第一篇：英汉互译之影视翻译
英汉互译常考谚语成语及《论语》重点翻译
直译
冷战：cold war 穿梭外交：shuttle diplomacy 武装到牙齿：Armed to the teeth 君子协定：A gentleman’s agreement 打破纪录：To break the record 特洛伊木马：The Trojan horse 门户开放政策：The open-door police 猫有九命：A cat has nine lives 吠犬不咬人：A barking dog never bites 滚石不生苔：A rolling stone gathers no moss
意译法
上当，被人利用：to be cat’s paws 很不自在：like a fish out of water 生在富贵之家：to be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth
同义习语套用法
笑掉大牙：to laugh off one’s head 猫哭老鼠：to shed crocodile tears 捉襟见肘：to be out at elbows 花钱如流水(挥金如土)：to spend money like water 乱七八糟：at sixes and sevens
直译加解释法
没有不带刺的玫瑰(世上没有十全的幸福/有苦必有乐)：(There is )no rose without a thorm 老狗学不出新把戏(老顽固不能学新事物)：An old dog will learn no new tricks
(you can not teath old dogs new tricks)
膏粱子弟：the children from well-fed families 高屋建瓴：pour water off a steep roof 好狗应该得好骨头(有功者受奖)：aAgood dog deserves a good bone
直译联想法
拙匠常怪工具差(不会撑船怪河弯)：Bad workmen often blame their tools. 笑别人驼背的人得自己先把身子挺直(己不正不正人)：He who laughs at crooked men should
need walk very straight. 路必有弯/世上没有直路(事必有变/瓦片也有翻身日)：It is a long lane that has no turning.
意译改造法
一燕不成夏(一花不是春/一木不成林)：One swallow does not make a summer. 无火不起烟(无风不起浪)：no smoke without fire
对联增字法
人有失手日，马有失蹄时/智者千虑，必有一失/老虎也会打盹，好马也会失蹄/再聪明的人也有糊涂时/伟人也不总是聪明的：Graet men are not always wise 好事不出门，坏事传千里：Ill news comes apace. 近朱者赤，近墨者黑：He who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl.
等值互借法
山中无老虎，猴子称霸王：Among the blind the one-eyed man is king. 英雄所见略同：Great minds think alike. 趁热打铁：Strike while the iron is hot. 有其父必有其子：Like father,like son. 有志者事竟成：Where there is a will,there is a way. 成语
人生七十古来稀：The days of our years are three-score years and ten. 掌上明珠：the apple of the eye 不露锋芒：hide one’s light under a bushel 旧瓶装新酒：new wine in old bottles 废物/无价值之物：a dead dog 以眼还眼，以牙还牙：eye for eye,tooth for tooth 进退两难/进退维谷/在魔鬼与深海之间：between the devil and the deep sea 死里逃生/幸免于死:escape by the skin of one’s teeth 偷偷摸摸/鬼鬼祟祟：hole and corner 不能依靠的人物/压伤的芦苇：a broken reed 有眼不识泰山/于不察觉中招待了天使：entertain an angel unawares 雷声大雨点小/叫得多，干得几乎没效果：much cry and little wool 拦路虎：a lion in the way 人不为己，天诛地灭/人人为自己，魔鬼抓到最后的：Everyone for himself and the devil take the hindmost 以卵击石/螳臂当车:kick against the pricks 一只老鼠坏了一锅汤：a fly in the ointment 一视同仁：no respecter of person 洗手不干：wash one’s hands of a thing 明珠暗投/对牛弹琴/把珍珠抛给猪：cast pearls before swine 心有余而力不足：The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 分辨良莠/把好人和坏人分开：Separate the sheep from the goats. 聪明保险的办法是向大量谋士求计/谋士多，人便安居：In the multitude of counselors there is
safety. 百川归海而海不盈：All the rivers run into the sea;yet the sea is not full. 赤条条来去无牵挂/因为我们没带什么来到世界上，也不能带什么去：
For we brought nothing into this world,and it is certain we can carry nothing out.
