第一篇：国际贸易专业英语整理
国际贸易专业英语整理
可能出翻译
(1) FOB: Free on Board (…named port of shipment)
装运港船上交货(……指定装运港)“Free on Board” means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship’s rail at the
named port of shipment. (2)CFR: Cost and Freight(…named port of destination)成本加运费(……指定目的港)
“Cost and Freight” means that the seller is responsible for chartering a liner and loading the goods on the liner at the stipulated time in the contract.
(3)CIF: Cost Insurance and Freight(…named port of destination)成本、保险加运费(……指定目的港)
“Cost Insurance and Freight” means that the seller has the obligations to procure marine insurance against the risks of losses of, or damage to the goods during the carriage.
1. The theory ofcomparative advantage
Although Smith’s work was instrumental in the development of economic theories about trade and production, it did not answer a question like if a country did not possess absolute advantage in any product, could it (or would it ) trade ?
尽管斯密的著作在贸易和生产相关的经济理论上有指导意义，但他没有回答类似于一个国家若没有绝对优势能否贸易这样的问题。
David Ricardo (1772-1823) , in his 1819 work entitled On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, sought to take the basis ideas set down by Smith a few steps further. Ricardo noted that even if a country possessed absolute advantage in the production of two products, it still must be relatively more efficient than the other country in the production of one commodity than the other. Ricardo termed this the Comparative Advantage.大卫.李嘉图在1819年的作品《政治经济学及赋税原理》，试图在斯密观点基础上进行更深一步挖掘，李嘉图表示即使一个国家在生产两种产品时有绝对优势，但相对另一个国家生产同类产品它依然有相对较高效率的产品，李嘉图把这称之为比较优势。
2.Definition
a. According to the theory of comparative advantage, it makes sense for a country to specialize in the production of those goods it produces most efficiently and to buy the goods from other countries that it produces less efficiently, even if this means buying goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself.
根据比较优势理论，一个国家专注于生产那些有较高效率的产品何从其他国家购买本国生产效率相对较低的产品，即使这意味着从国外购买更高效率的产变得合情合理。b. A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the
opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries.
就产品而言，如果一个国家生产这种产品相比其他国家有更低机会成本就称之为这个国家有比较优势。
3. Chief points of view
a. Each country would then possess comparative advantage in the production of one of the two products, the less efficient nation should specialize in and export the good in which it is comparatively less inefficient ( where its absolute disadvantage is least).
每个国家在生产一两种产品上有比较优势，一个生产效率相对较低的国家应专业化出口相对来说具有优势的产品。
b. The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that good in which it is comparatively more efficient ( where its absolute advantage is greatest ). And both countries would then benefit by specializing completely in one product and trading for the other.
一个相对生产效率较高的国家应专注看相对生产效率更高(绝对优势最大的)产品，这样两类国家都能从完全专业化的生产和贸易中获利。
c. Absolute productive efficiency was thus not a crucial factor governing the basis for international trade, according to Ricardo. The Ricardian model or principle of comparative advantage is today the most famous and influential principle of economics.根据李嘉图的观点，绝对生产效率并不是控制国际贸易基础一个关键因素。李嘉图模型或相对比较优势的原理是今天经济理论中最著名的也是最有影响力的经济理论。
4.Comparison between the two Theories
a. After comparison we’ll find Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage is more advanced than Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.
在比较后我们发现李嘉图的比较优势理论比斯密的绝对优势理论更先进。
b.According to Smiths view, the product exported by a country must be goods which the exporting country has absolute advantage to produce and the cost of producing it must be absolutely lower than the same good of another country.根据斯密的观点，一个国家出口的产品一定是出口该国生产商有绝对优势的相比另一个国家绝对生产成本更低的产品。
c.But David Ricardo took Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage one step further. In his opinion not necessarily every country has to produce all sorts of goods. What a nation should do is to concentrate its efforts and resources on producing those goods which can generate more advantages and bring about less disadvantages.但是李嘉图是在斯密绝对优势理论的基础上进一步延伸的。在他看来，每个国家没必要生产所有类型的产品，一个国家需要做的只是集中精力和资源生产那些有更少劣势更多优势的产品。
d. Under such conditions international trade would result in international division of labor and specialization beneficial to all countries. In addition, Ricardo particularly stressed labor productivity and argued that differences in labor productivity between nations underlie the notion of comparative advantage.
