讲与练范文

2024-06-07

讲与练范文(精选6篇)

讲与练 第1篇

所谓“讲与练的有效性设置”就是教师在课堂教学前对课堂教学每个环节的精心设置, 教学过程中对学生循循善诱、逐层引导, 启迪思维。让学生自主、合作探究, 将教师的教 (精讲) 与学生的学 (精练) 有机结合, 从而实现 “三主一核心”, 即“以学生为主体、以教师为主导、以练习为主线、以学生思维训练为核心”。

日常教学中许多教师习惯于把课堂教学过程分为三个时段, 即课堂设置→教师主讲→学生练习。本人以为在这样的教学中, 教师通常都是整堂讲, 而课后布置大量的作业。既不能培养学生的思维能力, 又容易增加学生学习负担。因此, 我认为在这种教学模式下, 应将整个课堂的教学活动分成教师的“讲授”和学生的“训练”两种活动来设置课堂教学, 同时通过各种教学方法的使用, 实现师生互动和生生互动, 进而使“讲的有效性” “练的有效性”实现有机结合。通过“讲的有效性”与“练的有效性”的交替进行, 使问题逐个突破, 学生的能力逐步提高。

教师对课堂讲与练的有效性设置可分为以下的几个方面:

一、课堂情境引入设置

为了发展学生的心理机能, 通过调动“情商”来增强教学效果, 教师可通过复习、作业、习题、目的、悬念、实践引入游戏、趣题、史话、故事、讨论等方法引入课题。

从而达到让学生从课堂教学前感受到快乐, 从而对数学产生浓厚的兴趣, 并为学生提供良好的学习环境。

如在“相似三角形的周长与面积”授课前, 先让学生讨论:“如果两个三角形相似, 它们的周长有什么关系?”在学生激烈地讨论后引入课题。

二、师生互动及教学活动设置

师生互动不仅是一种活动方式, 更体现了师生之间融洽、和谐的课堂氛围。

方法一:设疑激趣, 搭建平台。教师要创设学生喜闻乐见的教学情境, 以吸引学生的注意力, 激活学生心智, 使学生在一堂课的开始, 就被一种愉快而和谐的气氛所吸引, 促使学生知识情感的内化, 实现师生之间的有效互动。

方法二:创造机会, 提供舞台。教师在组织师生互动时, 必须关注学生客观存在的差异, 尽量引导不同层面的学生参与互动, 给学生创造学习和参与的机会, 给不同层次的学生都留出一定的思维空间, 为他们提供一个表现的舞台。

方法三:自主探索, 合作交流。在数学课堂教学中, 教师要根据学生的年龄特征和认知规律, 联系学生的生活实际, 设法营造出一种宽松和谐的环境, 促使学生在思维中探索, 在探索中合作, 在合作中互动。

方法四:真诚评价, 促进发展。《数学课程标准》评价建议中指出:“评价的目的是为了全面了解学生的学习状况, 激发学生的学习热情, 促进学生的全面发展。”积极的评价对于增强学生自主学习的信心和热情、形成良好的师生互动的氛围起到十分重要的推动作用。

三、设置学生大胆猜想问题

在设置学生大胆猜想问题中, 教师可在学生已学得的知识经验、能力水平和学习方法的基础上设置猜想问题。例如, 教学整式乘法公式的完全平方公式时, 提出问题: 同学们猜一猜 (a+b) 2=______? 然后给举手的同学尝试回答, 当同学们用眼睛征求我的意见时, 我则说:“同学们猜得对不对呢?”在学生急于想知道他猜想的对不对时, 老师请他们拿出草稿, 计算:

① (a+b) (a+b) =______;② (m+n) (m+n) =______;

③ (x+y) (x+y) =______;④ (c-d) (c-d) =______。

让学生去验证自己的猜想。这样充分调动起了学生自主学习的积极性和自觉性, 整节课思维活跃, 效率也高。

四、课堂练习的有效性设置

为了实现课堂练习的有效性, 在教学中把练习设计成“自主型”, 既将练习分为A、B、C三种层次, 以满足于不同层次的学生需求, 让学生根据自己的能力去选择。如A题型灵活多样, 注重理解、想象、运用。B题型再降一个层次。练习有梯度的题目, 从基础题开始, 逐渐提高, 不仅理解了新的知识, 还锻炼了解决新问题的能力。C题型多为比较简单的巩固性练习。让学生根据自己的情况来选择, 使不同层次、不同水平的学生都体会到成功的乐趣。

语音知识讲与练 第2篇

近年来,中考英语试题,对语音知识的测试越来越热门,其内容主要包括音 素、重音和语调三个方面。下 面将分别给予介绍:

一、音素:所考查的内容主要包括元音音素和辅音音素(共四十八个),因 涉及面较广,不再详述。(后 附近几年所考查音素的主要题型。)

二、重音:重音可分为单词重音和句子重音两种。

1.单词重音:英语单词由于音节的数量不一,就出现了读起来有轻有重的现 象。一般地,每个单词都有一 个音节是重读的,称重读音节;其余的音节不重 读,称非重读音节。但有的多音节词,除了一个重读音节之外 ,还有一个次重 读音节。重读音节的符号是:“′”,次重读音节的符号是:“@①”。单音节 必须重读,不 标符号。

例:name[neim] letter[′let@②] information[@①inf@②′mei∫@ ②n]

那么单词重读有无规则可循?回答是肯定的。单词重读的规则一般是:

①单音节词均重读。例:beg[beg],put[put]

②双音节词一般第一个音节重读。

例:doctor[′d@③kt@②] better[′bet@②] apple[′aepl]但是如有 前缀a-,be-,re-, dis-, mis-, de-等双音节词,则第二个音节重读。