干徒劳无益的事(对月亮吠叫)：bay the moon 既往不咎(事情干了就算了)：What’s done is done. 真相终将大白(纸包不住火)：Murder will out. 同床异梦：strange bedfellows 作法自毙(用炸药来炸翻自己)：be hoist with one’s own petard 无事生非，无事自扰：much ado about nothing 情人眼里出西施(爱情是盲目的)：Love is blind. 在其位不谋其政(占着茅坑不拉屎)：a dog in the manger 养虎遗患、姑息恶人，必将受害：cherish a snake in one’s bosom 笑面虎/披着羊皮的狼：a wolf in sheep’s clothing 朝三暮四：blow hot and cold 烽火戏诸侯(发假警报)：cry wolf 杀鸡取卵，竭泽而渔：kill the goose that lays the golden eggs
子曰：“学而时习之，不亦悦乎。有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎。” The Master said, "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Is he not a man of complete virture, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?"
曾子曰：“为人谋，而不忠乎?与朋友交，而不信乎?传不习乎?” The philosopher Tsang said, "I daily examine myself of three points:--whether,in transacting business for others,I may have been not faithful;--whether,in intercourse with friends,I may have not sincere;--whether,I may have not mastered and practised the instructions of my teacher.”
子曰：“不患人之不己知，患不知人也。” The Master said, "I will not be afficted at men’s not knowing me,I will be afflicted that I do not know men.”
子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣” The Master said, "If a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge,so as continually to be acquiring the new, he may be a teacher of others.”
子曰：“见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。” The Master said, "When we see men of worth,we should think of equaling them,when we see men of a contrary character,we should turn inwards and examine ourselves.”
子曰：“默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦” The Master said, "The silent treasuring up of knowledge;Learning without satiety,and instructing others withou being wearied.”
子曰：“……不义而富且贵，与我如浮云” The Master said, "……Riches and honors acquired by unrighteousness are to me as a floating cloud.”
三人行，必有我师焉。则其善者而从之，其不善者而改之
The Master said, "When I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers.I will select their good qualities and follow them,their bad qualities and avoid them.”
子曰：“三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也” The Master said, "The commander of the forces of a large state may be carried off, but the will of even a common man cannot be taken from him.”
子曰：“岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也” The Master said, "When the year becomes cold,then we know how the pine and the cypress are the last to lost their leaves.”
子曰：“其身正，不令而行，其身不正，虽令不从” The Master said, "When a prince’s personal conduct is correct,his government is effective without the issuing of orders.If his personal conduct is not correct,he may issue orders,but they will not be followed.”
子曰：“言必信，行必果” The Master said, "They are determined to be sincere in what they say,and to carry out what ther do.”
子曰：“人无远虑，必有近忧” The Master said, "If a man takes no thought about what is distant,he will find sorrow near at hand.”
子曰“己所不欲，勿施于人”
The Master said, "……What you do not want done to youself,do not do to others.”
子曰：“饱食终日，无所用心，难以哉” The Master said, "Hard is it to deal with him,who will stuff himself with food the whole day, without applying his mind to anything good!”
老吾老，以及人之老，幼吾幼，以及人之幼
Treat with the reverence due to age the elders in your own family,so that the elders in the families of others shall be similarly treated;treat with the kindness due to youth the young in your own family,so that the young in the families of others shall be similarly treated.”
孟子曰：“天时不如地利，地利不如人和” Mencius said, "Opportunites of time vouchsafed by Heaven are not equal to advantages of situation afforded by the Earth,and advantages of situation afforded by the Earth are not equal to the union arising from the accord of Men.
得道者多助，失道者寡助
He who finds the proper course has many to assist him.He who loses the proper course has few to assist him.
孟子曰：“饥者甘食，渴者甘饮” Mencius said, "The hungry think any food sweet,and the thirsty think the same of any drink.”
