第一篇：大学证书类型范文
互联网药品交易服务资格证书类型样表流程等
淘宝上规定是不允许出售药品的
可以在天猫的医药馆里面，医药馆入驻资质：
1、增值电信业务经营许可证
2、互联网药品信息服务资格证
3、互联网药品交易服务资格证
4、药品经营许可证
5、GSP认证证书
6、食品流通许可证
7、医疗器械经营许可证(出售医疗器械的商家)(如需出售隐形眼镜及护理液 需所具医疗器械经营许可证上明显标识经营范围包含第三类(角膜接触镜及护理用液)
8、ICP备案信息展示
互联网药品交易服务资格证书
一、类型
互联网药品交易服务资格证书分为A、B、C三种： A 证为第三方平台 B 证为B2B交易 C 证为B2C交易
二、特点
A证：为国家局审批，目前全国只有8张; 证书编号示例：国A20110001 服务方式：第三方交易服务平台;
特点：交易服务平台，服务范围广，产品线丰富。 B证：由地方局审批，全国范围42张; 证书编号示例：豫B20070001 服务方式：与其他企业进行药品交易; 特点：属于企业间的批发交易证书。 C证：由地方局审批，全国范围74张; 证书编号示例：冀C20090001 服务方式：向个人消费者提供药品; 特点：只能销售自营非处方药品。
三、行政许可依据
(一)《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》(中华人民共和国国务院令第360号 第十九条)
(二)《互联网药品交易服务审批暂行规定》(国食药监市[2005]480号)
(三)关于实施《互联网药品交易服务审批暂行规定》有关问题的补充通知(国食药监市[2006]82号 )
四、互联网药品交易服务资格证书申请流程
1、与具有医药电子商务平台建设经验的服务商合作，或者自行开发一套具备提供网上交易服务的电子商务平台，俗称“网上商城”。
2、将该平台系统，提交给国家药监局规定的具有相关评测能力和授权的软件评测中心机构进行评测，如赛宝、广东软件评测中心等。评测的具体内容包括以下几点：
a) 软件平台的中文特性、易用性、安全性、稳定性、效率性、安全文档、使用文档、开发文档等等。
b) 评测周期大概在2周左右完成，费用大概在4万元左右。 c) 评测完成，评测中心提交软件评测通过报告。
3、 企业根据评测中心提供的评测报告，以及相关申请文档、管理文档、组织机构文档、售后说明文档、服务文档、权益保障文档等等，提交给当地的省药监局进行申请现场验收。
4、省药监局安排专员到企业电子商务运营中心进行现场查看、询问、验收工作，如现场验收完成，大约在30个工作日内提供药品交易服务许可证。
说明：整个流程中，需要准备大量的文档、软件系统必须按照评测要求进行设计开发，且现场验收需要具备相应的运营条件、人力组成、医药专员等，比且系统需要尽量进行IDC机房托管，购置相应的安全设备和软件。
五、取证顾问公司
以往传统医药企业申请互联网药品交易服务资格证书，花费了较多的时间和精力在了申报交易证上。随着医药电商的群起发展，传统药店做网上药店，已经从自己搭平台报审批的艰难中脱离出来，开始借助第三方平台，帮助取得经营资格，现如今这种新型的服务外包模式已被越来越多的企业所追捧。万泽集团旗下万药网、全国连锁药店排名前三的大参林、太极集团旗下桐君阁大药房、康缘药业、珠海首家网上药店亨得利药房网等都是由第三方服务商乐商软件协助搭建网上药店平台及取得互联网药品交易服务资格证书。
第二篇：适合大学生的11项兼职类型
鉴于当代社会的激烈竞争，越来越多大的大学生选择在课余时间做兼职，这不仅可以补贴自己的生活费，还可以在兼职的过程中锻炼自己的能力，积累一定的社会关系，更重要的是可以对社会有比较早的认识，这对于毕业后是选择就业还是创业都会有非常大的帮助作用，但是，都有哪些工作真正适合大学生呢?本文为大家进行了盘点，这些工作，可以使你在得到物质回报之后还可以更多的得到精神回报。
(一)网上兼职
威客任务：就是在网上接任务，完成获得佣金，时间灵活，比较适合大学生。有专长的同学能发挥出价值。比如设计、撰稿、起名、创意、编程、推广等等。
网上销售：例如淘宝店铺。要求：有足够的上网时间，有一定的货源基础，如果实在没有货源的话，可以挖掘一下周边店铺中的独特服饰或各种稀奇古怪的东西。 要有百折不挠的精神，向每一个对产品感兴趣的人进行耐心的回馈。要熟悉拍拍、淘宝等网上销售平台的最基本常识。缺点是网上销售商品要比现实销售商品风险大 很多，心理承受能力要强，切勿把网上销售当成重要的经济来源，这份工资不太可靠。
(二)计时工