例:about[@②′baut],again[@②′gen],address[@②′dres], beside[bi′said],report[ri′p @③:t],mistake[mis′teik], decide[di′said]

另外,双音节词的`合成词,一般第一个音节重读。例:blackboard[′blaekb @③:d]、homework[′h@② umw@②:k]但也有两音节均重读的:

′four′teen、′ un ′fair、′hel′lo、′up′stairs、 ′down′s tairs、 ′un′touched、 ′out′side、′Chi′nese、′nine′teen等。

③多音节词一般是倒数第三个音节重读。

例:wonderful[′wnd@①ful],immediately[i′mi:dj@②tli], interested[′intristid]

但双音节词加上前缀或后缀构成的多音节词,仍按原来的词根重音来读。 例:con′ductor,′carefully,dis′cover,as′sistant等。

④-ic,-tion,-sion之前的音节要重读。

例:′question,ope′ration,compo′sition,′topic,de ′cision。 为了帮助初三学生更好地记忆、朗读单词,正确地辨音,毕业复习时我把初 中全部单词按重音归纳出来。 单音节词一般本身就重读。如:bag,desk等。 双音节词和多音节词一般重音在第一个音节上。 如:′presen t′vegetable 等。现着重归纳出重音位置较特殊的单词,这样有利于学生复习。实践证明,效 果甚好。

(一)重音在第二个音节上的单词:

about agree across already among

above address afraid again ago

along alone another around away

arrive Australia Australian America American

because before below become became

begin beginning behind beside between

banana computer Canadian conductor decide

develop dictation delicious December enjoyable

example exam except excuse expensive

eraser el

扩展语句讲与练 第3篇

一. 句意丰富型

这种题型是对一个结构简单的句子,采用记叙、描写的表达方式,通过添加修饰成分或运用修辞方法等,使之具体、生动、内容充实。

例如:对“他很瘦”进行扩写,使句子内容丰富起来。

方法一:添加修饰性词语。选择恰当的形容词、数量词、副词等来修饰中心词,或在句子中添加表示情态、动作的修饰性定语、状语或补语成分。

示例一:他瘦得皮包骨头。

方法二:运用修辞方法。运用比喻、拟人、夸张、对比、排比、对偶、设问、反问等修辞方法来描述事物,可以化平淡为生动,化简单为丰富。

示例二:他,瘦高的个儿,细长的腿,活像个衣服架子。

方法三:运用表现手法。运用衬托、象征、以动写静等表现手法,可以化抽象为具体,突出表达效果,丰富表达内容。

示例三:他瘦得皮包骨头。瘦高的个儿,细长的腿,看上去活像个衣服架子。要是身上一丝不挂,大可做骨骼构造学的标本,凡是从他身边经过的人无不惊异地回头看他。

示例一比原句多一点特色,示例二通过运用比喻的修辞方法更加突出了他的瘦,示例三的侧面烘托(路人回头),使他的瘦给人留下的印象更深刻。这样通过依次加深法使思维由模糊到清晰,由简单到丰富。思维的深入再借助一定的表达技巧,语言自然变得有表现力了。

二. 情景再现型

这种题型是给出几个情景信息词,然后让考生根据这几个词提供的信息充分展开想象和联想,并运用一定的表现手法,将所构思的情景生动地表现出来。

扩展时采用的方法主要是运用记叙、描写、抒情等表达方式,运用常用的修辞方法,增加描写性内容,强化细节性特征。描写可以使要表达的内容更具体、真切,从形象上丰富原文内容。细节描写则可以使内容充实,有助于增强内容的真实性。

例如:以“斜风细雨”为表达重点,并辅以“小桥”、“小草”、“树木”等景物,至少运用一种修辞方法,按要求写一段话,不少于80字。要求表现“忧郁”的心情。

此题要求围绕“斜风细雨”,辅以“小桥”、“小草”、“树木”等景物,用一种冷色调或暗色调语言来描写,而且还必须运用至少一种修辞手法,用以衬托“忧郁”的心情。

参考示例:恼人的小雨又在微风的吹拂下飘起来了,扑得行人的衣衫湿漉漉的,路边的小桥在斜风细雨中有些模糊,桥边的树好像笼上了一层细纱。独自在长满小草的路上踯躅,任细雨打湿了衣裳,我的脸上流淌下来的仅仅是雨水吗?

三. 话题拓展型

这种题型是给一个中心句、首句或结句,要求采用记叙、议论的表达方式,运用某种论证方法加以充实或扩展。

例如:请以“和谐”为内容写三句话。要求每句话都使用比喻,三句话构成排比。

此题将扩展语句和修辞有机地融合到一起进行考查,首先,我们得注意这里的话题是“和谐”,一切内容都要以它为中心;其次,表述“和谐”这一内容的时候要使用比喻修辞,写三个比喻句,并使它们在句式上构成排比。无论从哪一个层面入手,要对和谐有一个比较完美的阐述,都需要丰富的想象和联想,需要积极感受生活的点滴,或着眼于自然,或着眼于社会,无一不是如此。

参考示例:和谐是乐手演奏的动人旋律,和谐是画家创作的美丽画卷,和谐是设计师描绘的宏伟蓝图。

四. 鉴赏评价型

这种题型主要是要求考生对古典诗词及格言、警句等以赏析的形式进行扩展,或对其情景进行合理的想象与描摹。鉴赏主要是指出主题在表情达意方面的妙处,可以从思想内容(情感、主题等)上,也可以从艺术手法(风格、表现形式、语言等)上进行鉴赏评价。

例如:陆游《临安春雨初霁》中有一诗句:“小楼一夜听春雨,深巷明朝卖杏花。”请你想象“深巷明朝卖杏花”的镜头,将其扩展成一段话,50字左右。

诗词语言以含蓄隽永见长,如何把它们的深层内涵完美地传达出来,是训练语言表达能力的一个切入点。注意在扩展时对细节和环境氛围进行描写,抓住时间、地点、人物、情态等进行合理想象。

