第一篇：国家贸易术语英文解释
国际贸易术语解释通则2010(英文)
Incoterms 2010
RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPORT
EX WORKS EXW (insert named place of delivery) Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed. It is suitable for domestic trade, while FCA is usually more appropriate for international trade. “Ex Works” means that the seller delivers when it places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller‟s premises or at another named place (i.e., works, factory, warehouse, etc.). The seller does not need to load the goods on any collecting vehicle, nor does it need to clear the goods for export, where such clearance is applicable. The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller. The buyer bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the agreed point, if any, at the named place of delivery. EXW represents the minimum obligation for the seller. The rule should be used with care as: a) The seller has no obligation to the buyer to load the goods, even though in practice the seller may be in a better position to do so. If the seller does load the goods, it does so at the buyer‟s risk and expense. In cases where the seller is in a better position to load the goods, FCA, which obliges the seller to do so at its own risk and expense, is usually more appropriate. b) A buyer who buys from a seller on an EXW basis for export needs to be aware that the seller has an obligation to provide only such assistance as the buyer may require to effect that export: the seller is not bound to organize the export clearance. Buyers are therefore well advised not to use EXW if they cannot directly or indirectly obtain export clearance. c) The buyer has limited obligations to provide to the seller any information regarding the export of the goods. However, the seller may need this information for, e.g., taxation or reporting purposes. A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, assistance in obtaining any export licence, or other official authorization necessary for the export of the goods. Where applicable, the seller must provide, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any information in the possession of the seller that is required for the security clearance of the goods. A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage. b) Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance. A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of delivery, not loaded on any collecting vehicle. If no specific point has been agreed within the named place of delivery, and if there are several points available, the seller may select the point that best suits its purpose. The seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period. B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale. Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export and import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the export of the goods. B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage. b) Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when A4 and A7 have been complied with. A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5. A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6. A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods. A8 Delivery document The seller has no obligation to the buyer. B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods. B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must: a) pay all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4; b)pay any additional costs incurred by failing either to take delivery of the goods when they have been placed at its disposal or to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; c)pay, where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon export; and d) reimburse all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing assistance as envisaged in A2. B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof. B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must provide the seller with appropriate evidence of having taken delivery. A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, and counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately. A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the export and/or import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination. B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, including inspection mandated by the authorities of the country of export. B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10. Free Carrier FCA (insert named place of delivery) Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed. “Free Carrier” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the seller‟s premises or another named place. The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery, as the risk passes to the buyer at that point. If the parties intend to deliver the goods at the seller‟s premises, they should identify the address of those premises as the named place of delivery. If, on the other hand, the parties intend the goods to be delivered at another place, they must identify a different specific place of delivery. FCA requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities. A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods. A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage. However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer‟s risk and expense. In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer. b) Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance. A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the agreed point, if any, at the named place on the agreed date or within the agreed period. Delivery is completed: a) If the named place is the seller‟s premises, when the goods have been loaded on the means of transport provided by the buyer. b) In any other case, when the goods are placed at the disposal of the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer on the seller‟s means of transport ready for unloading.
If no specific point has been notified by the buyer under B7 d) within the named place of delivery, and if there are several points available, the seller may select the point that best suits its purpose. B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale. Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country. B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The buyer must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named place of delivery, except when the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a). b) Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. Unless the buyer notifies the seller otherwise, the seller may deliver the goods for carriage in such a manner as the quantity and/or nature of the goods may require. A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5. A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; and b) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export. B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If a) the buyer fails in accordance with B7 to notify the nomination of a carrier or another person as envisaged in A4 or to give notice; or b) the carrier or person nominated by the buyer as envisaged in A4 fails to take the goods into its charge, then, the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods: (i) from the agreed date, or in the absence of an agreed date, (ii) from the date notified by the seller under A7 within the agreed period; or, if no such date has been notified, (iii) from the expiry date of any agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods. B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b); b) any additional costs incurred, either because: (i) the buyer fails to nominate a carrier or another person as envisaged in A4, or (ii) the carrier or person nominated by the buyer as envisaged in A4 fails to take the goods into its charge, or (iii) the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; and c) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country. A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must, at the buyer‟s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer has failed to take the goods within the time agreed. A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4. The seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document. A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately. A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request,
risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination. B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must notify the seller of a) the name of the carrier or another person nominated as envisaged in A4 within sufficient time as to enable the seller to deliver the goods in accordance with that article; b) where necessary, the selected time within the period agreed for delivery when the carrier or person nominated will take the goods; c) the mode of transport to be used by the person nominated; and d) the point of taking delivery within the named place. B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8. B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export. B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10. The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10. The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country. CARRIAGE PAID TO CPT (insert named place of destination) Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed. “Carriage Paid To” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller at an agreed place (if any such place is agreed between the parties) and that the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination. When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination. This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places. The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible in the contract both the place of delivery, where the risk passes to the buyer, and the named place of destination to which the seller must contract for the carriage. If several carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination and the parties do not agree on a specific point of delivery, the default position is that risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier at a point entirely of the seller‟s choosing and over which the buyer has no control. Should the parties wish the risk to pass at a later stage (e.g., at an ocean port or airport), they need to specify this in their contract of sale. The parties are also well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the named place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties. CPT requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities. A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods, and for their transport through any country prior to delivery. A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named place of destination or, if agreed, any point at that place. The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller‟s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route and in a customary manner. If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point of delivery and the point at the named place of destination that best suit its purpose. b) Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance. A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by handing them over to the carrier contracted in accordance with A3 on the agreed date or within the agreed period. B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale. Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country. B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage. b) Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance. B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named place of destination. A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5. A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; b) the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods and any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; and c) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage. A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must notify the buyer that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4. The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods. B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, it must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods. B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 c); b) all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; c) unloading costs, unless such costs were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; d) any additional costs incurred if the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for dispatch, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; and e) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage. B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the goods and/or the named place of destination or the point of receiving the goods within that place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof. If customary or at the buyer‟s request, the seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual transport document[s] for the transport contracted in accordance with A3. This transport document must cover the contract goods and be dated within the period agreed for shipment. If agreed or customary, the document must also enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the named place of destination and enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier. When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer. A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately. A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information,
including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination. The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10. B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract. B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export. B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10. The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information,
including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country. CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO CIP (insert named place of destination) Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed. “Carriage and Insurance Paid to” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller at an agreed place (if any such place is agreed between the parties) and that the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination. The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer‟s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The buyer should note that under CIP the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have more insurance protection, it will need either to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make its own extra insurance arrangements. When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination. This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places. The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible in the contract both the place of delivery, where the risk passes to the buyer, and the named place of destination to which the seller must contract for carriage. If several carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination and the parties do not agree on a specific point of delivery, the default position is that risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier at a point entirely of the seller‟s choosing and over which the buyer has no control. Should the parties wish the risk to pass at a later stage (e.g., at an ocean port or an airport), they need to specify this in their contract of sale. The parties are also well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the named place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties. CIP requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities. A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery. B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale. Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other Formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country. A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named place of destination or, if agreed, any point at that place. The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller‟s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route and in a customary manner. If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point of delivery and the point at the named place of destination that best suit its purpose. b) Contract of insurance The seller must obtain at its own expense cargo insurance complying at least with the minimum cover as provided by Clauses (C) of the Institute Cargo Clauses (LMA/IUA) or any similar clauses. The insurance shall be contracted with underwriters or an insurance company of good repute and entitle the buyer, or any other person having an insurable interest in the goods, to claim directly from the insurer. When required by the buyer, the seller shall, subject to the buyer providing any necessary information requested by the seller, provide at the buyer‟s expense any additional cover, if procurable, such as cover as provided by Clauses (A) or (B) of the Institute Cargo Clauses (LMA/IUA) or any similar clauses, and/or cover complying with the Institute War Clauses and/or Institute Strikes Clauses (LMA/IUA) or any similar clauses. The insurance shall cover, at a minimum, the price provided in the contract plus 10% (i.e., 110%) and shall be in the currency of the contract. The insurance shall cover the goods from the point of delivery set out in A and A5 to at least the named place of destination. The seller must provide the buyer with the insurance policy or other evidence of insurance cover. Moreover, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs to procure any additional insurance. A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by handing them over to the carrier contracted in accordance with A3 on the agreed date or within the agreed period. B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage. b) Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with any information necessary for the seller to procure any additional insurance requested by the buyer as envisaged in A3 b). B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named place of destination. A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5. A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; b) the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods and any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; c) the costs of insurance resulting from A3 b); and d) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage. A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must notify the buyer that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4. The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods. B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, it must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods. B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 d); b) all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; c) unloading costs, unless such costs were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; d) any additional costs incurred if it fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for dispatch, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; e) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage; and f) the costs of any additional insurance procured at the buyer‟s request under A3 and B3. B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the goods and/or the named place of destination or the point of receiving the goods within that place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof. A8 Delivery document If customary or at the buyer‟s request, the seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual transport document[s] for the transport contracted in accordance with A3. This transport document must cover the contract goods and be dated within the period agreed for shipment. If agreed or customary, the document must also enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the named place of destination and enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier. When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer. A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4 as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately. A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination. The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10. B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract. B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export. B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10. The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country. DAT DELIVERED AT TERMINAL DAT (insert named terminal at port or place of destination) Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed. “Delivered at Terminal” means that the seller delivers when the goods, once unloaded from the arriving means of transport, are placed at the disposal of the buyer at a named terminal at the named port or place of destination. “Terminal” includes any place, whether covered or not, such as a quay, warehouse, container yard or road, rail or air cargo terminal. The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them at the terminal at the named port or place of destination. The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the terminal and, if possible, a specific point within the terminal at the agreed port or place of destination, as the risks to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure a contract of carriage that matches this choice precisely. Moreover, if the parties intend the seller to bear the risks and costs involved in transporting and handling the goods from the terminal to another place, then the DAP or DDP rules should be used. DAT requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities. A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery. A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named terminal at the agreed port or place of destination. If a specific terminal is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the terminal at the agreed port or place of destination that best suits its purpose. b) Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance. A4 Delivery The seller must unload the goods from the arriving means of transport and must then deliver them by placing them at the disposal of the buyer at the named terminal referred to in A3 a) at the port or place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period. B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale. Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the buyer must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods. B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage. b) Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance. B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5. A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a) in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; and b) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and the costs for their transport through any country, prior to delivery in accordance with A4. A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods. A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4. B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If a) the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods; or b) the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods. B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4; b) any additional costs incurred by the seller if the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; and c) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods. B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery at the named terminal, give the seller sufficient notice thereof. B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the delivery document provided as envisaged in A8. A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately. A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination. The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10. B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export. B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10. The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information,
including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country. DELIVERED AT PLACE DAP (insert named place of destination) Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed. “Delivered at Place” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination. The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place. The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the risks to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties. DAP requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities. If the parties wish the seller to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty and carry out any import customs formalities, the DDP term should be used. A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery. A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named place of destination or to the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination. If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination that best suits its purpose. b) Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance. A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period. B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale. Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the buyer must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods. B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage. b) Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance. B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5. A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a) in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; b) any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; and c) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and the costs for their transport through any country, prior to delivery in accordance with A4. A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods. A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4. B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If a) the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods; or b) the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods. B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4; b) all costs of unloading necessary to take delivery of the goods from the arriving means of transport at the named place of destination, unless such costs were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; c) any additional costs incurred by the seller if the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2 or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; and d) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods. B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof. B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the delivery document provided as envisaged in A8. A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately. A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination. The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10. B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export. B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10. The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country. DELIVERED DUTY PAID DDP (insert named place of destination) Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed. “Delivered Duty Paid” means that the seller delivers the goods when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer, cleared for import on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination. The seller bears all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the place of destination and has an obligation to clear the goods not only for export but also for import, to pay any duty for both export and import and to carry out all customs formalities. DDP represents the maximum obligation for the seller. The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties. The parties are well advised not to use DDP if the seller is unable directly or indirectly to obtain import clearance. If the parties wish the buyer to bear all risks and costs of import clearance, the DAP rule should be used. Any VAT or other taxes payable upon import are for the seller‟s account unless expressly agreed otherwise in the sales contract. A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export and import licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods, for their transport through any country and for their import. A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named place of destination or to the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination. If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination that best suits its purpose. b) Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance. A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period. B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale. Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the buyer must provide assistance to the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, in obtaining any import licence or other official authorization for the import of the goods. B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage. b) Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance. B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5. A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a) in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; b) any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; and c) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export and import as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and import of the goods, and the costs for their transport through any country prior to delivery in accordance with A4. A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods. A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4. B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If a) the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods; or b) the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods. B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4; b) all costs of unloading necessary to take delivery of the goods from the arriving means of transport at the named place of destination, unless such costs were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; and c) any additional costs incurred if it fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2 or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods. B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof. B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8. A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export or of import. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately. A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the transport of the goods to the final destination, where applicable, from the named place of destination. The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10. B9 Inspection of goods The buyer has no obligation to the seller to pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export or of import. B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10. The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport, export and import of the goods and for their transport through any country. RULES FOR SEA AND IINLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP FAS (insert named port of shipment) Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. “Free Alongside Ship” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel (e.g., on a quay or a barge) nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are alongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards. The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the loading point at the named port of shipment, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller and these costs and associated handling charges may vary according to the practice of the port. The seller is required either to deliver the goods alongside the ship or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment. The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain („string sales‟), particularly common in the commodity trades. Where the goods are in containers, it is typical for the seller to hand the goods over to the carrier at a terminal and not alongside the vessel. In such situations, the FAS rule would be inappropriate, and the FCA rule should be used. FAS requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities. A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods. A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage. However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer‟s risk and expense. In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer. b) Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance. A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them alongside the ship nominated by the buyer at the loading point, if any, indicated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or by procuring the goods so delivered. In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port. If no specific loading point has been indicated by the buyer, the seller may select the point within the named port of shipment that best suits its purpose. If the parties have agreed that delivery should take place within a period, the buyer has the option to choose the date within that period. B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale. Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. . B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country. B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The buyer must contract, at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment, except where the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a). b) Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5. A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; and b) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export. A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must, at the buyer‟s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the vessel has failed to take the goods within the time agreed. the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If a) the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7; or b) the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, or fails to take the goods or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7; then the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods. B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b); b) any additional costs incurred, either because: (i) the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, or (ii) the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; and c) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country. B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and, where necessary, the selected delivery time within the agreed period. A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4. Unless such proof is a transport document, the seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document. A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately. A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination. The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10. B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8. B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export. B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10. The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country. FOB FREE ON BOARD FOB (insert named port of shipment) Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. “Free on Board” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards. The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment. The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain („string sales‟), particularly common in the commodity trades. FOB may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal. In such situations, the FCA rule should be used. FOB requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities. A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods. A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage. However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer‟s risk and expense. In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer. b) Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance. A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the loading point, if any, indicated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or by procuring the goods so delivered. In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port. If no specific loading point has been indicated by the buyer, the seller may select the point within the named port of shipment that best suits its purpose. B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale. Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country. B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The buyer must contract, at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment, except where the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a). b) Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5. A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; and b) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export. B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If a) the buyer fails to notify the nomination of a vessel in accordance with B7; or b) the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time to enable the seller to comply with A4, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7; then, the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods: (i) from the agreed date, or in the absence of an agreed date, (ii) from the date notified by the seller under A7 within the agreed period, or, if no such date has been notified, (iii) from the expiry date of any agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods. B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b); b) any additional costs incurred, either because: (i) the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, or (ii) the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; and c) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country. A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must, at the buyer‟s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the vessel has failed to take the goods within the time agreed. A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller‟s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4. Unless such proof is a transport document, the seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document. A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately. A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination. The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10. B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and, where necessary, the selected delivery time within the agreed period. B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8. B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export. B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10. The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country. COST AND FREIGHT CFR (insert named port of destination) Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. “Cost and Freight” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel. The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier in the manner specified in the chosen rule and not when the goods reach the place of destination. This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places. While the contract will always specify a destination port, it might not specify the port of shipment, which is where risk passes to the buyer. If the shipment port is of particular interest to the buyer, the parties are well advised to identify it as precisely as possible in the contract. The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point at the agreed port of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the specified point at the port of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties. The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment to the destination. In addition, the seller is required either to make a contract of carriage or to procure such a contract. The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain („string sales‟), particularly common in the commodity trades. CFR may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal. In such circumstances, the CPT rule should be used. CFR requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities. A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods. A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named port of destination or, if agreed, any point at that port. The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller‟s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route in a vessel of the type normally used for the transport of the type of goods sold. b) Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance. A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel or by procuring the goods so delivered. In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port. B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale. Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country. B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage. b) Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance. B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named port of destination. A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5. A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; b) the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods on board and any charges for unloading at the agreed port of discharge that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; and c) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage. A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods. B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods. B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 c); b) all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the port of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; c) unloading costs including lighterage and wharfage charges, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage;
d) any additional costs incurred if it fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; and e) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage. B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods and/or the point of receiving the goods within the named port of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof. A8 Delivery document The seller must, at its own expense, provide the buyer without delay with the usual transport document for the agreed port of destination. This transport document must cover the contract goods, be dated within the period agreed for shipment, enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the port of destination and, unless otherwise agreed, enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier. When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer. A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately. A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination. The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10. B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract. B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export. B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10. The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country. COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT CIF (insert named port of destination) Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. “Cost, Insurance and Freight” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel. The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer‟s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The buyer should note that under CIF the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have more insurance protection, it will need either to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make its own extra insurance arrangements. When CPT, CIP, CFR, or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier in the manner specified in the chosen rule and not when the goods reach the place of destination. This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places. While the contract will always specify a destination port, it might not specify the port of shipment, which is where risk passes to the buyer. If the shipment port is of particular interest to the buyer, the parties are well advised to identify it as precisely as possible in the contract. The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point at the agreed port of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the specified point at the port of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties. The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment to the destination. In addition the seller is required either to make a contract of carriage or to procure such a contract. The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain („string sales‟), particularly common in the commodity trades.
CIF may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal. In such circumstances, the CIP rule should be used. CIF requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities. A THE SELLER‟ OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods. B THE BUYER‟ OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale. Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country. A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named port of destination or, if agreed, any point at that port. The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller‟s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route in a vessel of the type normally used for the transport of the type of goods sold. b) Contract of insurance The seller must obtain, at its own expense, cargo insurance complying at least with the minimum cover provided by Clauses (C) of the Institute Cargo Clauses (LMA/IUA) or any similar clauses. The insurance shall be contracted with underwriters or an insurance company of good repute and entitle the buyer, or any other person having an insurable interest in the goods, to claim directly from the insurer. When required by the buyer, the seller shall, subject to the buyer providing any necessary information requested by the seller, provide at the buyer‟s expense any additional cover, if procurable, such as cover as provided by Clauses (A) or (B) of the Institute Cargo Clauses (LMA/IUA) or any similar clauses and/or cover complying with the Institute War Clauses and/or Institute Strikes Clauses (LMA/IUA) or any similar clauses. The insurance shall cover, at a minimum, the price provided in the contract plus 10% (i.e., 110%) and shall be in the currency of the contract. The insurance shall cover the goods from the point of delivery set out in A4 and A5 to at least the named port of destination. The seller must provide the buyer with the insurance policy or other evidence of insurance cover. Moreover, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs to procure any additional insurance. A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel or by procuring the goods so delivered. In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port. B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a) Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage. b) Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with any information necessary for the seller to procure any additional insurance requested by the buyer as envisaged in A3 b). B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named port of destination. A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5. A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; b) the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods on board and any charges for unloading at the agreed port of discharge that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; c) the costs of insurance resulting from A3 b); and d) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage. B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods. B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 d); b) all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the port of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; c) unloading costs including lighterage and wharfage charges, unless such costs and charges were for the seller‟s account under the contract of carriage; d) any additional costs incurred if it fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; e) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage; and f) the costs of any additional insurance procured at the buyer‟s request under A3 b) and B3 b). A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods. A8 Delivery document The seller must, at its own expense provide the buyer without delay with the usual transport document for the agreed port of destination. This transport document must cover the contract goods, be dated within the period agreed for shipment, enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the port of destination and, unless otherwise agreed, enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier. When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer. A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately. B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods and/or the point of receiving the goods within the named port of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof. B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract. B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export. A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination. The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10. B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10. The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller‟s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.