要求：这种职业基本不受任何限制，只要你能干、在工作中有不怕苦不怕累的精神就可以完全胜任。而工作的地方也通常是以KFC、McDonald‘s、必胜客、都市快车等快餐店为主。当然，你要具备灵敏性和较强的应变能力，要学会应对各式各样的客人。
(三)派送
要求：不太计较个人的面子，敢于在众人面前戴上尖尖的小丑帽或者蛋黄色的围裙站在路边给过往的行人赠送公司产品。这种工作主要考察的是学生与人沟通的能 力。在工作前，需要有足够的准备接受路人各色的眼光和不同的回应。因为所面对的人群水平各异，所以对于这份工作的看法也各不相同。
(四)调研
要求：要做到能屈能伸，与派送相比，这份工作更具有挑战性。调研主要包括三种形式：街头访问、电话访问和入户访问。对于街头访问来说，和派送差不多，都 需要与人沟通，因为要问行人一些相关的问题，所以被拒绝的机率也比派送要大一些。而电话访问一部分人可能不太理解这个行业，所以会选择挂掉电话。入户访问 则是三种访问种难度系数最高的一类，对于一个普通人进入他人家中问问题是一件比较难的事，女生还好办一些，如果是男生的话，难度将会再度加大。想要做好调 研工作，脸皮一定要够厚。
(五)促销
要求：语言表达能力强，有很强的适应能力。 可以在短时间内足够了解自己所要向客户推荐的产品，并可以用自己的语言让用户接受自己所推荐的产品。所促销的产品类型也比较宽广，无论是吃的喝的玩的用的 全部涉及，要在有限的时间内卖出去最多的产品，为商家赢得更多的利润，争取让用人的商家觉得你是“物超所值”，不然很快就会丢掉饭碗。
(六)家教
要求：对于很多大学生来说，家教都是他们最好的选择。无论你是理科专业还是文科专业，只要你拥有一技之长，那么这份工作应该不会很难找到。当然，你要至少有一门功课学的比较精，而且能对自己的学生清晰的表达，这份工作对口头表达能力要求比较高。
(七)礼仪
要求：主要以女生为主，对形象气质身高样貌要求比较高。属于那种以貌取人的行业，如果不够漂亮，不够气质、不够身高的话那么不适宜这份工作。但最大的优点就是礼仪所面对人群的层次较高，基本属于社会名流，且薪金较多，工作时间很短。
(八)自由撰稿人
要求：文笔好，才思敏捷。此类没有时间要求，只要有能力就可以向各个报纸杂志投稿，且薪资优厚。但对文学底蕴要求比较高，不是普通人就可以轻易得到这份稿费的。校对工作也可以划入此范围，此类工作对于中文系或法律系等文科专业的学生来说更具有优势。
(九)翻译
要求：熟练的掌握一门外语，可以和外宾轻松交谈。有口译和笔译两种职业可供选择。口译要求对外语的掌握能力不仅仅是普通的对话，而是可以进行正常的交流，而且要清楚的了解中西方文化的差异。笔译则要求用词严谨，可清晰的表达自己的思路和所要翻译的文章的内容。
(十)自主创业
要求：有思想，对于自己所要从事的行业有独特的见解和敏锐的分析能力。要敢于开拓市场，不怕失败，具有不屈不挠的精神。但缺点是风险较大，在工作之前需要有足够的心理承受能力，如果成功了，可能是巨额的收益。若是失败了，可能会让自己殷切的期望顿时变成零。
(十一)导游
导游慢慢成为大学生兼职“新贵”。在考取导游证之后即可联系旅行社开始带团。
优点：工作时间弹性大，可以选择在周末或假期带团，不与学习时间冲突。报酬较丰厚，一般由基本工作小费组成，还可以在工作中广交朋友。
缺点：工作强度大，有时一天只能休息三四个小时，精力、体力的消耗很大，身体素质不好的同学最好不要尝试。
备注：做导游需先通过考试取得导游证，持证上岗，每年12月举行一次全国统一考试。考试分为笔试和面试两部分,笔试为2张卷子,中文导游的面试为普通话解说景点。
随着上大学以后可供自由支配的时间增多，外出找工作的人群也开始日益增长起来。不过无论是从事哪种职业来说，都应该先仔细的了解下行业的背景及相关的资 料再进行工作，以免会受到一些劳动纠纷的影响。刚刚涉入职场的大学生们需要多多谨慎，具有分辩是非的能力。当然，作为学生来说，无论是任何职业的兼职，都 应该以学业为前提，其他的都只是作为课余的一种锻炼，要分清孰轻孰重。
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第三篇：大学英语四级七大类型作文写作（本站推荐）
1`.讨论观点类文章
(1) 模版1
Nowadays,there is a growing concern over such a phenomenon that_
. Different people have different views on_____.Some people think that_____,whereas others aergue that __________.