参考示例:在细雨霏霏的早晨,江南水乡的小巷中,一个手提花篮的小女孩沿着青石板路叫卖着,那杏花瓣上几颗晶莹的水珠显得特别耀眼。

【巩固练习】

1. 按要求把下面的句子扩写成一段话。

这个冬天天气异常寒冷。

要求:(1)正面描写与侧面描写相结合;(2)至少运用两种不同的修辞方法;(3)不少于80字。

答:

2. 扩展下面语句,要求突出梅花不畏严寒的品格,不少于50字。

梅花开了。

答:

3. 请根据诗句“红树醉秋色,碧溪弹夜弦”(唐·湘驿女子《题玉泉溪》)的意境写一段话。

答:

4. 扩展下面语段中画线的部分,要求至少使用两种修辞手法,并保持原意,60字以内。

走在回家的路上,心情格外舒畅。你看,天边晚霞飘,路旁小树摇。几分钟前,我在学生会文娱部长的竞聘角逐中一举胜出,想着自己可以一展拳脚,大干一番,一种从未有过的成功感油然而生。

答:

5. 依据下面语段内容,续写一段话,体现出七个“小长假”中某个传统节日的特点,并能突出语段的中心。60字以内。

从2008年起,包括元旦、春节、清明、“五一”、端午、中秋、“十一”在内的七个“小长假”,将给老百姓带来更多的闲暇时光。专家们认为,休好假、过好节,特别是过好传统节日,关键还是要想方设法激发群众的热情,特别是让更多的青少年参与进来,因而要在热闹的同时,增加一些文化内涵。比如: 。

6. 从下面诗歌画线的两句诗中任选一句,扩展成一句话。

要求:突出原句重点,并且不改变原诗意境。(不少于50字)

宿桐庐江寄广陵旧游

[唐] 孟浩然

山暝听猿愁,沧江急夜流。

风鸣两岸叶,月照一孤舟。

建德非吾土,维扬忆旧游。

还将两行泪,遥寄海西头。

答:

参考答案

1. 这个冬天真像气象专家预测的那样是个严冬。刚进十月,老天爷就变了脸,北风呼啸,狂雪乱舞,风吹在人脸上,就好像被猫抓了一样,火辣辣地疼,连续多日,气温都没有回升的迹象。

2. 当百花纷纷凋零的时候,当积雪压折枝条的时候,当冰凌高挂屋檐的时候,冰肌雪骨的梅花迎着风雪,带着微笑悄悄地开放了。

3. 玉泉西边的山上,到处是枫树,经霜打后,一片血红,这浓重的秋色怎能不让人心醉?夜幕降临,碧绿的溪水淙淙流淌,与红叶的瑟瑟声相伴,仿佛有人在轻轻地拨动琴弦。

4. 晚霞,像飞动的彩蝶在天边翩翩起舞,又如夺目的锦缎从天上直飘下来。路边的小树镀上了一层斑驳的红光,正向着我招手、点头。

5. 示例一:过清明节(这是中国儒家“慎终追远”理念的最好体现),或让年轻人悼念祖先;或组织踏青,亲近大自然;或组织青少年缅怀对当地发展作出贡献的人士。清明节有如此多的文化内涵和形式,相信能激发出人们广泛参与的热情。

示例二:中秋节人亮月圆,阖家分享月饼,观赏美好中秋夜景;比赛朗诵有关中秋圆月的优美诗词、名篇佳句。我们这样过节就少了商业气,多了文化味,在团圆中进行了民情民俗教育,大家何乐而不为呢?

6. 风鸣两岸叶:风大起来了,两岸茂密的杨柳被狂风蹂躏着,在风中无奈地扭动着身子,树叶和着风声发出一阵阵呼啦呼啦的奇怪的声响。

讲与练 第4篇

1、介词的分类与语法功能

(1)介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。介词分为:简单介词,如at、in、for等;合成介词,如within、inside、onto、througout等;短语介词,如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词,如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词,如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。

常见的介词宾语:名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如:

①It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather

forecast.

②He quarrelled with her yesterday.

③He succeeded in passing the final exam.

④I’m still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time.

⑤The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.

(2)介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如:

①This machine is in good condition.(表语)

②Where is the key to my bike?(定语)

③Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)

④She always thinks herself above others.(宾补)

2、介词搭配

(1)“动词+介词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。

①rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“夺去、除去”意

义的动词与of 连用)

②supply us with food / fill the glass with wine(“供给”意义的动词与with连用)

③make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat(“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用)

④介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系(=动词 + sb.’s + 部位,可换用)

strike him on the head(“击,拍,碰,摸”意义与on连用)

catch him by the arm(“抓,拉,拿,扯”意义与by连用)

hit the boy in the face(“肚,胸,眼,脸”等人体前部与in连用)

⑤prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止,禁止”意义与from连用)

⑥persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.(“说服,建议”意义与into连用)

⑦buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意义与for连用)

⑧tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意义与to连用)

⑨give sth. to sb.(give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意义与to连用)

注意:⑦⑧⑨可换成buy sb.sth.双宾结构。

⑩say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。

同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。

for(寻找) to sth. of(听说) on(拜访)

look to (眺望) agree with sb. hear call for(需要)

at(看) on sth. from(收到信) in(请)

同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异。

reply to the letter回信,sing(dance)to the music和……唱(跳),amount to 达到,加起来有……,devote to把……贡献给,drink to为……干杯,object to反对,look forward to 渴望,come to苏醒,belong to属于,search for搜……,ask … for … 寻找,use … for用作,leave for前往,take … for误以为,call of倡导,wait for等待,care for喜欢,make up for弥补损失,turn to求助(救)于,help oneself to随意,agree to同意,compare … to把……比作,send for派人去请(拿)……,sail for驶向,航向,set out for动身去,go in for爱好……。