第二篇：名词解释贸易术语
1、贸易术语——在长期的国际贸易实践中产生的、用来表明商品的价格构成，说明货物交接过程中有关的风险、责任、费用划分问题的专门术语。
2、象征性交货——卖方只要按期在约定的地点完成装运，并向买方提交合同规定的、包括货物权凭证在内的有关单证，就算完成了交过义务，而无须保证到货。卖方凭单交货、买方凭单付款。
3、良好平均品质——一定时期内某地出口货物的平均品质水平，一般指中等货而言。(指农产品的每个生产年度的中等货、指某一季度或者某一装船月份在装运地发运的同一种商品的“平均品质”)
4、品质公差——国际上公认的产品品质的误差。在工业制成品生产过程中，产品的质量指标出现一定的误差有时是难以避免的。
5、品质机动幅度——某些初级产品的质量不稳定，为了便于交易顺利进行，在规定其品质指标的同时，可另订一定的品质机动幅度，允许卖方所交的货物的品质指标在一定幅度内有灵活性。
6、溢短装条款——卖方在交货时，可按合同中的数量多交或少交一定的百分比，他一般是在数量条款中加订的。(散装货：粮食、矿砂等)
7、中性包装——即不标明生产国别、地名、厂商名称，也不标明商标或者品牌的包装。(无牌中性包装、定牌中性包装)
8、定牌——卖方按照买方要求在其出售的商品或者包装上面标明买方指定的商标或品牌。
9、滞期费——负责装卸货物的一方，如果未按约定的装卸时间和装卸率完成任务，需要向船方缴纳延误船期的罚款。
10、速遣费——如果负责装卸货物的一方在约定的装卸时间内提前完成任务，有利于加快船舶周转，则可以从船方取得奖金。
11、OCP条款——陆上运输通常可到达的地点。OCP地区是以落基山脉为界，其以东地区均定为内陆地区范围。从远东地区向美国OCP地区出口货物，如按OCP条款达成交易，出口上可以享受较低的OCP海运优惠费率，进口商在内陆运输中也可以享受OCP优惠费率。
12、提单(B/L)——是承运人或其代理人在收到货物后签发给托运人的一种证件，它体现了承运人和托运人之间的相互关系。
13、联运提单——在由海运和其他运输方式所组成的联合运输时使用，他是由承运人(或其其代理人)在货物启运地签发运往货物最终目的地的提单，并收取全程运费。
14、过期提单——提单晚于货物到达目的港;向银行交单时间超过提单签发日期21天。
15、多式联运单据——证明多式联运合同以及证明多式联运经营人接管货物并且负责按照合同条款交付货物的单据，它由多式联运经营人签发，这种单据应依发货人的选择，或为可转让单据，或为不可转让的单据。
16、共同海损(GA)——载货的船舶在海上遇到灾害、事故，威胁到船货等各方面的共同安全，为了解除这种威胁，维护船货安全，是航程得以继续完成，船方有意识地、合理地采取措施，造成某些特殊损失或者支出特殊额外费用。
17、舱至舱条款——保险责任自被保险货物运离保险单所载明的启运地仓库货储存处所开始，包括正常运输中的海上、陆上、内河、驳船运输在内，直至该项货物运抵保险单所载明的目的地收货人的最后仓库或者储存处所，或者被保险人用作分配、分派、非正常运输的其他储存处所为止。但被保险人的货物在最后到达卸载港卸离海轮后，保险责任以60天为限。
18、联合凭证——是一种更为简化的保险凭证。在我国，保险机构在外贸企业的商业发票上加注保险编号、险别、金额，并加盖保险机构印戳，即作为承保凭证，其余项目以发票所列为准。此种凭证不能转让，目前只适用于香港地区一些中资银行由华商开来的信用证。
19、保险单——是保险人对被保险人的承保证明，是规定保险人和被保险人双方各自权力和义务的契约，当被保险货物遭受承保范围内的损失时，它又是保险索赔了理赔的主要依据。
20、对等样品——卖方可以根据买方提供的样品，加工复制出一个类似的样品交给买方确认，这种经确认后的样品称为回样(确认样品)。
21、价格调整条款——在定约时只规定初步价格，同时规定，如原材料价格和共资等发生变化，按原材料价格和工资等的变化来计算合同的最终价格。(主要适用于类似生产加工周期较场的机器设备等商品的合同)
22、汇票(Draft)——一个人向另外一个人签发的要求见票时或者在将来的固定时间，或者可以确定的时间，对某人或其指定的人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件的书面支付命令。
23、背书——转让汇票权利的一种手续，就是由汇票抬头人在汇票背面签上自己的名字，或再加上受让人的名字，并把汇票交给售让人的行为。
24、支票(Check)——是以银行为付款人的即期汇票，即存款人签发给银行的无条件支付一定金额的委托命令，出票人在支票上签发一定的金额，要求受票的银行于见票时，立即支付一定金额给特定人或持票人。
25、付款交单D/P——出口人的交单是以进口人的付款为条件。
即期付款交单——银行提示即期汇票和单据，进口人见票时即应付款，并在付清货款后取得单据。
远期付款交单——银行提示远期汇票，进口人审核无误后在汇票上进行承兑，于汇票到期日付清货款后再领取货运单据。
26、承兑交单D/A——出口人的交单以进口人在汇票上承兑为条件，进口人在汇票到期时，方履行付款义务。(只适用于远期汇票的托收)
27、信托收据——进口人借单时提供的一种书面信用担保文件，用来表示愿意以代收行的受托人身份代为提货、保管、存舱、保险、出售，并承认货物所有权仍归银行。
28、信用证L/C——银行开立的有条件的承诺付款的书面文件，也是开证行对受益人的一种保证，只要受益人履行信用证所规定的条件，即受益人只要提交符合信用证所规定的各种单据，开证行就保证付款。(银行信用)
29、背对背信用证(转开信用证)——受益人要求原证的通知行或其他银行以原证为基础，另开一张内容相似的新的信用证。
30、对开信用证——两张信用证的开证申请人互以对方为受益人而开立的信用证。开立信用证是为了达到贸易平衡，以防止对方只出不进或者只进不出。
第三篇：国际贸易术语解释
2010年国际贸易术语解释,EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP 国际贸易术语2010主要变化： 1. 术语分类的调整： 由原来的EFCD 四组分为适用于两类：适用于各种运输方式和水运
2、贸易术语的数 2010年国际贸易术语解释,EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP 国际贸易术语2010主要变化：
1. 术语分类的调整：
由原来的EFCD 四组分为适用于两类：适用于各种运输方式和水运
2、贸易术语的数量由原来的13种变为11种。《通则2010》的分类 新版本改变了《通则2000》将13个贸易术语分为EFCD四组的做法，而将11种术语分成了如下截然不同的两类：
第一组：适用于任何运输方式的术语七种：EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP。
EXW(ex works) 工厂交货
FCA(free carrier) 货交承运人
CPT(carriage paid to) 运费付至目的地
CIP(carriage and insurance paid to) 运费/保险费付至目的地
DAT(delivered at terminal) 目的地或目的港的集散站交货
DAP(delivered at place) 目的地交货
DDP(delivered duty paid) 完税后交货
第二组：适用于水上运输方式的术语四种： FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF。
FAS(free alongside ship) 装运港船边交货
FOB(free on board) 装运港船上交货
CFR(cost and freight) 成本加运费
CIF(cost insurance and freight) 成本、保险费加运费
