是复数。请看例子:

1.His family are fond of watching sports programs on TV.

2.His family goes to the movie.

例1中的“family”是指组成这个“家庭”的每个成员, 故谓语动词用复数;例2中的“family”是作为整体的, 谓语动词用单数。常用的词有:audience, class, couple, crew, population等。

(二) 某些以“s”结尾的名词

有些名词以“s”结尾, 可作单数也可作复数。请看例子:

1.The quickest means of getting there is to take a plane.

2.All possible means have been tried.

例1中的“means”表达的是单数意思, 例2中的“means”表达的是复数意思。这样的词还有:barracks, bellows, headquarters, series, species等。

(三) 某些无复数形式的名词

有一些名词, 不以“s”结尾, 根据意念的变化, 可作单数也可作复数用。请看:

1.There were five black sheep at the bottom of the hill.

2.One sheep was grazing on the village green.

“sheep”在例1中是复数, 在例2中是单数, 这是一个不规则名词, 单复数一样。这类名词有:sheep (羊) , deer (鹿) , aircraft (飞机) , dozen (打) , Chinese (中国人) , score (二十) 等。

(四) 单数形式的复数名词

有一些名词形式上不加“s”, 但所表达的意念却是复数。

例如police虽然不以“s”结尾, 但是却只作复数用, 如要说“一个警察”时, 应说a policeman。常用的这类词有:cattle, clergy, police等。有的形容词加上“the”就表示一类人, 常用的词有:the young (年轻人) , the aged (上年纪的人) , the poor (穷人) , the blind (瞎子) 等。

(五) 复数形式的单数名词

有的名词是以“s”结尾的, 但只能作单数名词。如news虽然以“s”结尾, 但只能跟单数形式的动词。如果要说几条新闻, 则必须在前面加上“a piece of...”等量词。常用的名词有:billiards (台球) , works (工厂) , mumps (腮腺炎) 等。

大学生口语中的主谓一致运用 第9篇

本文主要是观察四名学生在课堂随机练习中, 针对主谓一致这个语法现象, 在口语输出过程中的具体运用。为什么选择这个语言现象, 是因为笔者在实际的授课过程中发现, 很多学生在回答问题, 或者小组练习中, 出现了很多语法错误, 如though, but同时使用、名词单复数使用混乱、主谓一致关系运用不好等等。针对上述这些在实际教学中出现的问题, 笔者专门设计了一次课堂任务, 以主谓一致关系为考察内容。

1 主谓一致

一般情况下, 英语句子都具备两个主要成分–主语和谓语, 它们是句子的核心部分。一致关系是指在同一个句子中两个或更多的成分或词语之间在语法关系和形式上的一致。从语法范畴上看, 一致关系包括数的一致、人称的一致、格的一致、性的一致等。从句子成分或词语上看, 一致关系包括主谓一致、代词与其对应词语的一致、主语和表语的一致等。其中最主要的是主谓一致。主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系。在英语中, 谓语动词必须随着主语的人称和数的变化而改变, 也就是说谓语动词必须跟着主语的名词或代词或其他形式的内容在人称和数上相一致。由于英汉两种语言本身存在差异, 导致中国学生在运用主谓一致规则时会产生许多错误。

2 任务设计

本次受试是对外汉语专业大一的学生, 经过了两个多月的学习, 学生们基本上适应了大学生活, 并且对自己的英语学习有了比较明确的目的。本次的课堂内容是要求学生们描述自己的好朋友, 曾经的老师、喜欢的男女明星, 或者自己的父母亲。要求先描述男性或者女性, 再描述另一方。尽量避免使用we, they这类词。同时要求学生在描述的同时使用一些连接词, 让内容听起来更吸引人, 也更连贯。

3 结果分析

从本次实验可以看出, 学生们的描述内容也出现了一些常见问题, 如流利度不够, 内容过于简单, 不深刻, 句式也很单一等等。但是因为笔者此次旨在分析学生口语中主谓一致的运用, 所以其他问题都忽略不计。在这四名学生中, 两名学生选择描述自己的男女好朋友, 一位选择描述自己的父母亲, 还有一位描述了自己喜欢的男女明星。

总体来说, 这四个学生的错误可以分成三类:1.My best fe-male friend like sing (ing) .