(2)常见“形容词 + 介词”搭配。

of担心…… about / at sth.

afraid angry

for 替……而担心 with sb.

for sth.渴望…… different from与……不同

amxious

about sth. / sb担心…… different to … 不关心……

of讨厌 with sb.

tired strict

from/ with因……疲倦 in sth.要求严格

at擅长 with sb.受……欢迎

good for对……有益 popular in some place流行在……

of sb. to do so友好 for … 因……而流行

with + 名词或what从句

pleased helpful to对……有帮助

at + 抽象名词(听 / 看到……而高兴)

to sb.为人所知

known for因……而出名 be familiar with熟悉

as作为……出名 be familiar to为……熟知(悉)

sorry for … 替……后悔 disappointed at sth.失望

from缺席

rich in富有…… absent

in离开此地去了……

worthy of值得的,glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事高兴,far from离……远,grateful for sth. to sb.为某事感激某人,free from没有……(免除……),proud of(take pride in)自豪,satisfied with (by)满意,sure of / about确信,fond of喜欢,fit for适合,busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙着干某事,full of充满,ready for准备,similar to相似,wrong with不对;有毛病……

(3)“名词 + 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。

the absence of water缺水

the hope of success成功的希望

have a chance of (for) entering college上大学的机会

take pride in them为他们感到骄傲

the key to the question问题的答案

a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药

the ticket for tomorrow明天的票

in Beijing去了北京

his abesence

from Beijing不在北京

to study学习方法

the way

of studying maths学习教学的方法

3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析

(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。

表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in,

如:in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。

还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如:in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意:

①at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night(大夜间)。

②in five days(weeks, months, years)中in意思是“在……以后”。

③in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如:in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别:当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during,接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如:

during the discussion in discussing the problem

during her stay in Hubei in playing basketball

during the course of in digging the tunnel

(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。

on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning

on Christmas Day(但at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on

Children’s Day

on March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1

early on the morning of Oct.1(区别:in the late / early morning of Oct.1)

on a rainy night, on warm winter days

(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。

at breakfast(supper, lunch),at six

at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)

at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。

注意:有些时间名词前不接介词。如:

next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years

one、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day

one day、yesterday / afternoon,the night before

(4)till、until、to的用法。

①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如:

He waited for me till twelve o’clock.

He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to).

但注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如:

Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.

②to表“终结”时常用和from连用,但要注意不与from连用时的意

义。如:from July to September, from six to(till)eight(从……到……为止),但from morning till night(从早到晚),不能用to。from … to常构成习惯搭配,不可换用其他介词。(A)表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。from time to time(不时,有时),from day to day (天天),from hand to hand(不断传下去),from place to place(处处,到处),from side to side(左右摇摆),from door to door(家家户户),from house to house(挨家挨户),from shop to shop(一个商店接一个商店)。(B)表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化。from beginning to end(从头到尾,自始至终)(from the beginning to the end of…);from hand to mouth(仅能糊口),from bad to worse(越来越糟),from head to foot(从头到脚),

from top to bottom(整个地,彻底地),from top to toe(全身),from start to finish(自始至终,从头到尾)。(C)from one + 名词 + to another表示“依次”。如from one car to another(顺着车厢依次地)。(D)名词 + by + 同一单数名词,表示“一个一个地”,要与from … to短语区别开:one by one 一个一个地;little by little(bit)一点一点地;step by step 一步一步地,逐渐地(但by and by 不久以后);sentence by sentence逐句地;day by day一天一天地;side by side(with…)(和……)并肩,一起;shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地,齐心协力;hand in hand 手拉手,紧紧地;face to face面对面。

(5)in、after、later

①in + 一段时间:表示说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示“在……之内”时,用于各种时态。

②一段时间 + later(later是副词):表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。

③after + 一段时间表示:“在……之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为点时间时,只能用after,即after + 点时间,用于各种时态。

The doctor will be with us in six minutes.

She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.

He received her letter after four weeks.

另外,in + 一段时间 + ’s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下:

in a week’s time = in a week

They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用)

My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.(作表语)

I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各种时态,不超出,在……之内)

(6)地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。

①at 在较小的场所,in在较大的场所,on在……的平面上。如at the

door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。

②on、at、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地,用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on;无边缘的衔接有to。如:

Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)

Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之外)

Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻)

The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)

③地点介词的引申、比喻意义:in the sun在阳光下,in the dark(ness)在黑暗中,in the dark不知道,in freezing weather在严寒天气中,in the mud在泥中,in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中,in the snow / wind在雪/风中,in public 当众,in trouble 在困境中,get into trouble陷入困境,out of trouble摆脱困难,beyond hope绝望。

④across在物体表面“穿过”;through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。如:

They walked across the playground.

I walked through the forest.

⑤over / under / above / below。

over、above译作“在……之上”;under、below译作“在……的下面”,其区别在于over、under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系;而above、below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”,不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如:

A little boat is now under the bridge.

There is a bridge over the river.

The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线)

The window is well above the tree.