孟子曰：“养心，莫善于寡欲” Mencius said, "To nourish the heart there is nothing better than to make the desires few…”
第二篇：2018考研英语翻译英汉互译原则：英语多长句 汉语多短句_毙考题
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2018考研英语翻译英汉互译原则：英语多长句 汉语多短句
考研英语翻译英汉互译要注意表达和逻辑上的差异，有一些原则大家需要先了解，在翻译过程中慢慢去体会，下面跟随小编一起来看看英语多长句、汉语多短句这一原则。
正是因为英语是通过一整套完整的系统的语法结构组合在一起的，那么一个英语句子只要结构完整，作者通过增加限制成分、修饰语以及补充成分可以使得一个句子变得非常的长。比如在往年的考研英语翻译题中，最长的一句话竟然达到了58个单词。而正是因为汉语是强调意义上的完整，那么一个汉语句子就可以简短而意义深刻，言简而意赅。那么我们在翻译的时候就要一定注意，可以破句重组，化繁杂的英语长句为多个意义紧密相连的汉语短句，而不必拘泥于原文的层次结构。例如：1999年的一道考题。
Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves (参考译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门学问的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。) 英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整:less through...and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中， 产生兴趣 这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零 ...产生兴趣...，这与其说是因为...，还不如说是因为... = 考试使用毙考题，不用再报培训班
第三篇：英汉拟声词互译.
英文拟声词与翻译
试看译例：
1.风萧萧，雨萧萧，马萧萧。
The wind whistled, the rain pattered and the horse neighed. 2. Thunder began to rumble. 雷声开始隆隆地响。 3. The cart rumbled past. 车轱辘轱辘地过去了。
4. His stomach rumbled emptily. 他肚子空空如也咕噜咕噜地叫。
5.哒哒哒哒哒!咚!咚!李先生突然抱着头直跳起来，但随即像一块木头似的倒下去。 Rat- ta-ta-ta, boom! boom! Wrapping his arms around his head, Mr. Li leaped up, but immediately fell forward like a log. 6.这个时候，长城线上，烽火连天，一辆囚车，却囚着革命英雄，向南急驰。
At a time when the war was raging along the Great Wall, a Carriage, carrying this
revolutionary hero, went rumbling swiftly southwards. 7. Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels and have not charity, I am become a sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal.
我若能说万人的方言，并天使的话语，却没有爱，我就成了鸣的锣，钹一般。
8. She drew one out. R-ratch ! Now it sputtered and burned.
她抽出一根或才，哧!啪!一下子燃着了。
有关拟声词的译法：
一、同一个拟声词，如例1中的“萧萧”，在不同的上下文或结构中，应根据译文的语言习惯或地道用法， 选用不同的与原文意义对应的词或表达方式。
二、 根据上一条，自然可以从另一面总结出第二种方法，即原文不同句中的几个不同拟声词可以译成同一个词。如“隆隆地响”、“咕噜咕噜地叫”、“ 轱辘轱辘”均可译成同一个英文拟声词 rumble, 其基本意思是 “make a deep, heavy, continuous sound”。
三、原文中有拟声词，译文中也用拟声词相对应。有的译为独词句，有的译为动词或名词的辅助成分。有时可以将英文的拟声词译为汉语中较为抽象的“..........的叫，...........声”，如he seemed to hear about him the rustle of unceasing and innumberable wings，耳际仿佛传来无数翅膀的拍击声。
四、原文中没用拟声词，但很生动，如例6中的“向南疾驰”，也可以译成拟声词。增加拟声词可以增加效果，如The logs were burning briskly in the fire.木柴在火中哔哔剥剥烧的正旺。
五、与上一方法相对应，原文中用了拟声词，译文中可以不用拟声词，而是用其他能产生同样效果的词语，如例7。译文也可以不用拟声词而直叙其动作，如They splashed through the mire to the village.他们一路踏着泥水向村子去。
关于动物叫声的拟声词不管是在英语还是汉语中，都很具体，在互译中要特别注意选准具体词语。英国人说“......动物怎么叫?”“What dose a XXX go?”现将最常用的具体词语列举如下：
A bee hums (buzzes, drones). 蜜蜂嗡嗡(哼哼)的叫。
A fly hums (buzzes, drones). 苍蝇嗡嗡叫。