She dance very well.She also like Zhou Jielun.2.My friendsis part of my life.3.He does a lot of things for us and do things with-out complaints.

我们可以看出来, 第一类的错误中因为主语是my best female friend, she等显而易见的表示单数的名词, 后面的谓语动词应该使用相应的第三人称单数形式, 而且这种句式早在初中, 甚至是小学英语中就已经出现。从小学四年级开始课本中开始出现句型:I have…和He/She has…以及相应的否定式句式。一直到小学六年级, 第三人称单数也一直是课本的一个重点内容。而学生进入初中后, 在《新目标》英语中, 第七册的课本中又再一次出现了这几个句型, 并且这三个句子的谓语动词都是最常用的动词, like, dance。从小学时学生们就已经接触了简单地涉及主谓一致的句子, 而典型的动词就是have, like。但是一直到大学, 这种错误仍然是经常出现, 但是有两点要注意, 一是当学生进行书面表达的时候, 他们很少使用这么简单的句子, 即使使用了, 也不会像口语中错误这么多;第二点则是, 当学生使用这一句型时, 如果主语是he或者是she, 那么相应的错误也会少些, 或者会自己进行修正。第二类错误在本次实验中比较少见, 当主语是复数时, 学生们很少会出现主谓一致方面的错误。第三类错误也是比较少见的。从句子中我们可以看出来, 这个学生虽然也是用了一个单句, 但是句子中出现了用and连接两个动词做并列谓语的情况。当她使用第一个谓语时, 因为主语是he, 所以她使用了动词do的第三人称单数形式does, 但是当她在说到第二个谓语的时候, 很显然主语是单数还是复数在头脑中已经不存在了, 所以她没有使用do的第三人称单数形式does.

以上这三类错误, 学生在表述过程中都没有意识到自己说错了, 所以也就没有自我纠正。但是在本次实验中, 第四个学生说出了这样一个句子:I think parents is are the most important persons in our world.在她讲述父母亲的时候, 她先使用了be动词is, 但是马上发现主谓不一致, 然后她就修改了谓语, 让句子的表达正确。这表明在日常交际过程中, 言者总是在不断地监控自己的言语行为, 即时核查其言语是否准确传达了要表达的意思。如果发现自己的言语表达不够恰当, 或者出了差错, 就会主动进行纠正, 这就叫做自发式修正 (self-initiated self-repair) , 或简称自我修正。自我修正是言语监控过程的显性表现, 可分为三种类型:不同修正 (用不同的信息替换当前信息) 、恰当修正 (用恰当的表达方式替代当前表达方式以消除歧义、使表达更加精确、或保持内容的前后连贯) 和错误修正 (纠正当前表达方式中的词汇、句法和语音方面的错误) 。

虽然英语教学越来越重视口语及其交流意义, 但同时却或多或少地忽略了语言的重要形式–语法, 从这次实验中, 可以看出来学生在头脑中知道要保持主谓一致, 但是可能需要一定的时间。因为就以第一类错误为例, 并不是所有使用like, love的句子都是错误的, 一半以上的句子都是正确的, 四名学生中有一名男同学, 在他的话语中, 就没有发现这类错误。目前还不清楚在什么情况下, 是受言者性别、语速、讲话内容、还是其他的因素, 这种语法的正确性会受到影响, 。但是在多数情况下, 中国大学生在口语表达前要经历思维准备过程。在计划口语表达内容时, 他们常常用汉、英语交替思考, 口头表达能力不同程度地受到汉语迁移的影响。比较明显的是though和but的同时使用, 这说明言者的汉语影响到了第二语言。表达时虽然能综合调动各种交际策略来寻找恰当的表达方式, 但是对语法和发音顾及不周。同时本次实验也表明, 虽然任务的内容很常见, 但是学生们描述的内容太单一、简单。类似于初中的一个小作文。这说明, 学生们口语表达内容的深度还有待于加强。