⑥表示地点介词的静态性和动态性

He walked to the station(静态,表示方向和目的地)

He walked towards the station.(动态,只表示方向)

He is kind to (towards)us.(两者通用)

He is at the station.(静态,表示地点)

They arrived at the station.(动态,表示地点)

He swam away from the ship.(动态“离开”)

He stood away from the shop.(静态“远离”)

He fell onto the floor.(动态“到地面”)

The city is on the Changjiang River.(静态“平面”)

Go off the road.偏离了道路(动态“离去”)

Come along the river.沿着河过来(线)

across the fields 跨过田野……,over the desert跨越沙漠

across the river横跨这条河……,over the hill翻过这座山

be in the house(静态,在这里……)stay out of the car(静态,在……外)

go into the house(动态,进入)fly out of the country(动态,离开)

(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词

①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按by+the+单位名称)但to the pound按磅算,to the ton按吨计。

②表泛指的方式、手段

by post/mail邮寄,by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材),by electricity用电,by machinery用电器,by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop

③交通工具类

by bus/train/car/taxi(road)

by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on foot

by plane/jet/spaceship,by air

by ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water

另外:by means of 用……方法,by way of 经由,取道于,用……方法,with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.’s help (permis-

sion)。

④表方式、手段的其他用法

He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具机器)

One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官,但by hand“手工,用手”)

He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)

注意:使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如:in high (good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)

(8)表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较。

①besides 除……以外,(还有)。作副词时意思是“而且,更何况”。

Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外,我们都去了电影院。

It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.

②except除去,除……之外(不再有)。

We all went except John.我们都去了,约翰没有。

在否定句中,两词可以换用,如:

He has no other hats except / besides this one.

③except for除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)后接名词、代词或what从句,此时与except that + 句子意思相同。

He was very clever except for carelessness.

④except that … 除了……一点以外。

He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.

⑤but与except

but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用,但应注意以下三点:

①前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用but。

All but one are here.

Nobody but I likes making model ships.

②后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用but。

He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省to)

③but与一些固定结构连用。

have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事,can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……,but for … 如不是……

(9)between与among.

between通常指两者之间。也可以用于三者以上的两者之间。如:

Ann is between Tom and Bill.

Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy.

They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同,合作)

She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地,一个接一个地忙这忙那)

A horse can be seen between trees now.

among表示三者以上之间。如:

The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.

He was happy to be among friends again.

We must agree among ourselves.(一起,共同)我们必须达成共识。

London is among the largest cities.( = one of与最高级连用)

(10)表原因的介词for、because of、due to。

He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness.

The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.

He was praised for his bravery and courage.

The accident is due to your careless driving.

(11)不定式复合结构中的for、of。

这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事,作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。

①It is clever of you to answer it like that.

②It is quite hard for me to explain why.

注意:两句中的of和for的使用,表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of,如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用for。

(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。

①after、since、till / still、before这些词既是介词,又是连词。

The children went home at once after school.

They went to bed after they had finished the job.

②in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介词可兼作副词。

He ran down the hill.(介词)

Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me ?(副词)

③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。

All the students got to school before me.(before为介词)

We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)

Haven’t I seen you before?(before为副词)

(13)介词的省略。

①表示时间的介词on、at 、in的省略。在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、one、any、every、all等词之前,可以省略,也可以不省略。如(at)last weekend、(on)that day等。

②介词for表示时间的省略要求。(A)以all开头的名词短语,for要省略。如:I stayed with her all he morning.(B)表示一段时间的短语之前,for可以省略,也可以不省略。如:I have been waiting hereI (for) more than three hours.(C)否定句中,表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如:I haven’t seen you for thirty years.(D)时间状语在主句之前,for不能省略。如:For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.

③某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。

Nothing can prevent me(from)doing the job.

She spent nearly two hours(in)translating it.

(14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。

①要求接to的名词有:key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。

②要求接in 的名词有:interest、satisfaction、expert等。

He is expert in teaching small children.

(15)几个常用的并列连词。

①both … and, either … or, neither … nor

both … and“双方都”,连接句子的两个主语时,其后谓语动词通常用使用复数形式。either … or与neither … nor注意采取“就近原则”。

②not only … but also, as well as

注意:两者强调对象不同,not only … but also强调的是but also之后部分,而as well as则强调其前面的部分。not only … but also采取“就近原则”,而as well as只是一个插入语,采取“就远原则”。如:

Mr.Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.

not only … but also结构中的not only可用于句首,连接两个分句时,第一个从句主谓要倒装。

Not only is he clever ,but also he is hard working.

(16)几个常用的从属连词。

①when、while、as都表示“当……时候”,when引导的从句的动作与主句的动词可同时发生,也可先后发生;as、while引导的从句则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。如:

When I go to the station, the train had already left.

He sang merrily as he was working.

②till、until均表示“到……时候止”,肯定句中的谓语必须是延续性动作。如:I worked till late at night.若主句谓语是终止性动词,则主句要用否定形式,意为动作“到……才……”开始发生。如:

She didn’t get up until her mother came in.

注意:till和until通常情况下可以互换,只是在句首时until比till更常用。

③though、although均引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然……”,although较正式,though最常用。如:

Thouth (Although)he was tired,he kept on working.

注意:though、although引导的从句不能与but、however连用,但可以与yet、still连用。though还可以与别的词结合使用,如even though、

as though,而although则不能这样搭配。

④no sooner … than、hardly … when、as soon as三者都表示“一……就”,“刚刚……就”的意思。(A)as soon as 置于主句前后都可以,而且有备各种时态。如:As soon as she gets here I’ll tell her about

it. Mary left as soon as the finished the work.(B)hardly … when、no sooner … than不能表示将来的事,其主句的谓语动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时。若将hardly或no sooner放在句首,句子要倒装。如:No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

⑤某些表示时间的名词(词组)也可用作从属连词。它们是:the moment, the minute,the instant, the day, the time, the first(second, third …)time, the spring (summer, autumn,winter),every(each,next,

any) time(day),by the time,都可引导时间状语从句。如:

His mother died the spring he returned.

Call me up the minute he arrives.