A mosquito hums (buzzes, drones). 蚊子哼哼(嗡嗡)叫。
A bird twitters (chirps, chirrups). 鸟叫(叽叽喳喳的叫)。
A sparrow twitters (chirps, chirrups). 麻雀吱吱喳喳叫。
A cicada chirps (chirrups). 知了啾啾叫。
A cricket chips (chirrups). 蟋蟀唧唧叫。 A crow caws (croaks). 乌鸦哇哇叫。
A dove/ pigeon coos. 鸽子咕咕叫。
A magpie chatters. 喜鹊喳喳叫。
A nightingale jugs (jug-jugs). 夜莺歌唱。
An owl hoots (whoops). 猫头鹰叫。
A parrot squawks. 鹦鹉叫。
A wild-goose honks. 雁叫。
A crane whoops. (风声)鹤叫。
A bull bellows (lows). 公牛哞哞叫。
A cow moos (lows). 母牛哞哞叫。
A calf bleats. 小牛哞哞叫。 A goat bleats. 山羊咩咩叫。
A lamb bleats (baas). 小羊咩咩叫。 A sheep bleats (baas). 绵羊咩咩叫。 A deer bleats. 鹿叫。
A hen cackles (chucks, chuckles, clucks). 母鸡咯咯叫。 A chick cheeps (pips, peeps). 小鸡唧唧叫。
A cock crows. 公鸡喔喔叫。
A duck quacks. 鸭子呱呱叫。
A goose cackles (gaggles). 鹅嘎嘎叫。
An elephant trumpets. 大象叫。
A fox yelps. 狐狸叫。
An ass brays (hee-haws). 驴叫。
A horse neighs (whinnies, knickers). 马叫。
A lion roars. 狮吼。
A tiger growls. 虎啸(吼，叫)。
A turkey gobbles. 火鸡(咯咯)叫。
A whale blows. 鲸鱼(扑扑)叫。
A wolf howls (growls). 狼(嚎，号)叫。
A frog croaks. 青蛙哇哇叫。
A monkey screeches (chatters, gibbers, jabbers). 猴子叫 (猿啼，猿啸)。
A mouse squeaks (peeps). 老鼠吱吱(唧唧)叫。
A snake hisses. 蛇声咝咝。
A cat miaows (miaus, mews, purrs). 猫咪咪叫。
A dog barks (yaps, yelps, bays, snarls, growls, howls). 狗汪汪叫 (狂叫等)。
A pig grunts (squeals). 猪咕噜咕噜(哼哼)叫。
其它一些拟声词：
1、金属磕碰声
当啷
clank,clang
2、形容金属的响声 当当 rattle
3、金属、瓷器连续撞击声 丁零当啷 jingle, jangle, cling-clang
4、鼓声、敲门声 咚咚 rub-a dub, rat-tat, rat-a-tat
5、脆响的(关门)声 吧嗒 clik
6、敲打木头声 梆梆 rat-tat，rat-at
7、重物落下声 咕咚 thud, splash, plump
8、东西倾倒声 哗啦 crash, clank
9、风吹动树枝叶声 飒飒 sough, rustle
10、树枝等折断声 嘎巴 crack, snap
11、不大的寒风声 瑟瑟 rustle
12、踩沙子、飞沙击物或风吹草木 沙沙、飒飒 rustle
13、飞机螺旋桨转动 呼呼 whirr
14、雨点敲击房顶 噼里啪啦 patter
15、水流动声 拔拉 splash, gurgle
16、物体受压 嘎吱 creak
喀嚓 crack, snap
17、溪水、泉水流动声 潺潺 murmur, babble, purl
18、液体、沸腾、水流涌出或大口喝水声 咕嘟 babble, gurgle
19、重物落地声 扑通 flop, thump, splash, pit-a-pat 20、笑声、水、气挤出声 扑哧 titter, snigger, fizz
21、雷声、爆炸声、机器声 隆隆 hum, rumble, roll
22、汽笛或喇叭声 呜呜 toot, hoot, zoom
23、油在锅里 滋滋 sizzle
24、鞭炮爆炸声 噼啪 pop
25、脚踏楼板声 登登 clump
第四篇：英汉互译实践 大纲
《英汉互译实践》教学大纲
本课程旨在传授翻译基本知识、实用的翻译理论和翻译技巧，研究对比英汉两种语言思维文化的差异，总结掌握两种语言的规律和表达习惯，从中找出翻译规律。在此基础上，对学生进行大量的翻译实践训练，从翻译实践中掌握翻译规律，获取翻译的基本技能技巧，同时加深学生对英汉两种语言文化的了解，初步掌握不同文体的翻译技巧。通过翻译理论的学习、翻译实践的训练，培养和提高学生的实际翻译能力。通过本课程的学习，学生能将中等难度的汉语篇章或段落译成英语，或将将中等难度的英语篇章或段落译成汉语，译文忠实原文，语言通顺。
本课程教材共16讲，但教材的使用主要以学生课后阅读为主，而课堂上教师讲授内容部分地以教材为基础，重点讲授翻译基本理论，对英汉两种语言思维和文化进行对比和分析，介绍各种翻译技巧，介绍各种文体及其翻译，使学生掌握英汉双语翻译的基本理论，掌握英汉词语、长句及各种文体的翻译技巧和英汉互译的能力。
本课程对学生的具体要求为：
1.掌握严复的翻译理论，并用之指导自己的翻译实践。
2.掌握翻译规律，获取翻译技能技巧，并灵活地运用于翻译实践。
3.掌握英汉两种语言文化的语言规律和表达习惯，两种语言的个性和共性。