在这些条件下，国际贸易会产生国际劳动、专业分工，对所有国家都有利，除此之外，李嘉图特别强调，不同国家劳动分工、生产差异构成的比较优势。
e. Despite the differences between the two theories they have something in common. Both Smith and Ricardo emphasized the supply side of the market and the fact that the immediate basis for trade stemmed from cost differences. Actually Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage was developed on the basis of Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.
尽管这两个理论有差异但也存在共性。李嘉图和斯密都强调了市场的供给
方，贸易基础根源于生产成本的差异，确切的说，李嘉图的相对比较优势理论是在史密斯的绝对优势理论的基础上发展起来的。
5.A questiontodiscuss
A professor is prepared to write a book. He is faster both in writing and collecting data than others. Suppose that he need 1 year to write a book, 4 months to collect data. And the student need 2 years to write a book, 6 months to collect data. But the professor paidto his students for collecting datafor him instead of collecting data himself. Explain the reason.
一个教授准备写一本书，他在写书和收集书籍上都比别人快，假设他需要一年去写一本书，四个月收集数据，学生需要两年写一本书，六个月收集数据，但是教授支付费用给他的学生请学生代替他自己收集数据，请解释理由。
相对学生来说，教授在写书有比较优势;相对教授来说，学生在搜集数据上更有优势。 在写书有比较优势;相对教授来说，学生在搜集数据上更有优势。
可能出简答题
1.What is the foundation of the world trade?
(1)In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self sufficient.
(2)Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills.
(3)As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved.
2.What are the major views of the theory of absolute advantage?
Nations could concentrate their production on goods they could make most cheaply, with all the consequent benefits of the division of labor.
Smith used some suppositions to explain his principle of absolute advantage.it was far better for a country to import goods that could be produced overseasmore efficiently than to manufacture them itself. Countries would import goods in the production of which they had an absolute disadvantage against the exporting country. They would export goods in the production of which they had an absolute advantage over the importing country.
In Smith’s opinion each nation had some sort of absolute advantage in the production of certain goods. If it could specialize in the production of them and then exchange the goods with each other, every country would receive a benefit.
3.Make a comparison between the H-O theory and Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage.
(1)Main similarity
Like Ricardo’s theory, H-O theory also argues that free trade is beneficial to trading nations.
(2)difference
The biggest difference between Ricardo’s trade theory and H-O theory is that, when explaining the basis for trade Ricardo places primary reliance on factor productivity while the H-O theory sheds more light on other important trade issues such as the influence of resource supplies or factor endowment supplies on international specialization and the influence of trade on the distribution of income.
To put it in a simple way, unlike Ricardian trade theory which takes factor
productivity difference as the main basis for trade, the H-O theory, in explaining the main reason for trade, delegates primary importance to the factor endowments nations enjoy.
4.What is the purpose of the trade terms?
Trade terms are key elements of international contracts of sale, since they tell the parties what to do with respect to:
Delivery terms ;Price terms ;Delivery obligations
(1)Naming the exact point at which the ownership of the merchandise is transferred from the seller to the buyer.
(2)Define the responsibilities and expenses of both the seller and the buyer.
(3) The use of the trade terms greatly simplifies the contract negotiations, and thus saves time and cost.
5.What are the reasons for the popularity of the international competitive bidding?
(a) When public funds is involved, a public agency, through international notification, is bound to offer an equal opportunity to all potential bidders who directly or indirectly contribute to public funds. (b) This competitiveness of bidding results in the most efficient use of public funds.
(c) The open bidding procedure serves as a safeguard against waste, corruption and favoritism.
6.What are the reasons of the foreign trade?
(1)No nation has all of the commodities that it needs.Raw materials are scattered around the world.Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy form countries that export them.
(2)Second, foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of particular item to meet its needs.
(3)Third, one nation can sell items at a lower cost than other countries. --- Comparative Advantage:One country should buy and import what it needs from those countries that have a comparative advantage in the desired items.
7.What are the major views of the theory of comparative advantage? (1)Each country would then possess comparative advantage in the production of one of the two products, the less efficient nation should specialize in and export the good in which it is comparatively less inefficient ( where its absolute disadvantage is least).
(2)The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that good in which it is comparatively more efficient ( where its absolute advantage is greatest ). And both countries would then benefit by specializing completely in one product and trading for the other. (3)Absolute productive efficiency was thus not a crucial factor governing the basis for international trade, according to Ricardo. The Ricardian model or principle of comparative advantage is today the most famous and influential principle of economics.