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. The home improvements have taken what little there is _________my spare time.(NMET 2001)

A.from B.in C.of D.at

解析:答案为C。本题考查句子结构中介词of的有法。what引导的从句作谓语have taken的宾语,而从句中的基本句型为“there is little of …”,表示“……有很少”,what 修饰little提到了从句句首。注意正确把握句子结构和介词用法,要明白of my spare time和in my spare time的区别。

2. ____________ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(NMET 2000)

A.As B.For C.With D.Through

解析:答案为C。本题考查with的复合结构作状语的用法。“with + 名词 + 不定式/分词/名词/形容词/介词短语等”可在句中作伴随、时间、原因、条件等状语。本题中with的复合结构作伴随状语。

3. The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, ___________they will save us money in the long run.(2000春季高考题)

A.or B.since C.for D.but

解析:答案为D。本题考查并列连词or、for、but和从属连词的意义和用法。并列连词or通常表示选择关系;for表示因果关系;but表示转折关系;从属连词since表示原因。通过比较前后两个分句意思可知,它们是转折关系。

4. After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand ________.

A.on B.up C.above D.by

解析:答案为A。不定式“to stand + 介词”作定语修饰a tall box,其中被修饰词在逻辑意义上是不及物动词,只有加上吊尾介词,句子意思才完整。吊尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少,吊尾介词使用的场合有:

(1)定语从句中,先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰,不及物动词后要接介词,先行词被“动词 + 介词”组成的短语动词所修饰,介词常在句尾。

He is the man I just spoke to.

(2)what、whose、who、whatever等引导的宾语从句,宾语从句出现吊尾介词。

I can’t imagine what it is like.

(3) 强调句型,特殊疑问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更,常出现吊尾介词。

It was the poor boy that we gave the books to.

What for? Where to? Who with?

(4)不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场合、工具、方式、材料”等意义的名词时常带吊尾介词。

a room to live in, a bench to sit on

There is nothing to worry about.

She is a good girl to work with.

(5)某些形容词后接不定式或“动词 + 介词”型短语,动词的不定式形式表“反射”,常用吊尾介词。

①fit、easy、hard、comfortable、difficult、heavy等形容词后。

②The river is good to swim in.

The box is too heavy to carry.

③be worth doing sth.,be worthy of being done / to be done, want/

require / need doing

介词与连词

1.We offered him our congratulations his passing the college entrance exams.

A.at B.0n C.for D.of

2.Let’s walk over--the sun.

A.in B.to C.under D.by

3.We’re all going to the games.Why don’t you come ?

A.up B.across C.along D.to

4.If you are worried about the problem,you should do something it.

A.about B.for C.against D.with

5.I wanted two seats Madame Curie for Friday night,so I rang the cinema to see if I could book two tickets.

A.of B.about C.to D.for

6.He thought the jar made of earth little value and 1et me have it only one dollar.

A.with;for B.of;for C.of;by D.with;by

7.We can’t feel that we are going forward as everythjng us is moving the same speed.

A.around;at B.around;with C.before;at D.with;in

8.The two rings are so alike that it is difficult to tell one the other.

A.very;to B.much;to C.much;from D.very;from

9.It’s so nice to go out for a walk a cool nice summer evening.

A.in B.on C.for D.a

10.He decided to the matter himself.

A.look through B.look into C.look after D.look up

11.I ran an old friend of mine yesterday,whom I hadn’t seen for ages.

A.across B.cross C.after D.for

12.The scientist is well known us his great achievement.

A.to;for B.by;for C.by;as D.to;in

13.This article is quite me.There are too many new words

A.above B.against C.upon D.beyond

14.Does John know any other foreign languages French?

A.except B.but C.besides D.beside

15.She thought I was talking about her daughter, ,in fact,I was talking about my daughter.

A.whom B.where C.which D.while

16.They were surprised that a child should work out the problem they themselves couldn’t.

A.once B.then C.while D.if

17.My name is Robert, most of my friends call me Bob for short.

A.then B.instead C.however D.but

18.-I don’t like reading watching TV.What about you?

-I don’t like reading all day, I 1ike watching TV plays.

A.and;but B.and;and C.or;and D.or;but

19.It was raining hard, ,the peasants went on with their work.

A.but B.and C.however D.although

20.-What do you want those old boxes?

-To put things in when I move to the new flat.

A.by B.for C.of D.with

介词与连词

任务型阅读题型“讲与练” 第5篇

题型展示一:短文排序型阅读理解

这类题型的结构特点是给出一篇约200-300词的短文,各段落的顺序已被打乱,要求学生根据短文内容和结构将段落重新排序,有时首段或尾段的位置已给出。这对把握篇章结构的能力提出了更高的要求。要求我们要从篇章结构的层面上把握短文,了解其大概结构,分清段落之间的逻辑关系。

解这类题型时,首先要注重首段或尾段,了解短文的主要内容,并以此为基础判断其基本的逻辑关系。注意首段的最后几句可能给出的线索。再通读其余段落,留意各段中含有暗示性的词语或句子及出现频率较高的词汇,这些可能是解题的关键所在。初步排列段落,结合各段所给出的暗示以及上下文的逻辑关系进一步调整各段顺序。最后确认,把排好顺序的短文通读一遍,从整体上对段落的顺序进行最后的确认。

[题型举例]阅读下列语段。把它们组成一篇连贯的短文。

(A)A fire-engine will arrive quickly. The firemen know what to do.They have long ladders to reach high windows.

(B)If you want to be a fireman, you must be strong and healthy. A fireman has to be able to carry heavy things. He has to be able to climb ladders and to work in high places. So he also has to be brave.

(C)They try their best to rescue the people who can’t get out. If some people are hurt, they are taken to hospital in ambulances(救护车).

(D)When a fire begins, we must tell the fireman. Do you know how to do this?

(E)After all the people have been rescued, the firemen put out the fire. Sometimes this is very difficult because some people keep things in passages and on stairs. Then the firemen can’t get past to fight the fire.