3、删除INCOTERMS2000中四个D组贸易术语，即DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid)、DAF (Delivered At Frontier)、 DES (Delivered Ex Ship)、 DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay)，只保留了INCOTERMS2000D组中的DDP( Delivered Duty Paid )。
4、新增加两种D组贸易术语，即DAT ( Delivered At Terminal )与DAP(Delivered At Place )。
5、E组、F组、C组的贸易术语基本没有变化。
如何应用国际贸易术语2010通则 (文捷ex)
DAT(delivered at terminal) 目的地或目的港的集散站交货
类似于取代了的DEQ术语，指卖方在指定的目的地或目的港的集散站卸货后将货物交给买方处置即完成交货，术语所指目的地包括港口。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的地或目的港的集散站的一切风险和费用(除进口费用外)。本术语适用于任何运输方式或多式联运。
DAP(delivered at place) 目的地交货
类似于取代了的DAF、DES和DDU三个术语，指卖方在指定的目的地交货，只需做好卸货准备无需卸货即完成交货。术语所指的到达车辆包括船 舶，目的地包括港口。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的地的一切风险和费用(除进口费用外)。本术语适用于任何运输方式、多式联运方式及海运。
《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》(International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2010, 缩写Incoterms® 2010) 是国际商会根据国际货物贸易的发展，对《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》的修订，2010年9月27日公布，于2011年1月1日实施。法|律教育网整 理
《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》删去了《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》4个术语：DAF (Delivered at Frontier)边境交货、DES (Delivered Ex Ship) 目的港船上交货、DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay)目的港码头交货、DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid)未完税交货，新增了2个术语：DAT(delivered at terminal)在指定目的地或目的港的集散站交货、DAP(delivered at place)在指定目的地交货。即用DAP取代了DAF、DES和DDU三个术语，DAT取代了DEQ，且扩展至适用于一切运输方式。
修订后的《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》取消了“船舷”的概念，卖方承担货物装上船为止的一切风险，买方承担货物自装运港装上船后的一切风 险。在FAS，FOB，CFR和CIF等术语中加入了货物在运输期间被多次买卖(连环贸易)的责任义务的划分。考虑到对于一些大的区域贸易集团内部贸易的 特点，规定，Incoterms® 2010不仅适用于国际销售合同，也适用于国内销售合同。
《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》共有11种贸易术语，按照所适用的运输方式划分为两大类：
第一组：适用于任何运输方式的术语七种：EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP。
EXW(ex works) 工厂交货
FCA(free carrier) 货交承运人
CPT(carriage paid to) 运费付至目的地
CIP(carriage and insurance paid to) 运费/保险费付至目的地
DAT(delivered at terminal) 目的地或目的港的集散站交货
DAP(delivered at place) 目的地交货
DDP(delivered duty paid) 完税后交货
第二组：适用于水上运输方式的术语四种： FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF。
FAS(free alongside ship) 装运港船边交货
FOB(free on board) 装运港船上交货
CFR(cost and freight) 成本加运费
CIF(cost insurance and freight) 成本、保险费加运费
国际贸易术语是一种将商业惯例反映在货物销售合同中的价格术语，其描述了涉及货物从卖方到买方交付过程中的买卖双方各自承担的主要责任、费用和风险。
2010 Incoterms 2010 in the income lessen over in the application, users should be explicit:
总结Incoterms 2010在销售合同中的应用，使用者应明确：
1 对其合同的而言，此通则并不是自动适用的，具有任意性。
对于合同各方当事人意欲任何一种2010通则中的国际贸易术语适用其合同的情形，其应当在合同中清楚具体地订明，通过诸如“所用术语，选择于2010通则”等语句。
2 此通则并不包含一整套的合同条款。
因此，比如，尽管通则中规定当何方当事人承担运费或作保险安排，什么时候卖方将货物交给买方以及各方当事人应承担何种费用，但是通则中并未涉及 到有关货物价格和所有权，或者违反合同约定的后果等内容。这些问题通常是通过合同中相关明示条款或者专门管辖合同的法律来解决。同样地，当事人应当清楚当 地强制性的法律较包括所选贸易术语在内的合同中的任何规定都具有优先权。
3 选择适当特定的术语。
所选术语需要适合于标的货物，运输方式，而且最重要的是要适合于各方当事人是否有意将更多的责任赋予到卖方或买方，比如安排运输或保险的责任。每种术语的指南中包含一些特别有用的关于何时作出这些选择的信息。然而，包含在指南中的信息并不构成所选术语的一部分。
4 只有各方当事人指定地点或港口，所选术语才形成有效的，而且指定的地点或港口越精确越奏效。
如以下的精确描述就是一个很好的例子：
“FCA (38 Cours Albert 1er, Paris, France) Incoterms 2010”.(2010通则FCA术语，法国巴黎，38 Cours Albert 1er)
指定地点是交货点，即风险转移给买方的点;但是在C组术语中，指定地点指的是运费已付的地点。为了更好避免疑问和争议，指定地点或目的地可以进一步阐述为一个精确的点。
2000通则和2010通则的主要区别
1 一种新的术语——DPA
通则已经将13种不同的术语减为11种。这是由一种新的术语，DAP，地点交货，取代DAF，DES和DDU而实现的。所谓DAP术语，就像被 取代的那些术语，是“实质性交货”术语，在将货物运至目的地过程中涉及的到所有费用和风险由卖方承担。此术语适用于任何运输方式，因此也适用于各种 DAF，DES以及DDU以前被使用过的情形。
2 11种贸易术语的分类
2000通则中的13种术语按术语缩写首字母分成四组，即，E组(EXW)，F组，C组以及F组。这种分类反映了卖方对于买方的责任程度。 FCA，或者适用国内贸易的EXW，利用交货的完成以及在尽可能早的时间把风险转移给买方从而赋予卖方最少的责任。相反地，D组术语，或者说“实质性交 货”术语，利用交货的完成以及在尽可能晚的时间把风险转移给买方从而赋予卖方最多的责任。这种分类仍然很重要，尤其是在当事人对2010通则中的中11种 贸易术语作出选择时。