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that ___________.For one thing,I firmly
believe
that ___________.For another,_____________.Just
think of________,who/which_______.
Taking all these factors into consideration(Form what has been discussed above),we may safely come to the conclusion that______.Only if_______can we _______,just as the saying goes,________________. (2)模版2 In recent years there have been many reports of ________.It turns a new chapter of _________in China,and will have far-reaching effects in the forthcoming years. The biggest benefit,in my eyes,is
that_______.In addition,_______.Finally,______________. Apart from the benefits mentioned above,we should also face several unavoidable challenges.In
the
first place,_____________.In the second place,________.What’s more,_______________.In summary,we should_______________. (3)模版3 Nowadays more and more ______are commonly and widely used in everyday life,ranging
from __________to_____________.
The popularity of _______will have a great influence on ______.On
the
one
hand,_________.On
the
other
hand,__________.
To conclude,____________are just like a double-edged sword.With them we may________.However,one point should be kept in mind that we should make sensible use,always being a master instead of slaving of them. 2.提出问题类作文写作模版 (1)模版1
It is quite natural for ________to ponder over the question of whether to _______________.
Many _________will choose not to______________,generally for three reasons.On the one hand,___________.On the other hand,______________.Most
importantly,__________.Nevertheless, oher people adopt a completely different view,thinking that_____________. Moreover,(此外) they further argue that___________. From what we have discussed above,we can draw the
conclusion that the question quite depends on personal choice.In my own eyes,________. (2)模版2
When taking about whether _____________,we will be most surprised to fnd that the present situation is utterly complicated,For one
thing
,__________.For
another,_________.
Three factors,in my point of view,account for this phenomenon.First
and foremost,________.Secondly,____________.Last but
not
least,____________.
As far as I am concerned,I firmly believe
that____________,only when_____________. (3)模版3
A national debate has sprung up on_____________.Many people welcome it with applause and enthusiasm,believing that___________.
However, those who strongly oppose the _________are not among
the
minority.They
hold
that______________.Moreover,____________.In aword,______________.
From my perspective,________should be____________.On the one hand,personally I would argue that_____________.On the other hand,____________.In conclusion,____________. 3.评论反驳类作文写作模版 (1)模版1 Recently
it
seems
that____________.MANY
people,especially___________,think it will certainly do good to_____________because_____________.Moreover,_________.
Nevertheless,after careful consideration,I have to state that the above view is more than biased,given the following readons.First of