(F)Go to the nearest telephone and dial the number 119. When someone speaks, tell him about the fire. Speak slowly and clearly.

[答案及简析]通过阅读,我们可知这是一篇关于消防知识的短文,应该按照事情发展的先后顺序排列。根据第一语段D我们可以预测全文的内容,发现火灾的处理方法是:就近拨打119报警,消防车来到,灭火的过程,当一个消防队员的基本条件。根据这个步骤可得出正确的顺序应是:

1. 选F。说明火灾报警的基本要点,就近拨打119,报警时说话要慢且清晰。

2. 选A。说明消防队员接到报警后来到火灾现场并携带他们的专业设备。

3. 选C。说明消防队员怎样救人。

4. 选E。说明有时他们也会遇到一些困难,如过道堵塞等。

5. 选B。阐述做一个消防队员应该具备的基本条件。

题型展示二:填充式阅读理解

这类题型的结构特点是:给出一篇完整的短文,然后根据短文内容改写成另一短文或转换为若干个独立的单句,每空填上一个单词或短语,使其能符合短文原意。

解这类题型时,首先要充分理解所给材料,运用分析、推理、判断等方法,结合所学的语言知识,从词形变化、同义词、句型转换、动词时态和语态等多方面进行解答。

[题型举例]A school inspector(检察官) was coming to visit a school. The school headmaster was afraid. He sent a boy to the station to see if the inspector was on the train and he told the boy to run back to school if the inspector arrived.

Then the boy got to the station; he was very glad to meet his uncle there. He didn’t see the inspector. His uncle didn’t know why the boy was there at that time. The boy told his uncle the secret and he said the headmaster was waiting for the inspector.

The boy thought his uncle was coming to see his father. But his uncle came with him to his school. His uncle wanted to see the headmaster because he was the inspector.

阅读短文,完成句子,每空一词。

The headmaster felt ____(1) when he heard a school inspector was coming to ____(2) the school. So a boy was sent to the station. He asked the boy to run ____(3) as soon as he ____(4) the inspector. The boy was so ____(5) when he saw his uncle at the station. His uncle didn’t know ____(6) the boy was there ____(7) school time. From the boy’s words, he knew the headmaster was waiting ____(8) him. The man didn’t go to the boy’s home, instead came ____(9) the boy to his school. The boy didn’t know his uncle was just the ____(10).

[答案及简析]该短文非常的幽默,首先考生应该了解短文的大意,学校的检察官去视察学校,校长很害怕。于是他派一个孩子去看看车站上有没有检察官,这个孩子只见到了他的叔叔,他告诉了他的叔叔他去车站的秘密。他以为他的叔叔是来看他的爸爸的,而他的叔叔却随他去了学校,他就是那个检察官。然后我们逐个地去分析每个空:第一句话说明校长听说检察官要来参观他们的学校时,他很害怕。故答案为(1)afraid; (2)visit。下句很明显说明小孩到车站的目的,一看到检察官就回来,故答案为(3)back; (4)saw。当男孩在车站看到叔叔时心情是高兴的,故答案为(5)happy/glad。叔叔不知道男孩上课时候在这儿的原因,故答案为(6)why; (7)at。(8)空考查的是一个固定的搭配wait for(等候),答案为for。这个人和男孩去了学校,他就是检察官,故答案为(9)with; (10)inspector。

题型展示三:选择搭配型阅读理解

这类题型的结构特点是:给出一篇短文,其中有五个空白,文章后有5~7句话,要求考生根据文章内容从这5~7句话中选择5句,分别放进文章中五个空白处。

恢复原文要求考生对文章总体结构有正确推理,考生可以把它看作是一完形填空,重点考查短文的连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解等。做这类题时,重点是整体把握文章的脉络,然后仔细阅读空白处的上下文,结合该空在全文所处的位置,筛选选项,综合判断。

[典型举例]请阅读短文,从文后所给的句子中选出适当的填入空白处,补全短文。

The elephant is the largest animal walking on Earth. An elephant can carry a load of 1,200 pounds. (1)____

The elephant can carry log(原木) with its trunks. (2)____

There are two kinds of elephants: the African elephant and the Indian elephant. The African elephant has the larger ears. (3)____ Another name for the Indian elephant is the Asian elephant.

The greatest threat to the elephant is the ivory(象牙) trade. From 1979 to 1989 was a bad time for the African elephant. (4)____ In 1989 an international agreement limited the trade in ivory. It protects the elephant from being killed(被杀), but there are still many people kill the elephant for ivory. (5)____ Don’t even buy anything that looks like ivory!

A. It eats 3,000 pounds every day.

B. Please don’t ever buy anything made of ivory.

C. About 70,000 wild elephants were killed for ivory every year.

D. The Indian elephant has smaller ears.

E. It also uses its trunk for drinking water, bathing, eating and communicating.

[答案及简析]这是一篇介绍大象的文章,既说了大象的概况,也说了大象的外形及近来的遭遇。第(1)小题从前面句子的意思可知是在介绍大象的大概情况,和前一句中的1,200 pounds相对应的,也是介绍大象的情况的只有A选项。第(2)小题的信息词是“trunk”,根据句意可知是在说大象的鼻子的作用,所以此题选E。第(3)小题前一句的信息词是“ears”,说了非洲象的耳朵,自然要说亚洲象的耳朵,根据此关系可确定此题应选D。第(4)小题可根据上文中的“a bad time for African elephants”,在剩下的B,C两个选项中可确定应选C。第(5)小题可根据前后句意来判断选B。

题型展示四:表格式阅读理解

这类题型的结构特点是:给出一段短文,后面用表格(图表)设计了一些问题,要求考生填充表格,进行解答。

解答表格式阅读理解题时,有的问题考生可以直接从短文中找到答案,而有的问题虽然答案所需信息原文有所涉及,但因说法不同,句式有异,考生不能照搬照抄,而应根据题干需要将文中所提供信息重新进行组织整理,所以有时有一定的难度。

[典型举例]Hamsters are small and sweet and make ideal first pets for children. If you want to buy it, you will need a cage, bedding(寝具), water bottle and food dish.