然而，2010通则将这11种术语分成了截然不同的两类。
第一类包括那些适用于任何运输方式，包括多式运输的六种术语。EXW，FCA，CPT，CIP，DAP和DDP术语这类。这些术语可以用于没有 海上运输的情形。但要谨记，这些术语能够用于船只作为运输的一部分的情形，只要卖方交货点，或者货物运至买方的地点，或者两者兼备，在船舷前面。
第二类，实际上包含了比较传统的只适用于海运或内河运输的5种术语。这类术语条件下，卖方交货点和货物运至买方的地点均是港口，所以“唯海运不可”就是这类术语标签。FAS，FOB，CFR，CIF和DEQ属于本类术语。
3 国内和国际贸易术语
贸易术语在传统上被运用于表明货物跨越国界传递的国际销售合同。然而，世界上一些地区的大型贸易集团，像东盟和欧洲单一市场的存在，使得原本实 际存在的边界通关手续变得不再那么有意义。因此，2010通则的编撰委员会认识到这些术语对国内和国际销售合同都是适用的;所以，2010通则在一些地方 作出明确说明，只有在适用的地方，才有义务遵守出口/进口所需的手续。
两方面的发展使国际商会确信在这个方向上作一个改动是适时的。首先，一个强有力的证据就是事实上很多交易者将通则普遍运用于纯粹的内贸合同。另一个原因就是在美国人们更愿意选择通则而不是统一商法典装运和交货条款运用于国内贸易。
4 使用指南
每一种2010通则中的术语在其条款前面都有一个使用指南。指南解释了每种术语的基本原理：何种情况应使用次术语;风险转移点是什么;费用在买卖是如何分配的。这些指南并不是术语正式规则的一部分：它们是用来帮助和引导使用者准确有效地为特定交易选择合适的术语。
5 电子通讯
通则的早期版本已经对需要的单据作出了规定，这些单据可被电子数据交换信息替代。不过现在2010通则赋予电子通讯方式完全等同的功效，只要各方当事人达成一致或者在使用地是惯例。在2010的生命期里，这一规定有利于新的电子程序的演变发展。法|律教育网整理
6 保险
2010通则是自全协会货物保险条款修改以来的第一个版本，这个最新版本在所修改内容中充分考虑了这些保险同款的变动。2010通则在涉及运输 和保险合同的A3/A4条款中罗列了有关保险责任的内容，原本它们属于内容比较泛化而且有着比较泛化标题“其他义务”的A10/B10款。在这方面，为了 阐明当事人的义务，对A3/A4款中涉及保险的内容作出修改。
7 有关安全的核准书及这种核准书要求的信息
如今对货物在转移过程中的安全关注度很高，因而要求检定货物不会因除其自身属性外的原因而造成对生命财产的威胁。因此，在各种术语的A2/B2和A10/B10条款内容中包含了取得或提供帮助取得安全核准的义务，比如货物保管链。
8 码头装卸费
按照“C”组术语，卖方必须负责将货物运输至约定目的地：表面上是卖方自负运输费用，但实际上是由买方负担，因为卖方早已把这部分费用包含在最 初的货物价格中。运输成本有时包括货物在港口内的装卸和移动费用，或者集装箱码头设施费用，而且承运人或者码头的运营方也可能向接受货物的买方收取这些费 用。譬如，在这些情况下，买方就要注意避免为一次服务付两次费，一次包含在货物价格中付给卖方，一次单独付给承运人或码头的运营方。2010通则在相关术 语的A6/B6条款中对这种费用的分配作出了详细规定，旨在避免上述情况的发生。
9 连串销售
在商品的销售中，有一种和直接销售相对的销售方式，货物在沿着销售链运转的过程中频繁地被销售好几次。在这种情况下，在一连串销售中间的销售商 并不将货物“装船”，因为它们已经由处于这一销售串中的起点销售商装船。因此，连串销售的中间销售商对其买方应承担的义务不是将货物装船，而是“设法获 取”已装船货物。着眼于贸易术语在这种销售中的应用，2010通则的相关术语中同时规定了“设法获取已装船货物”和将货物装船的义务。
术语的使用解释
2000通则中，按照镜像原则，A条款下反映的是卖方的义务，相应地，B条款下反映的是买方的义务。但是由于一些短语的使用贯穿整个文件，2010通则打算在其正文中对以下被列出来的词语不再作解释，以以下注解为准。
承运人：就2010通则而言，承运人是指签署运输合同的一方。
出口清关：遵照各种规定办理出口手续，并支付各种税费。法|律教育网整理
交货：这个概念在贸易法律和惯例中有着多重含义，但是2010通则中用其来表示货物缺损的风险从卖方转移到买方的点。
电子数据：由一种或两种以上的和相应纸质文件功效等同的电子讯息组成的的一系列信息。
‘包装’和‘存放’：这些短语被用于不同的目的：
1. 遵照合同中所有的要求的货物包装。
2. 使货物适合运输的包装。
3. 已包装好的商品转载进货柜或其他运输工具。。
在2010通则中，包装的含义包括以上第一种和第二种。2010通则没有涉及到货物在货柜中的装载义务由谁承担，所以，相关当事人应在合同中对此作出明确规定。
第四篇：国际贸易术语解释通则
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国际贸易术语解释通则 INCOTERMS
当贸易双在洽商交易和订立买卖合同时，不但要制定价格，数量，以及商品品性的条款，还要明确交易双方在货物交接过程中有关风险，责任和费用的划分。为了明确交易双方各自承担的责任，费用和风险，所以采用专门的贸易术语来表示。 « 国际贸易术语解释通则 »(International Commercial Term) 是为国际贸易中最普遍使用的贸易术语提供一套解释的国际规则。买卖双方在合同中使用贸易术语是为了明确规定比如由谁来支付货物在运输过程中的运输费用及保险费用，由谁来支付货物在装卸中的费用，由谁来承担货物运输过程中可能遭遇的自然灾害，意外事故和各种外来风险等等事项。贸易术语在合同中的应用还直接影响到海关对进口商品的估价基准。
« 国际贸易术语解释通则 »由在法国巴黎的国际商会制定监管，并受到世界上主要贸易国家的支持。目前世界上所用的贸易术语有十三种，这些贸易术语可以作为上述所引用事例的基础。下列所有的现行贸易术语是以卖方的责任排列的。
E组(启运)
工厂交货(指定地点)(EXW)卖方(出口商)办理货物清关手续并将货物在指定的装运港将货物交到船边，即完成交货。买方必须承担自那时起货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。买方负责装船(除非特别指明)并且承担到达目的地的一切费用。
货交承运人(FCA)卖方(出口商)负责办理出口清关手续以及将货物从自己所在地运至并装上出口港的船上。一旦货物越过船舷，卖方即完成交货。买方必须从该点起承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险以及运费，保险费和进口的清关手续。FOB 的成交方式要注明出口港的名称。比如说，出口港是Boston, 应该在有关文件上写明：FOB, Boston. 如果进口国的海关是以CIF 作为完税价格，那么完税价格在FOB价格的基础上还要加上国际运费及保险费。
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C组(主要运费已付)
成本加运费(CFR)卖方(出口商)负责办理出口清关手续并将货物运至装运港越过船舷即完成交货。卖方必须支付将货物运至指定目的港所需要的运费，保险费及其他费用。但交货后货物灭失或损坏的风险及由于各种事件造成的额外费用即由卖方转移到买方。买方可以凭借卖方所购买的保险起诉。买方负责货物到达目的港以后的清关手续以及运往最终目的地的费。该术语仅适用于水运或至少部分如此。如果进口国的海关是以FOB 作为完税价格，那么完税价格在CIF价格的基础上还要减掉国际运费和保险费。CIF 的成交方式要注明目的港的名称。比如说，目的港是Los Angeles, 应该在有关文件上写明：CIF, Los Angeles.