all,____________.Besides,__________.Furthermore,_______
___.
We can see clearly that although_________may bring favorable results,there are still problems concerning_______.It seems necessary for ___________to make a careful consideration befero________. (2) 模版2 Until recently most people hold hostile attitudes towards_______.Some people view it as_____________while others consider it____________. Recent research,however,shows that___________is of great benefit in many respects._________,scientists
tell us,_____________.Surprisingly enougu,____________also_______.The most
remarkable thing about_______is that_______. Now we can draw the conclusion that_______.I strongly advocate that we should make good use of it to_________. (3) 模版3 In current society,we come across too many peole who put much emphasis on __________.In many cases,________has become the sole criterion for judging a person’s__________. I argue that we should not put too much emphasis on________.To begin with,we should not take it for granted that those who__________will naturally______________. Moreover,_____________.Yet,_____________. The above discussion points
to
a
fact that_______________.Consequently,it is of vital importance for us to realize that_____________. 4.解决办法类作文写作模版 (1)模版1 With the rapid growth of national economy,more and more_________,which causes a serious problem of_________. Urgent measures are needed to tackle the above-mentioned problem.On the one hand ,_________so that ____________is at hand.On the other hand,_____________.More importantly,____________.
All in all,only when______can we solve the problem of _____________so as
to
meet
everyone’s
need .Ultimately,_____________.
(2)模版2
Nowadays, __________.It has become such a serious problem that it is arousing the concern of the entire society.
To put an end to the serious problem, in my mind, it calls for the efforts from all sides. First of all,__________. Moreover,___________. Last but not least,___________.
In my point of view, only when all of us join in the efforts of __________ at all levels can we expect to have _________ and ___________. (3)模版3
If the Chinese people even want to improve their life quality, the problem of __________ has to be solved. With more and more people _______, this problem is becoming more and more serious in terms of scale and scope.
First of all,_________. What’s more,__________. Only when all the people stop pursuing personal interests at the price of ________ can we hope to put an end to this unfavorable situation.
The _________ is of great importance to every member of our society. As long as the government, society and individuals make joint efforts, a sound solution is not far away. 5.分析原因类作文写作模版 (1)模版1
_________ is currently becoming a serve problem in China, which happen to ________. So long as ________, ___________ will always unsurprisingly ________.
Why does ________ become so rampant? First and foremost,__________. Secondly,_________. Last but not least, ________. As a consequence,___________. (2)模版2
During the last decade, there has been a steady rise in the number of _________. In detail,________.
Three reasons, in my mind, account for this social phenomenon.
First
and
foremost,__________.
Moreover,_________. In addition,___________. As a result,__________.
Personally, I firmly believe that the problem derives from __________. Thus, if the government make relevant policies and take relevant measure to __________, the problem can be readily solved in __________. (3)模版3
Nowadays,_________ is/are doing great harm to ___________.
What are the incentives that drive people to _________? The most important factors should be __________ . Furthermore,________. It directly leads to the patent and salient harmfulness that ________.
Consequently, it is high time that the whole society should contribute to the collective efforts to put an end to ________.
6.图表类写作模版
(1)模版1
According to the chart / graph / diagram / table, we clearly
learn
that
_________.
As
early
as
_________,___________. Then,_________. Last,__________. In contrast, by _________,__________.
There are many reasons accounting for _________. Firstly, _________.Secondly,__________. Finally,_________. As a result,_________.
As far as I am concerned,_________. For one thing,__________. For another,________. In brief, I hold that__________. (2)模版2
What is shown in the chart / graph / diagram / table above indicates that in recent years, more and more people pay attention to _________. The number of those who _________ has increased ________, and furthermore,____________.
There are two factors responsible for the changes. In the first place,_________. Moreover,__________. Yet, it is noticeable that __________.
From the analysis, we can safely draw the conclusion that__________. It is possible that in the future, the tendency will__________. (3)模版3
As is shown in the chart / graph / diagram / table above, __________ has charged drastically in the past _________. While ___________,now the percentage of__________ is __________. Meanwhile, the number of _________ has soared up to ________.
There are mainly two possible reasons contributing to the rapid changes. The first is that _________. Secondly,__________.
In my point of view, the changes have a great influence on _________. At the same time,_______. To sum
up ,_________. 7.应用文写作模版 (1)建议信 Dear ________,
I’m very ___________ to know / learn that __________. I am writing to voice my suggestions / proposals / views concerning _________. In my opinion,_________. On the on hand,__________. On the other hand,__________.
As to _________, I would like to suggest / recommend that __________, because __________. It would be __________. In addition,___________. I am sure that __________.
Please inform me of your feedback on __________. I am looking forward to __________.
Truly yours,
_________ (2)投诉信 Dear __________,
My name is __________, and I am __________. I venture to write you a letter about __________.