8.Illustrate the meaning of the Heckscher- Ohlin theory.
Although sometimes this theory is also referred to as the Heckscher-Ohlin model or the factor endowment model, more often than not it is called the Heckscher-Ohlin theory or simply the H-O theory . H-O theory is one of the most influential theories in modern international economics according to which international trade is largely driven by differences in countries’ resources (land, labor and capital).
9.What is the concept of trade terms?
(1)Trade terms, also called price terms or delivery terms, are an important
component of a unit price in international trade, standing for specific obligations of the buyer and seller.
(2)Trade terms are often shorthand expressions or expressed by three-letter abbreviation.
10.Shipments are examined to determine what?
(1)Shipment should be made according to the contact terms.(2)Usually, the exporter shall fill in the Shipping Note to book the shipping space or ship.
(3)After receiving the Shipping Order ( S/O) from the carrier, the exporter may start to ensure the loading of the goods. The exporter should supervise the loading process.
(4)After the goods being loaded on board the vessel, the Captain or the Mate will issue a receipt, i.e the Mate’s Receipt.
(5)The shipper shall exchangethe Mate’s Receipt for the Bill of Lading from the shipping Agency making payment of freight.
(6)After the loading of the goods and the receipt of the B/L, the
exporter should send a Shipping Advice to the importer for the receipt of the goods.
第二篇：土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握
第一部分：
1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语 Specialty English 3 水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程 Civil Engineering
5 地下工程 Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程 Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程 Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学 Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程 Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程 Port Engineering 13 安全性 safety
17木结构 timber structure 18 砌体结构 masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构 steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构 steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土 plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋 rebar
25 预应力混凝土 pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构 statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构 truss structure
29 空间网架结构 spatial grid structure 30 近海工程 offshore engineering 31 静力学 statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁 simply supported beam 35 固定支座 fixed bearing 36弹性力学 elasticity 37 塑性力学 plasticity 38 弹塑性力学 elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学 fracture Mechanics 40 土力学 soil mechanics 41 水力学 hydraulics 42 流体力学 fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力 concentrated force 45 压力 pressure 46 静水压力 hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力 uniform pressure 48 体力 body force 49 重力 gravity
50 线荷载 line load
51 弯矩 bending moment 52 torque 扭矩 53 应力 stress 54 应变 stain
55 正应力 normal stress 56 剪应力 shearing stress 57 主应力 principal stress 58 变形 deformation 59 内力 internal force
60 偏移量 挠度 deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳 buckle 63 轴力 axial force
64 允许应力 allowable stress 65 疲劳分析 fatigue analysis 66 梁 beam 67 壳 shell 68 板 plate 69 桥 bridge 70 桩 pile
71 主动土压力 active earth pressure 72 被动土压力 passive earth pressure 73 承载力 load-bearing capacity 74 水位 water Height 75 位移 displacement
76 结构力学 structural mechanics 77 材料力学 material mechanics 78 经纬仪 altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科 discipline
81 子学科 sub-discipline 82 期刊 journal ,periodical 83文献literature
84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号
85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号
86 卷 volume
87 期 number 88 专著 monograph 89 会议论文集 Proceeding 90 学位论文 thesis, dissertation 91 专利 patent
92 档案 档案室 archive
93 国际学术会议 conference 94 导师 advisor
95 学位论文答辩 defense of thesis 96 博士研究生 doctorate student 97 研究生 postgraduate
98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引
99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引
100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目 title 102 摘要 abstract 103 全文 full-text
104 参考文献 reference
105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词 Subject 107 关键字 keyword
108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会
109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署 45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会
四. 渗透性和渗流
1.Darcy’s law 达西定律 2.piping管涌 3.flowing soil流土 4.sand boiling砂沸 5.flow net流网 6.seepage渗透(流) 7.leakage渗流 8.seepage pressure渗透压力 9.permeability渗透性 10.seepage force渗透力
11.hydraulic gradient水力梯度 12.coefficient of permeability渗透系数
五. 地基应力和变形
110 ISO International Standard Organization 111 解析方法 analytical method 112 数值方法 numerical method 113 计算 computation 114 说明书 instruction
第二部分：
岩土工程专业词汇
1.geotechnical engineering岩土工程
2.foundation engineering基础工程 3.soil, earth土
4.soil mechanics土力学 cyclic loading周期荷载 unloading卸载 reloading再加载
viscoelastic foundation粘弹性地基
viscous damping粘滞阻尼
shear modulus剪切模量 5.soil dynamics土动力学 6.stress path应力路径
7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学