4.根据英语的语言规律和表达习惯，联系上下文分析原文的词汇含义、句法结构、逻辑关系和交际功能，准确理解原文所表达的言语形式和思想内容。
5.根据对原文形式和内容的理解，用地道的目的语表达手段将原文的全部信息等值地重新表达出来。
第五篇：英汉互译第8-10课
Lecture 8 Sentence Translation
Omission
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。
二、教学过程： 1. 增译法 省译法 词类转换
正说反译、反说正译法 重译法 语态变换法 词序调整法 拆译法
Omission (省译法)
1) A book is useful.
书(是)有用(的)。
2) The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳转。
3) On Sundays we have no school. 礼拜天我们不上课。
Omission (省译法) 任何事物具有两面，翻译既然有增译法，就必定有对应的减译法或省略法。省略法就是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词但已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。简言之省略法就是删去一些可有可无或有了反而累赘或违背译文表达习惯的词。省略法不是省掉原文的思想内容。这种省略多从语法和修辞角度考虑。
冠词、连词、代词(尤其是人称代词、关系代词)、关系副词等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时很少出现，为了使译文忠实地道，减译法或省略法就不可少了。
1. 省略代词
英语中通常每句都有主语。但根据汉语习惯，若前句出现一个主语且后句仍为同一主语时，后句主语一般省掉。如：
1)He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他身体消瘦，面容憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。
• Cf：Like his friends he had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice. • 他象他的朋友一样，虽然头脑里有许多美妙的想法，却只有少数付诸实施。 2) We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。
3) Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus. 新校区处处可以看到新人、新事物。 4) If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 得寸进尺。
5) I have received your letter and read it with delight. 我收到了你的信，愉快地读了。
6) When conditions exist, go ahead; when they don’t, create them and go ahead. 有条件要上;没有条件，创造条件也要上。 7) I wash my face in the morning. 我早上洗脸。
cf：别把手放在口袋里。Don’t put your hands in your pockets. 8) He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一言不发。
Practice：
①. But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. 但我就这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。
②. Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist. 不承认这个事实，就不是唯物主义者。
③. The more you tried to hide your warts, the more you revealed them. 越是想掩盖烂疮疤(缺点、瑕疵)，就越是会暴露。
④. You must excuse me, I shall not speak of the matter again. 请原谅，我以后不会再提这事了。 ⑤. She put up her hand in a solute. 她举手致敬。
⑥. Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。
⑦. It is only shallow people who judge by appearances. 只有浅薄的人才会以貌取人。
⑧. It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house. 他费了不少劲才找到了回家的路。 2. 省略连词
我们在讨论增译法时，提到“汉语语言精炼，并列连词较少使用，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语顺序来表示。但译为英语时，需要增补。证实了英语是形合语言，汉语是意合语言的命题。”相反，把英语译成汉语时，很多情况则需省略连词。如： 1). He looked gloomy and troubled. (表并列)
他看上去有些忧愁不安。
2). As the temperature increase, the volume of water becomes greater. (表原因)
温度升高，水的体积就增大。
3) If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (表条件)
冬天来了，春天还会远吗?