The focus of the complaint is _________. For on thing,___________. For another,__________. Under these circumstances, I found / find it __________. Honestly speaking, _________. In addition,__________. All in all, there is still much room for improvement.
I do hope _________. Thank you for your time and kind consideration.
I am sure the above problems,with your help,will be solved soon.
Sincerely yours,
(3)拒绝信 Dear_____________, Thank
you
very
much
for_____________.To
be
honest,______________.However,the current situation does not allow me to do this.
This has been a difficult decision for me,but I have to do this.On
the
one
hand,____________.On
the
other hand,______________.In view
of
these,I
regret
that_____________.I hope this does not bring you much
inconvenience.
I feel very sorry to disappoint you.If___________,I will ______________.I do appreciate your________.Meanwhile,I wish___________.
Sincerely yours
_______________ (4)祝贺信 Dear_______,
I have just learnt that___________.I hasten to tender you a word of congratulations on this splendid success of________. It is indeed a remarkable thing for _________.The success of your________proves not
only____________,but
also___________.
Again,please accept my warm congratulations and please give
my best wishes to______________. Sincerely _______________ (5)道歉信 Dear___________,
more information,fell free to contact me at any time by
yours,
and I am looking forward to hearing from you .
Sincerely yours, the details of_____________.Your participation is very important because_____________.
The ____________will begin at____________.We do hope drop us a line before_________?Thank you very much.
calling_____________.Thank you for your kind consideration
that you can make it .If not,would it be possible for you to
Best wishes. I am terribly sorry to tell you that_________,and I am writing this letter to show my deep regret.Please accept my sincere apology with gratitude.I hope you will understand my situation and excuse me for___________. The reason why__________is that__________.Under that circumstance,____________.Therefore,it was not my power to_______________. If possible,I would like to suggest that___________.I shall be obliged if you will kindly write and tell me___________.I am looking forward to seeing you again.
Yours
________ (6)申请信 Dear_______, My name is ________,and I_________.I am writing to____________.I will be very grateful if my application can be considered and accepted. There are several factors contributing to my application. First of all,_________.Besides,__________.furthermore,___________.Therefore,_________. I sincerely hope you will grant me _____________.If you need
_____________ (7)求职信 Dear___________,
I am _______and I would like to apply for the position of___________posted on________.I have attacheda copy of my resume for consideration.I believe my qualifications are ideal match for your requirements.
I am a major in_______,and I will graduate in___________.In addition to
my experience of_____________,I_____________.I believe my education
and
experience__________.You
will
find
me
to
be____________.I would appreciate your time in reviewing
my enclosed resume and if there is any additional information you require, please feel free to contact me.It would be great if you give me an opportunity to meet you for interview.
Best regards. __________ (8)邀请信
Dear____________,
____________at/in__________on_______________.It would be a great pleasure to have you attend this event. I
am
sure
that
you
will
be
interested
in_______.First,____________.Second,_______.Enclosed is
________________ (9)感谢信 Dear_________,
I am writing this letter to express my sincere gratitude for___________.Had it not been for your assistance in ___________,I
fear
that
___________may
not
have____________.I’d like you to know that your help __________.It not only____________,but also__________.I shall always remember__________.
I hope that I will have the opportunity of returning your hospitality by inviting you to ______.Will you kindly let me know whether you____________?I am looking forward to seeing you soon!
Again,I would like to express my thanks to .Please accept my
appreciation
and
pass
my
best
wishes
on
to
____________
.I
hope to hear from you soon.
Yours,
_______________ (10)慰问信 Dear___________,
I read from today’s newspaper about recent_________and I am writing to extend my deepest condolences. It broke my heart to______________.I could not believe my eyes when_________,and I am really worried about you and your_________I am crossing my fingers for you now in hope that________. I can imagine how difficult it must be for you , and I want to let you know that you have my full support.We are donating money and necessities to______.Please let me know if I can help you with anything else. I feel extrenely sorry for the tragedy,and I am convinced that you will overcome the difficulty and embrace a better life.