二. 土的分类 1.residual soil残积土 groundwater level地下水位 2.groundwater 地下水 groundwater table地下水位 3.clay minerals粘土矿物 4.secondary minerals次生矿物 5.landslides滑坡 6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图 7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察 8.boulder漂石 9.cobble卵石 10.gravel砂石 11.gravelly sand砾砂 12.coarse sand粗砂 13.medium sand中砂 14.fine sand细砂 15.silty sand粉土 16.clayey soil粘性土 17.clay粘土 18.silty clay粉质粘土 19.silt粉土 20.sandy silt砂质粉土 21.clayey silt粘质粉土 22.saturated soil饱和土 23.unsaturated soil非饱和土 24.fill (soil)填土 25.overconsolidated soil超固结土 26.normally consolidated soil正常固结土 27.underconsolidated soil欠固结土 28.zonal soil区域性土 29.soft clay软粘土 30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀土 31.peat泥炭 32.loess黄土 33.frozen soil冻土 24.degree of saturation饱和度 25.dry unit weight干重度 26.moist unit weight湿重度
1.soft soil软土 2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打入桩(负)摩阻力 3.effective stress有效应力 4.total stress总应力
5.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度
6.low activity低活性 7.sensitivity灵敏度 8.triaxial test三轴试验 9.foundation design基础设计 10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载力 12.soil mass土体 13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力(压力)
14.concentrated load集中荷载 15.a semi-infinite elastic solid半无限弹性体 16.homogeneous均质 17.isotropic各向同性 18.strip footing条基 19.square spread footing方形独立基础
20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层(土)
21.dead load =sustained load恒载 持续荷载 22.live load活载 23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载
24.long-term transient load长期荷载 25.reduced load折算荷载 26.settlement沉降 27.deformation变形 28.casing套管 29.dike=dyke堤(防) 30.clay fraction粘粒粒组 31.physical properties物理性质 32.subgrade路基 33.well-graded soil级配良好土 34.poorly-graded soil级配不良土 35.normal stresses正应力 36.shear stresses剪应力 37.principal plane主平面
38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最大(中、最小)主应力 39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件 40.FEM=finite element method有限元法 41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法 42.pore water pressure孔隙水压力
43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力 44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量 45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数
46.compression index压缩指数 47.swelling index回弹指数 48.geostatic stress自重应力 49.additional stress附加应力 50.total stress总应力 51.final settlement最终沉降 52.slip line滑动线
六. 基坑开挖与降水 1 excavation开挖(挖方) 2 dewatering(基坑)降水 3 failure of foundation基坑失稳 4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护
5 bottom heave=basal heave (基坑)底隆起
6 retaining wall挡土墙 7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分
布 8 dewatering method降低地下水位法 9 well point system井点系统(轻型) 10 deep well point深井点 11 vacuum well point真空井点 12 braced cuts支撑围5.overconsolidation soil超固结土 6.excess pore water pressure超孔压力
7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结 护 13 braced excavation支撑开挖 14 braced sheeting支撑挡板
七. 深基础--deep foundation 1.pile foundation桩基础
1)cast –in-place灌注桩 diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩 bored pile钻孔桩 special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩 piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩 rammed bulb pile夯扩桩
2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础 drilled-pier foundation 钻孔扩底墩 under-reamed bored pier 3)precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩
4)steel pile钢桩 steel pipe pile钢管桩 steel sheet pile钢板桩
5)prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩 prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩 2.caisson foundation沉井(箱) 3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙 截水墙 4.friction pile摩擦桩 5.end-bearing pile端承桩 6.shaft竖井;桩身 7.wave equation analysis波动方程分析 8.pile caps承台(桩帽) 9.bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力 10.lateral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验 11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载力 12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验 13.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载力 14.low pile cap低桩承台 15.high-rise pile cap高桩承台 16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载力 17.silent piling静力压桩 18.uplift pile抗拔桩 19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩
20.pile groups群桩 21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数(η)
22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应 23.dynamic pile testing桩基动测技术
24.final set最后贯入度 25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验
26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验 27.pile head=butt桩头 28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端(头) 29.pile spacing桩距
30.pile plan桩位布置图 31.arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的布置
32.group action群桩作用 33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻 34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻
35.pile cushion桩垫 36.pile driving(by vibration) (振动)打桩 37.pile pulling test拔桩试验 38.pile shoe桩靴 39.pile noise打桩噪音 40.pile rig打桩机 九. 固结consolidation 1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论 2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论
3.Biot’s consolidation theory比奥固结理论 4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比 8.one-dimensional consolidation一维固结 9.primary consolidation主固结 10.secondary consolidation次固结
11.degree of consolidation固结度 12.consolidation test固结试验 13.consolidation curve固结曲线 14.time factor Tv时间因子
15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数 16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压力 17.principle of effective stress有效应力原理 18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结
十. 抗剪强度shear strength 1.undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度
2.residual strength残余强度 3.long-term strength长期强度 4.peak strength峰值强度 5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率