4 结束语

从此次实验当中可以看出, 虽然本次重点旨在考察学生口语中出现的主谓一致的运用问题, 但是可以看出, 学生们的口语仍存在很大的问题。大部分学生从小学就开始学习英语, 而主谓一致这个语言点他们应该是相当熟悉, 并且像动词like have, dance, sing等等, 学生们应该运用的相当自如, 但是仍然会出现She???dance???very well.这样的错误。这说明语言习得的过程是一个很复杂的过程, 尤其是学生们的汉语对英语的口语输出仍会起着相当的作用。同时也要引起老师和学生对学生口语中基础语法知识的重视, 提高运用英语交流的准确性。

摘要:大学生的口语能力是英语学习中一个重要的方面, 该文主要是针对大学生口语中经常出现的主谓一致方面的错误进行分析, 旨在指出错误, 同时也要引起老师和学生对学生口语中基础语法知识的重视, 提高运用英语交流的准确性。

关键词:主谓一致,口语,自我修正

参考文献

[1]陈慧媛.关于语言僵化现象起因的理论探讨[J].外语教学与研究, 1999 (3) :37-43.

[2]束定芳, 庄智象.现代外语教学-理论, 实践与方法[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1996.

[3]陈庭云.二语习得中回避现象浅析[J].重庆工学院学报, 2003 (5) :99-101.

[4]丁言仁.第二语言习得研究与外语学习[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2004.

[5]文秋芳.从全国英语专业四级口试看口语教学[J].外语界, 2001 (1) :4-8.

[6]文秋芳等.全国英语专业八级口试的可行性研究[J].外语界, 2003 (3) :1-4.

[7]吴旭东.外语课堂口语发展理论模式 (上) [J].现代汉语, 1996 (4) :20-23.

浅谈英语学习中的主谓一致关系 第10篇

学习英语的人都知道:主语是单数, 谓语动词用单数;主语是复数, 谓语动词用复数。如下面的句子:

A girl is learning English.

Girls are learning English.

这是比较简单的句子, 做起来也很容易, 因为主语的单复数很容易区分。当我们更深一步学习英语时, 就会遇到许多难以辨别的句子。在这里主要讲述一下主、谓一致关系中出现的特殊情况, 和大家共享。

1.动词与其主语被一些其他词分隔。

在英语中常有一些词出现在主语和动词中间, 使主、谓关系含糊不清。

Eg.The rhythm of the dancers stirs the audience's emotions.

这个句子的主语是rhythm, 而不是dancers。 因此, 谓语动词用stirs, 而没有用stir。再如:

John together with his sons is going for a walk.

“together with”是介词短语, 起介词的语法作用。这个句子的主语是John, 而不是his sons。因此, 这句的谓语动词必须和前面的主语保持一致。

类似“together with”的短语还有“as well as, with, in addition”等。这些词修饰主语时, 谓语动词都要和前面的主语在数上保持一致。

2.由连词连接的并列主语与动词的关系。

第一种情况:由“and”或“both…and”连接的主语, 通常情况下动词用复数。

Eg.You and he have been here!

这里把“You and he”作为并列主语, 谓语动词用复数have.

但是当并列主语后面出现each时, 谓语动词既可以用单数, 也可以用复数。

Eg.Speaking and writing each requires (require) a mastery of words.

第二种情况:由“Or, nor, either…or, neither…nor”连接的主语, 谓语动词要和后面的主语保持一致。

Eg.Neither they nor I am happy with the results.

You or he has been there.

在掌握和运用时一定要注意这些连词, 切不可搞混。

3.集体名词作主语要根据他们的用法而定

集体名词如army, class, family, group, team等, 形式上是单数, 但却指由不同的个体所组成的集合体。当把一个集合体看成是一个整体单位时, 谓语动词用单数。

Eg.Some people said that the American family is no longer functioning.

这里把“American family”看成整体。

如果把一个集合体中的成员看成不同的个体时, 集体名词则要求接复数动词。

Eg.The Rogers family have been parking their cars on our town.

这里则强调“Rogers family”中的每一个成员。

4.一些形式上是复数而意义上是单数的名词作主语, 谓语动词用单数。

Eg.Maths is a subject studied nearly in every school.这类常见的词也很多。如news, maths, politics, physics, economics等。平时学习时, 要注意它们和复数名词的不同

5.there或here引导的倒装句, 谓语动词和后面的主语保持一致。如果是并列主语, 谓语动词用复数。

Eg.There are several answers to the problem.