Sincere yours,
____________- (11)倡议书 Dear__________, I am writing this letter to call on_(号召)________.As some of you may know,________.In face,________. It is necessary for us to________.On
the
one hand,__________.On the other hand,_________.Hesce, it is high time________.Firstly,
we
should _____________.Secondly,_______________. Please contact us via_________.Please join us in the effort to __________. Thank you for your paiticipation~
Sincerely,
____________ (12)活动海报
Under the auspices of__________,______________will be held _______________.T he activity aims to__________.The arrangements are as follows. Firsr
of
all,______________.After
that,________In
addition,_____________.
Anyone who is interested in the activity is welcome to _____________-.Please contact us through____________.We are earnestly looking forward to our active participation!
______________
第四篇：大学英语四级七大类型作文模板：讨论观点类
讨论观点类文章
(1) 模版1
Different people have different views on_____.Some people think that_____,whereas others aegue that __________.
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that ___________.For one thing,I firmly believe that ___________.For another,_____________.Just think of________,who/which_______.
Taking all these factors into consideration,we may safely come to the conclusion that______.Only if_______can we _______,just as the saying goes,________________.
(2)模版2
In recent years there have been many reports of ________.It turns a new chapter of _________in China,and will have far-reaching effects in the forthcoming years.The biggest benefit,in my eyes,is that_______.In
addition,_______.Finally,______________.
Apart from the benefits mentioned above,we should also face several unavoidable challenges.In the first place,_____________.In the second place,________.What’s more,_______________.In summary,we should_______________.
(3)模版3
Nwadays more and more ______are commonly and widely used in everyday life,ranging from __________to_____________.
The popularity of _______will have a great influence on ______.On the one hand,_________.On the other hand,__________.
To conclude,____________are just like a double-edged sword.With them we may________.However,one point should be kept in mind that we should make sensible use,always being a master instead of slaving of them.
第五篇：Holland人格类型理论与大学生职业生涯辅导
(方小英 河南护理职业学院)
摘 要: Holland人格类型理论被公认为是一种有效的职业指导理论和方法,它包括科学的理论基础和测评方法。针对我国目前大学生就业指导中存在的一些问题，本文重点介绍霍兰德人格类型理论对大学生进行职业生涯辅导的应用。 关键词: Holland;人格类型论;职业生涯; 1. Holland理论简介 1.1 Holland理论内容