6.dilatation剪胀
7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法 8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应力法 9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔-库仑理论 10.angle of internal friction内摩擦角 11.cohesion粘聚力 12.failure criterion破坏准则 13.vane strength十字板抗剪强度
14.unconfined compression无侧限抗压强度
15.effective stress failure envelop有效应力破坏包线 16.effective stress strength parameter有效应力强度参数 十一. 本构模型--constitutive model
1.elastic model弹性模型 2.nonlinear elastic model非线性弹性模型
3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型 4.viscoelastic model粘弹性模型
5.boundary surface model边界面模型
6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯-张模型 7.rigid plastic model刚塑性模型 8.cap model盖帽模型 9.work softening加工软化 10.work hardening加工硬化 11.Cambridge model剑桥模型 12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性模型 13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔-库仑屈服准则 14.yield surface屈服面
15.elastic half-space foundation model弹性半空间地基模型 16.elastic modulus弹性模量 17.Winkler foundation model文克尔地基模型
十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil 1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏 2.general shear failure整体剪切破化 3.local shear failure局部剪切破坏 4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态 5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载
6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性
7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil地基极限承载力 8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil地基容许承载力
十三. 土压力--earth pressure
1.active earth pressure主动土压力 2.passive earth pressure被动土压力 3.earth pressure at rest静止土压力 4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑土压力理论 5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory朗金土压力理论 十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis
1.angle of repose休止角 2.Bishop method毕肖普法 3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全系数 4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条分法 5.Swedish circle method瑞典圆弧滑动法 6.slices method条分法
十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall
1.stability of retaining wall挡土墙稳定性
2.foundation wall基础墙 3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙 4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙 5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙 6.gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙
7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡土墙 8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙
十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure 1.steel sheet pile钢板桩 2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝土板桩 3.steel piles钢桩 4.wooden sheet pile木板桩 5.timber piles木桩
十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation 1.box foundation箱型基础 2.mat(raft) foundation片筏基础 3.strip foundation条形基础 4.spread footing扩展基础 5.compensated foundation补偿性基础 6.bearing stratum持力层 7.rigid foundation刚性基础 8.flexible foundation柔性基础
9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度 10.net foundation pressure基底附加应力
11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis上部结构-基础-地基共同作用分析
十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils
1.dynamic strength of soils动强度 2.wave velocity method波速法 3.material damping材料阻尼 4.geometric damping几何阻尼 5.damping ratio阻尼比 6.initial liquefaction初始液化 7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期
8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量 9.dynamic ma 二十. 地基基础抗震 1.earthquake engineering地震工程 2.soil dynamics土动力学 3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间 4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱 5.earthquake intensity地震烈度 6.earthquake magnitude震级 7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期 8.maximum acceleration of earthquake地震最大加速度 二十一. 室内土工实验 1.high pressure consolidation test高压固结试验 2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验 3.falling head permeability变水头试验 4.constant head permeability常水头渗透试验
5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test不固结不排水试验(UU)
6.consolidated undrained triaxial test固结不排水试验(CU) 7.consolidated drained triaxial test固结排水试验(CD) 8.compaction test击实试验
9.consolidated quick direct shear test固结快剪试验 10.quick direct shear test快剪试验
11.consolidated drained direct shear test慢剪试验
12.sieve analysis筛分析 13.geotechnical model test土工模型试验 14.centrifugal
model test离心模型试验
15.direct shear apparatus直剪仪 16.direct shear test直剪试验 17.direct simple shear test直接单剪试验
18.dynamic triaxial test三轴试验 19.dynamic simple shear动单剪 20.free(resonance)vibration column test自(共)振柱试验
二十二. 原位测试 1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验 2.surface wave test (SWT)表面波试验 3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动力触探试验 4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验 5.plate loading test静力荷载试验 6.lateral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验 7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验 8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验 9.screw plate test螺旋板载荷试验 10.pressuremeter test旁压试验 11.light sounding轻便触探试验 12.deep settlement measurement深层沉降观测 13.vane shear test十字板剪切试验 14.field permeability test现场渗透试验 15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测 16.in-situ soil test原位试验
第三篇：国际贸易专业英语
1. The theory ofcomparative advantage
Although Smith’s work was instrumental in the development of economic theories about trade and production, it did not answer a question like if a country did not possess absolute advantage in any product, could it (or would it ) trade ?