Here is a piece of advice.

在这种情况下, 只要能正确判断主语, 就不会犯错。

6.定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词保持一致。这种情况下, 最重要的是确定先行词。尤其是对“one of the”这类词组开头的句子, 必须仔细观察句子所表达的意思, 再来决定动词用单数还是复数。

以下面三个句子为例:

(a) He is one of the members who are quarrelsome.

(b) She is the only one of the members who has paid money.

(c) She is only one of the members who have paid money.

在这三个句子中, 先行词虽然都有“one of members”, 但所表达的意思不同, 第一句中的先行词强调“members”, 是所有的“members”都“quarrelsome”, “He”只是其中一员, 所以谓语动词用复数动词。第二句中的先行词强调“the only one”, 意思是“pay money”的人仅此一个, 谓语动词用单数。而第三句的先行词又强调“members”, 说明“pay money”的人是全部, “She”只是其中一个, 意思与第一句相似, 故用动词的复数。

7.表示时间, 货币, 度量, 重量, 体积的词作主语时, 如果总量被看成是一个整体单位, 谓语动词用单数。总量被看成是各个不同的单位时, 谓语动词则用复数。

Eg.Three-fourths of the day is gone.

这里把“three-fourths”看成整体, 谓语动词用“is”。

再如:The last six miles were grueling in different ways.

“six miles”被看成不同的单位, 动词就用“were”。

主谓一致高考链接 第11篇

主谓一致是中学英语的重要语法,也是高考的重要考点。现将近年来,全国各高考试题中有关主谓一致的考查点归纳总结如下:

热点一:考查整体中的部分作主语

【高考真题】

例1 (2011年湖南卷)One-third of the country___covered with trees and the majority of the citizens black people.

A. is; are

B. is; is

C. are; are

D. are; is

解析 A。One third of the country是单数,the majority of the citizens是复数。

The course of true love never did run smooth.(Shakespeare)

例2 (2011年安徽卷)The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which___saved for other purposes.

A. is

B. are

C. was

D. were

解析 D。the rest of which中的which指代上文的raw materials,是复数。且用过去时。

例3 (2010年江苏卷)—Is everyone here?

—Not yet…Look, there___the rest of our guests!

A. come

B. comes

C. is coming

D. are coming

解析 A。句子的主语是the rest of our guests,所以用复数。

【考点透视】

分数和百分数, most of, the rest of 短语等作主语时,谓语动词要跟中心名词一致。中心名词是可数名词时,谓语用复数;中心名词是不可数名词时,谓语用单数。如:

Two thirds of the workers are from the countryside. 三分之二的工人来自农村。

Two thirds of the work has been finished so far. 到目前为止,三分之二的工作已经被完成。

热点二:考查就近一致原则

【高考真题】

例4 (2009年湖南卷)Either you or one of your students___to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.

A. are

B. is

C. have

D. be

解析 B。Either…or…. 连接两个主语,按就近原则来确定谓语的单复数。One of your students 谓语应用单数形式。

【考点透视】

在there be, neither…nor…, either…or…, not only…but also…句型中,谓语动词的形式往往与最靠近它的那个名词或代词保持一致。如:

Not only he but also I am good at English. 我们俩英语都不错。

Either they or he is to come. 不是他们就是他会来的。

热点三:考查并列结构作主语

【高考真题】

例5 (2009年四川卷)The teacher together with the students___discussing Reading Skills that___newly published in America.

A. are; were

B. is; were

C. are; was

D. is; was

解析 D。A together with B作主语时谓语动词与A的单复数保持一致;第二空为定语从句that指代Reading Skills,由于Reading Skills是书名所以谓语动词用单数。

例6 (2009年陕西卷)Dr.Smith, together with his wife and daughters,___visit Beijing this summer.