运费付至目的地 (CPT)卖方(出口商)向其指定的承运人交货，负责出口清关手续及费用，并支付办理将货物运至目的地的运费及保险费。买方承担交货后的一切风险和其他费用。如果进口国的海关是以FOB 作为完税价格，那么完税价格在CPT价格的基础上还要减掉国际运费。
D组(抵达)
边境交货(DAF)卖方(出口商)负责将货物运至指定的目的港，在船上将货物交给买方处置。卖方必须承担目的港卸货前的一切风险和费用。买方(进口商)则负责卸货，付税，通关，办理将货物运至目的地的运输和保险，以及承担诸如此类所产生的费用。
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目的港码头交货(DEQ)卖方(出口商)在指定的目的地将仍在运输工具上的货物交给买方，不办理进口手续，即完成交货。卖方应承担货物运至指定目的地的一切费用和风险，但不包括在目的地国进入海关应缴纳的任何税费。买方则承担此项税费和清关手续以及由此而引起的一切费用和风险。同时买方要负责及承担自交货起将货物运至目的地的内陆运输费和保险费。
完税后交货(DDP) - 卖方(出口商)在指定的目的地，办理完清关手续，将货物交给买方，完成交货。卖方必须承担将货物运至目的地的一切风险和费用，包括在需要办理海关手续时在目的地应缴纳的任何进口税费，以及由此而产生的任何风险。DDP成交方式要注明目的地。比如货物从Baltimore运至Silver Spring，应该在有关文件上写明：DDP, Silver Spring。如果进口国的海关是以CIF作为完税价格，那么完税价格在DDP价格的基础上还要扣除下列费用：卸货费用，清关费用，内陆运输费用以及保险费。
第五篇：国际贸易术语解释通则
国际贸易术语解释通则(1990年4月国际商会第五次修订，同年7月1日生效) 序言
目的
1.本通则的目的是为在对外贸易中最经常使用的贸易术语的解释提供一套国际规则。这样，在不同国家对这类术语作不同解释的不确定性可以避免，或至少可减至最低程度。
2.合同的当事人往往对他们各自国家里不同的贸易惯例并不一定了解，这样就会发生误解、争议、诉讼，金钱和时间都白白浪费了。为了补救起见，国际商会于1936年首次出版了一组解释国际贸易术语的规则。这些规则称为《国际贸易术语解释规则1936》，其后又于1953、1967、1976、1980年作了修改和增补，现在的1990年版是为了使这些规则与当前国际贸易的做法相一致。 修订原则
3.出版1990年修订本的主要原因是企图使贸易术语与电子数据交换系统(EDI)使用的日益增加相适应。在当前的1990年版本中，当事人有义务提供各种单据(例如商业发票、清关所需的单据或证明已经交货的单据以及运输单据)时，这样做就有了可能。当卖方必须提供可流通的运输单据(提单)时，就有这种特殊需要，因为提单一般经常用作出售运输过程中货物之用。在这种情况下，在使用电子数据交换系统信息时，保证买方所具有的法律地位与他从卖方那里收到提单时所处的地位一样，就有特别重要的意义。 新的运输技术
4.进行修改的另一个理由是由于运输技术的变化，特别是在集装箱运输、多式联运和在近海运输中与陆路车辆及铁路车皮相衔接的滚装(Roll on-Roll off)运输中所采用的货物单位化(Unitisation)所引起的变化。在1990年的新版本中，“向承运人交货术语(Free Carrier)…指定地点”(FCA)已能适用于各种方式的运输，不管其方式如何或以何种不同方式结合。因此，在过去版本中所出现的术语，诸如涉及某一特殊运输方式的FOR/FOT和FOB机场交货术语已予删除。 新的编排方式
5.在国际商会工作组进行修订工作时，有人建议，为了便于阅读和理解起见，用新的方式对贸易术语进行编排。这些术语现基本上分为4组：第一类为“E”组，只有一个术语：EXworks(卖方仓库交货);第二类为“F”组，要求卖方向买方指定的承运人交货，其中包括FCA(交至承运人)，FAS(船边交货)，FOB(船上交货);第三类为“C”组，由卖方负责签订承运合同，但对发生于装船和发运后货物灭失或损坏的风险，或其他费用不负责任。其中包括CFR(成本加运费)，CIF(成本加运保费)，CPT(运费付至…)，CIP(运费保险费付至…)第四类为“D”组，由卖方承担所有为把货物运至目的国所需的费用和风险，其中包括DAF(边境交货)，DES(目的港船上交货)，DEQ(目的港码头交货)，DDU(完税前交货)，DDP(完税后交货)。兹将新的术语分类列表如下：
1990年国际贸易术语
E组发货 EXWEX works 工厂交货
F组主要 FCAFreeCarrier交至承运人
运费未付 FASFreeAlongsideShip船边交货
FOBFreeOnBoard船上交货
C组主要 CIFCost,lnsuranceandFreight成本加运保费
运费已付 CERCostandFreight成本加运费
CPTCarriagePaidto运费付至
CIPCarriageandlnsurancePaidto运费、保险费付至
D组货到DAFDeliveredatFrontier边境交货
DESDeliveredEXShip船上交货
DEQDeliveredEXQuay码头交货
DDUDeliveredDutyUnpaid完税前交货
DDPDeliveredDutyPaid完税后交货
此外，在所有上述术语下，当事方各自的义务都按10点分类，卖方应履行的每一点也反映出买方相应义务。比如，根据A3款，卖方应签订运输合同并支付相关费用，而在买方义务的B3(运输合同)项下的“无义务”就表明买方的地位。无需多说，这并不意味着买方不可以在他需要时为自己的利益签订此类合同将货物运住所需目的地，买方只是对卖方并无这方面的义务。虽然在买方接收货物后，卖方可能对买方如何处置货物无兴趣，但是，就双方对关税、税收及其他法定收费和报关手续费用的划分而言，本通则为清楚明白起见，列明了这类费用在双方间的划分。相反，在某些术语下，比如在“D”字组下，买方对卖方将货物运住约定目的地所需的费用也毫无兴趣。 港口或行业惯例
6.因为贸易术语必须可以应用于不同行业及地区，所以就不可能精确地列出双方的义务。 因此，在某种程度上有时就必须参考某一行业或地区的惯例或双方在以前交易中所定下的做法(比较1980年联合国国际货物销售合同公约第九条)。当然，最好的方法是买卖双方在签订合同时弄清这类行业惯例，在发生疑问时，应在销货合同中用相应条款明确双方的法律地位。每一合同中的这类特别规定应优先或可变更任何在各种贸易术语中列出的解释规则。 买方选择权