尽管大卫李嘉图的著作在贸易和生产相关的经济理论上有指导意义，但他没有回答类似于一个国家若没有绝对优势能否贸易这样的问题。
David Ricardo (1772-1823) , in his 1819 work entitled On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, sought to take the basis ideas set down by Smith a few steps further. Ricardo noted that even if a country possessed absolute advantage in the production of two products, it still must be relatively more efficient than the other country in the production of one commodity than the other. Ricardo termed this the Comparative Advantage.
大卫.李嘉图在1819年的作品《政治经济学及赋税原理》，试图在斯密观点基础上进行更深一步挖掘，李嘉图表示即使一个国家在生产两种产品时有绝对优势，但相对另一个国家生产同类产品它依然有相对较高效率的产品，李嘉图把这称之为比较优势。
2.Definition
a. According to the theory of comparative advantage, it makes sense for a country to specialize in the production of those goods it produces most efficiently and to buy the goods from other countries that it produces less efficiently, even if this means buying goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself.
根据比较优势理论，一个国家专注于生产那些有较高效率的产品何从其他国家购买本国生产效率相对较低的产品，即使这意味着从国外购买更高效率的产变得合情合理。 b. A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the
opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries.
就产品而言，如果一个国家生产这种产品相比其他国家有更低机会成本就称之为这个国家有比较优势。
3. Chief points of view
a. Each country would then possess comparative advantage in the production of one of the two products, the less efficient nation should specialize in and export the good in which it is comparatively less inefficient ( where its absolute disadvantage is least).
每个国家在生产一两种产品上有比较优势，一个生产效率相对较低的国家应专业化出口相对来说具有优势的产品。
b. The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that good in which it is comparatively more efficient ( where its absolute advantage is greatest ). And both countries would then benefit by specializing completely in one product and trading for the other.
一个相对生产效率较高的国家应专注看相对生产效率更高(绝对优势最大的)产品，这样两类国家都能从完全专业化的生产和贸易中获利。
c. Absolute productive efficiency was thus not a crucial factor governing the basis for international trade, according to Ricardo. The Ricardian model or principle of comparative advantage is today the most famous and influential principle of economics.
根据李嘉图的观点，绝对生产效率并不是控制国际贸易基础一个关键因素。李嘉图模型或相对比较优势的原理是今天经济理论中最著名的也是最有影响力的经济理论。
4.Comparison between the two Theories
a. After comparison we’ll find Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage is more advanced than Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.在比较后我们发现李嘉图的比较优势理论比斯密的绝对优势理论更先进。 b.According to Smith’s view, the product exported by a country must be goods which the exporting country has absolute advantage to produce and the cost of producing it must be absolutely lower than the same good of another country.
根据斯密的观点，一个国家出口的产品一定是出口该国生产商有绝对优势的相比另一个国家绝对生产成本更低的产品。
c.But David Ricardo took Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage one step further. In his opinion not necessarily every country has to produce all sorts of goods. What a nation should do is to concentrate its efforts and resources on producing those goods which can generate more advantages and bring about less disadvantages.
但是李嘉图是在斯密绝对优势理论的基础上进一步延伸的。在他看来，每个国家没必要生产所有类型的产品，一个国家需要做的只是集中精力和资源生产那些有更少劣势更多优势的产品。
d. Under such conditions international trade would result in international division of labor and specialization beneficial to all countries. In addition, Ricardo particularly stressed labor productivity and argued that differences in labor productivity between nations underlie the notion of comparative advantage.