Hamsters must be kept indoors—they are not hardy enough for the great outdoors in Europe. The cage should not be situated in a very cold room, either, or there is a risk that your hamster may start to hibernate(冬眠) in winter. You will need some bedding for the floor of the cage. Bedding that is too dusty, can cause serious health problems. A water bottle will prevent the water from spilling all over the cage. A food dish will also help to keep the food clean, although most hamsters will remove the food and store it in some secret place, often in their bed.

交际性英语教学的讲与练 第6篇

能拥有处于学习外语黄金年龄的青少年为学生也是幸事。面对着课堂上那一张张仰望着的青春面孔,笔者希望自己温馨的课堂充满着语言之美,思维之美,人文之美,交际之美,创新之美。在这里,他们净化心灵,陶冶情操,涤荡应试教育的种种弊端,更为可贵的是,他们的英语语言素质与综合素质在教学中能得以和谐发展。

人们常说:“教学有法,但无定法,贵在得法。”对于英语教学,此话极为真切,道出了英语教学的特殊规律。虽然外语教学法流派层出不穷,但是英语教学的本质却始终是实现语言交际性目标,因此教学有法;而英语的交际性特点比之其他学科更高地要求教师根据教育对象和教学环境的变化而不断调整自己的教学方法,任何僵化的东西都势必要失去生命力,因此英语教学必然无定法;那种能将语言知识、语言技能以及文化、情意等人文因素都恰到好处镶嵌在自然得体语篇中进行交际的教学,那种学生思如泉涌、情景交融的境界,就如同艺术的享受一般美好,怎能不让人感叹“贵在得法”!不同的课文,需有不同的教法,唯有从交际性目的出发,并把握课文特色,才能找到教学得法之路。

一、导课:为交际做好充分的心理和语言准备

1.师生寒暄,或说绕口令或齐诵一首小诗,使口腔活跃起来,也使英语气氛骤然出现。

2.值日报告,教师指导下的值日报告总是有的放矢,始终为教学目标服务。

3.复习旧课,将学生原有知识激活,使其具有强大的粘合性。

二、开课:单词及语法句型教学的交际性

在这里要注意和谐过渡,运用谈话式自然交际的方法。比如,一句复杂句型如下:One of the first things Great discovered while living with the Charks was that there are three television channels in Britain.为了教学这个句型,不要刻意去解释句型的结构和句子成分,而是直奔主题,进行仿说。首先教师自然导入:When we walk in the street,advertisements will come into sight first. So one of the first things we discover while walking in the city is that there are many advertisements in the streets.句型导出后即刻板书,让学生注意其句型的结构,了解其来龙去脉。

下一步,教师专门提供场景,让学生按照句型仿说,教师设问:What about watching TV·学生应答:One of the first things we discover while watching TV is that almost every day TV station carries advertisements. 教师进而又设问:What is one of the first things people find in our class·学生应答:One of the first things people discover while visiting our class is that the students love to speak English.

这就是在交际教学思想指导下的语法教学过程。它具有如下两个特点:一是语法教学应至少在句子的层面上加以训练,不要过多地剖析结构,过分强调其科学性而忽视了语法教学的情境性。二是语法教学重在仿说。教师的教学重心应是从学生的生活实际出发,由近及远,由易到难,有章可循,有话可说。

三、发展:找出课文中实际的情感基础

现代课文的选择都与学生的生活息息相关,而且有些文章的结尾,让人感到文已尽而意无穷,给人留下广阔的遐想空间,能唤起学生强烈的交际欲望,让他们展开想象的翅膀,翱翔在自由交际的天空。显而易见,一般有信息、有人物、有情感的争论,极适合于转换成交际性教学的动人场面,也应作为课文的交际动情点,成为课文的教学高潮。只要教师善于指导,课文的文化信息一定能与学生的情趣发生共鸣,真实的人物情感一定能感染情绪,学生拥有的生活体验便会成为他们创造性运用语言的丰富源泉。

四、高潮:参与人物立体化设计

组织学生将自己置身于篇章中的情境,以第一人称来表达人物的感受和见解。

书中人物首先是指作者已经在课文中刻画出的人物,教师要将书中现有人物巧妙地角色化,再通过学生的角色化交际活动,让课文语境之中的人物有血有肉地出现在课堂之中。此时,角色化的思维和语言运用必将优于评论化的语言活动,有利于促进语言知识转化为学生的交际能力。

除了课文中已有的任务,教师还可以根据篇章情境和交际目标的需要,再设计出新的、有鲜明个性的人物,为课文学习增添新意,进行深层次的、新视角的交际活动,让语言通过多种任务的角度得到不断深化,不断运用。

五、巩固:参与者为真实自我

师生均作为一个社会人来表达自己对篇章所输入信息的感受和见解,就相关话题展开讨论。点评、展望以至辩论,让彼此的思维碰撞出火花,在真实表达中提高學生的语言水准,锻炼思维品质,完善整体素质。

在参与人物立体化的交际活动中,参与的人数也应体现出三维性,时而个人,时而小组,时而集体,保证学生有角色可以充当,成为多样化的课堂交际活动的主体。

六、结课:评价赞美,发散思维

对学生的反应作综合的评价,赞美的文词几乎波及每一位学生,让他们享受成功的喜悦。但同时交际活动可以深化,策划出新的文化语境,诱导学生的思维向纵深发展。

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