7.在有些情况下，在签订合同时可能无法确切决定卖方将货物交付运输或目的港的准确地点或区域。因此，在这阶段只提到一个“范围”是一个较大的地域，比如，一个海港，一般还规定以后买方有权利或义务指定该范围或范围内更确切的地点。如果买主如上述那样在有指定确切地点的义务，而他未有履行此义务时，则他应对由此而产生的风险及额外费用承担责任。此外，如买方未使用其指定交货地点的权利将使卖方有权为此选择最适合卖方的交货地点。 清关手续
8.一般比较好的方法是由居住在应报关国或至少在该国有代理人的那一方办理报关手续。因此，出口报关手续一般由出口商办，而进口报关手续由进口商办。但是，在某些贸易术语中买方可能应承担在卖方国办理出口报关手续(DXW，FAS)，而在另外的术语中，卖方可能应承担在买方国办理进口报关手续(DEQ及DDP)。毫无疑义，在这种情况下买卖双方应各自承担任何禁止出口或进口的风险。另外，他们还应确定，由不在该国居住者，或代不在该国居住者办理报关手续，是否可为海关当局接受。如果卖方承担在买方国家的某地交货，而货物又不能在该货办妥报关手续前运往该地，则如买方未履行其进口报关义务，从而影响了买方将货物交往该地的能力，这时就会产生特别的问题(见下面对DDU的评论)。
有时买方希望在卖方所在地(在DXW术语下)或船边(在FAS术语下)接收货物，但要求卖方办理出口报关手续，这时就应在有关术语名称下加上“办理出口报关(ClearedforExport)”字样，相反，如果卖方希望按DEQ或DDP条件交货，但不想全部或部分承担货物的进口所应付的关税、税收或其他法定收费，这时就应在DEQ术语后加“关税未付(Duty Unpaid)”字样，或排除卖方所不希望支付的特别税收或费用，如“增值税不付(
VATUnpaid)”。
还应注意到在许多国家中外国公司不仅很难取得进口许可证，也不易得到减税待遇(如增值税减免等)。“已交货，关税未付(Del-iveredDutyUnpaid)”就可免除卖方这方面的义务。
但是，有时负责将货物运至进口国买方所在地的卖方，希望办理报关手续但不付关税，如果是这样，DDU术语就应改成“DDU，已报关(Cleared)”。其他D字组术语也可相应改成“DDP，增值税未付(VATUnpaid)”，“DEQ关税未付( DutyUnpaid)”。 包装
9.在大部分情况下，有关各方应事先明确为安全将货物运至目的地应使用什么包装。但是，由于卖方包装货物的义务将视预定的运输方式和时期的不同而变化，所以必须规定卖方有义务按运输所要求的方式包装货物，但仅以合同签订时有关运输的状况已为卖方所知悉者为限(比较1980年联合国国际货物销售合同公约第35.1及35.2.b.条，该条规定货物，包括包装，应“适合于订立合同时明示或默示地通知卖方的任何特定目的，除非情况表明买方并不依赖卖方的技术和判断力，或者这种依赖对他是不合理的”)。 检验货物
10.在许多情况下买方可能已得到详细通知可在卖方将货物交付运输前或交付运输时进行检验(即所谓装船前检验)。除非合同另有规定，买方自己必须支付这种为其利益而作出检验的费用。但是，如果检验是为了使卖方能符合其本国出口货物的强制性规定而安排的，则卖方应为此付费。 交至承运人指定地点(FCA)
11.已经说过，如果卖方必须将货物交付给买方指定的承运人才能完成其义务，可以使用FCA术语。如果货物不是按传统的越过船舷方式交给船方，则这一条件也可适用于一切海运。毫无疑义，如果要求卖方在船舶抵达前将货物交给货物终端站，传统的FOB术语就不适用。因为此时卖方已无法控制货物或对货物的保管发出指示，但却必须承担货物的风险和费用。
必须强调，在F字组术语下，卖方必须按买方的指示将货物交付运输。因为将由买方签订运输合同并指定船舶。因此，无需在贸易条件中精确说明卖方应如何把货物交与承运人。然而，为使贸易双方能将FCA术语作为一种“超越一切的”F字组术语，还是对各种不同运输方式下的习惯交货方式作出了解释。
同样，对“承运人”下定义可能也是多余的，因为应由买方指示卖方将货物交与何人运输。但是，由于承运人及运输单据对贸易双方至关重要，所以在FCA术语的序言中对“承运人”下了定义。应注意在那段文字中“承运人”不仅是指实际履行运输的企业，还包括那些只承诺履行运输或取得履行运输的企业，只要它们承担作为货物承运人的责任。换句话说，“承运人”一词既包括履约承运人，也包括签约承运人。鉴于各国运输行在这方面的地位各有不同，还会依运输代理业的惯例而变化，序言中还提醒卖方必须依买方指示将货物交与运输行，即使该运输行拒绝承担承运人的责任从而不在“承运人”的定义范围内也应如此。 C组术语(CFG，CIF，CPT及CIP)
12.在C组术语下，卖方必须自负费用签订一般条件的运输合同。因此，在有关的术语后还应表明卖方的运输费用付至何处的地名。在CIF及CIP术语下，卖方还必须办理保险并付保险费。
由于划分费用的地点是在目的地国，C字组术语常常被错误地认为是到货合同，按照到货合同，在货物实际抵达约定地点前卖方不能免除其风险及费用。这里必须再次强调，C字组术语与F字组术语其性质是相同的，卖方在装运国或发运国履行完合同，因此，C字组的贸易术语合同与F字组术语合同一样，属装运合同范畴。虽然卖方必须为货物经习惯航线由通常运输方式运往约定目的地支付运费，但对自货物交付运输后发生的事故引起的灭失或损坏的风险及额外的费用，均应由买方负责。因此，C字组术语与其他任何术语有两个“关键”的不同点，一个用以划分费用，另一个用以划分风险。出于这一理由，在上述风险划分点以后增加卖方在C字组术语下的义务时，就必须特别注意。C字组术语的要旨在于卖方于签订运输合同将货物交与承运人并在DIF及CIP术语下提供保险后即已正确履行其义务，可免除对任何风险及费用的责任。
卖方也可以与买方约定在跟单信用证下向银行提示规定装运单据后取得货款。如果卖方根据跟单信用证或按其他方式已获得货款而在已装运或发运货物后还要负担货物的风险或费用，就会与这种国际贸易公认的支付方式相抵触。毫无疑义，卖方必须支付应付予承运人的每一项费用，无论其在装运前支付或在目的地支付(运费到付)，但装运或发运后发生的事故而引起的额外费用除外。
如果习惯上将货物运往目的地需签订几个运输合同，包括在中转地转运，卖方就应支付