在这些条件下，国际贸易会产生国际劳动、专业分工，对所有国家都有利，除此之外，李嘉图特别强调，不同国家劳动分工、生产差异构成的比较优势。
e. Despite the differences between the two theories they have something in common. Both Smith and Ricardo emphasized the supply side of the market and the fact that the immediate basis for trade stemmed from cost differences. Actually Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage was developed on the basis of Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.
尽管这两个理论有差异但也存在共性。李嘉图和斯密都强调了市场的供给
方，贸易基础根源于生产成本的差异，确切的说，李嘉图的相对比较优势理论是在史密斯的绝对优势理论的基础上发展起来的。
5.A questiontodiscuss
A professor is prepared to write a book. He is faster both in writing and collecting data than others. Suppose that he need 1 year to write a book, 4 months to collect data. And the student need 2 years to write a book, 6 months to collect data. But the professor paidto his students for collecting datafor him instead of collecting data himself.
Explain the reason.
一个教授准备写一本书，他在写书和收集书籍上都比别人快，假设他需要一年去写一本书，四个月收集数据，学生需要两年写一本书，六个月收集数据，但是教授支付费用给他的学生请学生代替他自己收集数据，请解释理由。
相对学生来说，教授在写书有比较优势;相对教授来说，学生在搜集数据上更有优势。
第四篇：国际贸易英语专业术语
贸易价格术语
trade consultation 贸易磋商
mediation of dispute 商业纠纷调解
partial shipment 分批装运
restraint of trade 贸易管制
~
RTA (Regional Trade Arrangements) 区域贸易安排
favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差
unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差
special preferences 优惠关税
bonded warehouse 保税仓库
transit trade 转口贸易
tariff barrier 关税壁垒
tax rebate 出口退税
TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) 技术性贸易壁垒
贸易伙伴术语
trade partner 贸易伙伴
manufacturer 制造商，制造厂
middleman 中间商，经纪人
dealer 经销商
wholesaler 批发商
retailer, tradesman 零售商
merchant 商人，批发商，零售商
concessionaire, licensed dealer 受让人，特许权获得者
consumer 消费者，用户
client, customer 顾客，客户
buyer 买主，买方
carrier 承运人
consignee 收货人
进出口贸易词汇
commerce, trade, trading 贸易
inland trade, home trade, domestic trade 国内贸易
international trade 国际贸易
foreign trade, external trade 对外贸易，外贸
import, importation 进口
importer 进口商
export, exportation 出口
exporter 出口商
import licence 进口许口证
export licence 出口许口证
commercial transaction 买卖，交易
inquiry 询盘
delivery 交货
order 订货
make a complete entry 正式/完整申报
bad account 坏帐
Bill of Lading 提单
marine bills of lading 海运提单
shipping order 托运单
blank endorsed 空白背书
endorsed 背书
cargo receipt 承运货物收据
condemned goods 有问题的货物
catalogue 商品目录
customs liquidation 清关
customs clearance 结关
第五篇：国际贸易英语专业求职信
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我是XX大学XX校区经济管理学院国际贸易系的学生。即将从大学毕业。在校的三年内，我一直信守做事尽心尽力的原则，努力学习文化知识，刻苦钻研专业技能，积极投入实践，全面充实和发展自己并取得一定的成绩。作为一名国际贸易的学生，我深知英语的重要性，因此在英语学习方面我一直以高标准要求自己。通过自己的努力，以XX的成绩通过四级考试并一次以XX分的成绩通过六级考试。在英语口语方面我也一直在锻炼自己，并达到了一定水平。除此之外我也打下了日语初级基础。
在大学期间，我多次获得奖学金。担任过体育部干事，软科学协会和七色天文学社的工作人员，具有很强的组织协调能力。很强的事业心和责任感使我能够面对任何困难和挑战。对体育的偏爱和对身体的重视，加上长期的体育锻炼，使我具有了坚忍、不怕苦的个性和良好的生理、心理素质。我自信能够很好完成上级下达的各项工作。
我校的国贸专业在修过大量的经济学基础课程之后，又主修了国贸专业有关课程，我还辅修了第二专业商务英语和二外日语。因此，我认为自己具备一个外贸工作人员的条件，同时也有能力从事文秘、营销及相关工作。
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