美国约翰·霍普金斯大学心理学教授约翰·霍兰德 (John Holland) 是著名的职业指导专家。他于 1959年提出了具有广泛影响的职业兴趣理论，认为人的人格类型、兴趣与职业密切相关。 Holland把人格可分为现实型、研究型、艺术型、社会型、企业型和常规型六种类型，即我们所说的职业兴趣。有相同职业兴趣的人对情景和问题会有类似的反应，从而产生特定的执业范围即职业环境。由于个人的职业兴趣是多方面的，因此，用3个字母的代码来表示一个人的职业兴趣，这个代码即“霍兰德代码”。这3个字母之间的顺序表示了不同类型兴趣的强弱程度不同。同样的方法用上述3个字母代码的方式来描述其工作性质和职业氛围。Holland通过设计平面六角形的图来阐述职业类型和职业性向的关系，他指出，当我们就业择业的时候，人格与职业环境的匹配是形成职业满意度、成就感的基础。 1.2 Holland理论特点
根据Holland的理论，个体的职业兴趣可以影响其对职业的满意程度。当个体所从事的职业和他的职业兴趣类型匹配时，个体的潜在能力可以得到最彻底的发挥，工作业绩也更加显著。Holland职业兴趣理论可以帮助做好职业选择和职业设计，成功地进行职业调整，从整体上认识和发展自己的职业能力。 2.大学生就业指导中的问题
我国开展职业指导主要集中在高等学院，服务对象以广大在校生为主。高校开展职业指导的具体工作方面主要存在如下问题: 2.1就业指导形式上，知识传授多，技能培养少。在职业指导的形式方面，利用讲座和课程的方式开展职业指导在高校中较为普遍。至于技能的培养主要通过团体辅导、拓展训练等方式开展，受众面小、有针对性，对组织与参与者都有较高的要求，一些高校限于人员的限制，较少组织这类活动。
2.2指导信息中，就业信息多，职业信息少。在职业指导的信息方面，高校组织的活动和提供的信息主要围绕以下几个方面:就业政策、面试、简历等有关择业技巧的信息，职业生涯规划流程、职业生涯发展阶段等有关职业生涯规划理论的信息，性格与兴趣探索等有关自我认知的信息。但是对职业分类、行业发展等方面的内容却少有顾及。这也是目前很多毕业生不能正确定位的主要原因之一。
2.3指导人员的构成上，校内教师多，社会专业人士少。参与大学生职业指导的主力军是高校老师，而多数老师的个人经历都是“从一个校门进入另一个校门”。这些老师对职业、行业的发展情况多来自于文字资料、他人经验等间接渠道，而不是来自于个人体验的直接渠道。显而易见，主要通过这类老师为学生进行职业指导是有所欠缺的。 3.Holland职业兴趣理论在大学生就业指导中的应用
3.1可以通过《霍兰德职业倾向测试》帮助大学生相对精确地了解自身的个体特点和职业特点之间的匹配关系,同时为其在进行专业选择和职业选择时,提供客观的参考依据。霍兰德职业倾向测试量表共七个部分,分别是:1.你心目中的理想职业(专业);2.你所感兴趣的活动;3.你所擅长获胜的活动;4.你所喜欢的职业;5.你的能力类型自评;6.测试统计;7.你所看重的东西———职业价值观。其中第二至第五部分都涉及到霍兰德对职业倾向划分的六种类型:R型———机械操作能力、I型———科学研究能力、A型———艺术创作能力、S型———解释表达能力、E型———商业洽谈能力和C型———事务执行能力。第六部分是对前四个部分共192题的统计。通过该测试，帮助学生发现职业兴趣和能力特长,从而更好地做出求职择业或专业选择的决策,而且可以为我们提供生涯咨询和就业指导的依据,为今后的就业指导工作积累宝贵的数据和经验。
3.2.应用Holland职业兴趣理论可以帮助我们更好地了解企业需求,从而培养适合企业需求的人才。在人格和职业的关系方面, Holland提出了一系列假设:1.在现实的文化中,可以将人的人格分为六种类型，每一特定类型人格的人,便会对相应职业类型中的工作或学习感兴趣;2.环境也可分为上述六种类型;3.人们寻求能充分施展其能力与价值观的职业环境;4.个人的行为取决于个体的人格和所处的环境特征之间的相互作用。现在有不少企业在招募新员工时,已经开始进行职业兴趣的测评,了解申请者的职业兴趣人格类型。从高校就业指导的角度反过来考虑这个问题,可以知道,如果能够坚持以霍兰德的职业兴趣理论为指导,不仅可以有意识地培养适合某个(某类型)企业的人才,还可以在求职中减少盲目性;通过职业兴趣的测试。 3.3,应用Holland职业兴趣理论引导大学生自主择业。当我们就业择业的时候,我们的人格与职业环境的匹配是形成职业满意度、成就感的基础。Holland提出的人格类型与职业类型模式指出,不同类型人格的人需要不同的生活或工作环境。类型与环境不和谐,该环境或职业就无法提供个人的能力与兴趣所需的机会与奖励。职业兴趣是职业选择中最重要的因素,也是职业成功的重要因素。在职业兴趣测试的帮助下,学生可以清晰地了解自己的职业兴趣类型和在职业选择中的主观倾向,从而在纷繁的职业机会中找寻到最适合自己的职业,避免职业选择中的盲目行为。尤其是对于大学生和缺乏职业经验的人,霍兰德的职业兴趣理论可以帮助其做好职业选择和职业设计,成功地进行职业调整,从整体上认识和发展自己的职业能力,更好地应对职场挑战。认真学习和应用霍兰德职业兴趣理论,可以帮助高校更好地进行大学生职业发展与就业指导,可以帮助学生确定自己的个性特征和职业能力,找到符合自己职业兴趣的工作,也可以帮助企业减少招聘的盲目性,找到适合本企业的人才,这必将是一个我们乐见其成的“三赢”的结果。
参考文献：
[1] Holland J L. Making vocational choices: A theory of careers[M]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973. [ 2 ]吕国富.霍兰德人格类型理论与大学生职业生涯辅导.贵州师范大学学报(社会科学版),2007,(4):95-99. [3]刘海玲,王利山.霍兰德职业兴趣理论及其价值分析[J].职业时空,2005,(11).