A. is going to

B. are going to

C. was going to

D. were going to

解析 A。together with 连接并列主语,谓语依前一个主语确定。时间状语是this summer, 所以用一般将来时。

【考点透视】

主语是单数,后面跟together with, with, as well as, but, except 等连接的名词或代词,谓语仍旧用单数。如:

The teacher as well as the students was excited at the news. 老师和学生们听到这个消息时都很兴奋。

The room with its furniture was rented. 房间和家具是租来的。

and 连接的并列主语,指同一个人或同一个事物(即第二个名词前面无冠词)或主语分别被each, every或no 修饰,谓语用单数。

The headmaster and secretary is coming to our class this afternoon. 校长兼书记下午要来我们班。

Each boy and each girl has the right to receive education. 每个男孩和女孩都有权接受教育。

热点四:考查非谓语动词以及名词从句等作主语

【高考真题】

例7 (2010年湖南卷)Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers.

A. is

B. are

C. has

D. have

解析 C。本题中,句子的主语是listening to loud music,所以用单数。

【考点透视】

非谓语动词以及名词从句等作主语时,谓语用单数。如:

Swimming in summer is my great pleasure. 夏天游泳是我的乐趣。

What the boy wants is a toy plane. 男孩想要的是玩具飞机。

热点五:考查形式和意义不一致的情况

【高考真题】

例8 (2010年陕西卷)It is reported that many a new house at present in the disater area.

A. are being built

B. were being built

C. was being built

D. is being built

解析 D。句子的主语是many a new house,谓语要用单数。且由时间状语at present确定用现在进行时的被动语态。

例9 (2009年山东卷)The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities___rising steadily since 1990.

A. is

B. are

C. has been

D. have been

解析 C。考查主谓一致和时态。主语是the number 故谓语动词用单数。时间状语是since 1990,所以用现在完成时。

【考点透视】

英语中,有些结构如more than one, many a 等形式单数,表示的意义是复数,句子的谓语通常也用单数。如:

More than one student is fond of pop music. 不止一个学生喜爱流行音乐。

“the number of+复数名词” 作主语时,谓语用单数形式;“a number of+复数名词” 作主语时,谓语用复数形式。如:

The number of the students in our school is 3,000. 我们学校的学生人数是3 000。

A number of students are league members. 许多学生是团员。

热点六:定语从句中的主谓一致

【高考真题】

例10 (2010年全国Ⅱ)Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who___evening dress.

A. wear

B. wears

C. has worn

D. have worn

解析 B。句中关系代词指代的是先行词the only one of the women,是单数。

【考点透视】

关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应该与句子当中的先行词的数一致。如:

Those who want to go to the concert please sign your names here. 那些想要去音乐会的请在这儿签名。

Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun. 有些人类使用的能量来自太阳。

Love is stronger than death.

巩固练习

1. Either you or the headmaster___the prize to these gifted students at the meeting.

A. is handing out

B. are to hand out

C. are handing out

D. is to hand out

2. The number of people invited___fifty, but a number of them___absent for different reasons.

A. were; was

B. was; was

C. was; were

D. were; were

3. —Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons,___to go to university.

—So do I.

A. hope

B. hopes

C. hoping

D. hoped

4. A large number of students in our school___boys.

A. are

B. is

C. has

D. have

5. This is one of the most interesting questions that___asked.

A. have

B. has

C. have been

D. has been

6. He is the only one of the students who___elected.

A. are

B. have

C. has

D. is

7. This whole class___the teacher attentively.

A. are listening to

B. is listening to

C. are listening

D. is listening

8. Ten minutes___an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.

A. seems

B. seem

C. seemed

D. seeming

9. Whenever we are in trouble, many a man come to help us.

A. have

B. has

C. is

D. are

10. The United States of America___one of the most developed countries in the world.

A. is

B. are

C. was

D. were

11. This pair of shoes___too big for him, so you should bring another pair for him.

A. is

B. are

C. were

D. be

12.___either of your parents come to see you recently?

A. Have

B. Had

C. Has

D. Is

13. As is known to all, both rice and wheat___grown in that country.

A. is

B. are

C. was

D. has

14. Between the two rows of trees___the teaching building, which is newly-built.

A. stand

B. stands

C. standing

D. are

15. One and a half bananas___left on the table. You can eat them.

A. is

B. are

C. has

D. have

16. There___a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.

A. are

B. is

C. has

D. have

17. The population of China___larger than that of any other country in the world.

A. is

B. are

C. has

D. have

18. Every boy and every girl in our class___to attend the evening party.

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