4) When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north. (表时间)
东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。 Practice: 1). It is in the plant that we work together with the workers. 就是在这个工厂内我们同工人一起劳动。
2). The door was opened, and he came in. 门开了，他走了进来。
3). He studied in the college for two years, and then he went to join the army. 他在大学念过两年书，后来就去参军去了。 4). If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home. 明天下雨我就呆在家里不出去。
5). When at last he stood upon the cliff, he turned to his little sister and looked upon her sorrowfully.
最后他站到了悬崖上，转过身来，忧郁地看着他的妹妹。
6). John rose gloomily as the train stopped for he was thinking of his ailing mother. 火车停了，约翰忧郁地站了起来，因为他想起了病中的母亲。
3. 省略介词
一般说来，表示时间和地点的英语前置词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾时大都不省。如：
1) The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。
比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。 2) In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.
一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。
比较：埃及占领苏伊士运河是在一九五六年。 3) And on July 1st, 1999, I graduated from university.
一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。 4) Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所不准吸烟。
4. 省略冠词
英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词;因此，英译汉时往往要将冠词省略。相反，汉译英时，多要增加冠词，也就是增译法中的增加冠词。如： 1) A book is useful.
(是)有用(的)。 2) The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳转。
(省略表示独一无二的事物的定冠词 the)又如：The moon was slowly rising above the sea.) 3) A teacher should have patience in his work. 当教员的应当有耐心。(省略表示类别的不定冠词a)
4) The girl standing at the window is his girlfriend.
站在窗口的(那个)女孩是他女朋友。
此句中girl后有定语，汉译时定冠词The可省也可保留。) 5) Milk is sold by the pound. 牛奶按磅计价。(牛奶是论磅卖的。)
当然，有些场合，冠词是不能省略的。比如不定冠词a 或an 表示数量“一”时，定冠词the 表示“这”或“那”时，均不能省略。 6) He left without a word. 他一句话不说就走了。 7) The children are of an age. 这些孩子都是同岁的。 Exercises 1. We can not see sound waves as they travel through air. 声波通过空气传播，是看不见的。(省人称代词)
2. The dog is stretching itself. 这条狗在伸懒腰。(省反身代词)
3. It was a cold, dark day, the sky overcast. 寒冷阴沉的一天，乌云密布。(省略非人称代词it) 4. I can do it, and so can you. 我能做，你也能做。(省略并列连词) 5. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house. 仓库重地，严禁吸烟。(省略介词) 6. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。(省从属连词)
7. A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainment but no virtue. 聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。(省关系代词) 8. 他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。
They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemies. (增加并列连词) 9. 礼拜天我们不上学。
On Sundays we have no school.(增加介词) 10. 孩子就是孩子。
A boy is always a boy. (增加冠词)
Lecture 9 Conversion
(词类转换法) 教学要求
了解并熟悉词类转换法(Conversion)的翻译技巧;在此基础上了解英汉常见的差异。 In terms of conversion we mean that in translating a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessary to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language. As a matter of fact, conversion in the English language is very common. Let’s take the word “round” for example:
This is the first round. (n.) There is a round table in the room. (adj.) Round the corner slowly. (v.) He walked round the table. (prep.) So, conversion is one of the important techniques and is needed primarily by the differences in syntactic structure and idiomatical way in the two languages. Conversion occurs on many occasions. But the most commonly seen are as follow: 1. 转译成动词
英语和汉语相比较，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点。 往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。如： He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。
He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job. 他对总统声明为保持其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。
A. 由动词的派生名词(或含有动作意义的名词)转译为动词 His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph. 无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。
An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation. 读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。
A view of Mt. E-mei can be obtained from here. 从这儿可以看到峨嵋山。
A. 由动词的派生名词(或含有动作意义的名词)转译为动词 Exercise： a. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
b. On the walk through the campus they saw many students reading in the garden. c. He urged upon citizens of the country the necessity of persisting in participation in political controversies. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。 漫步校园时，他们看见许多学生在公园里看书。 他告诫全国公民，必须坚持参加政治论战。
B. 英语中加后缀-er, -or 的名词，在句中并不表身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意义。 He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker. 他倒是不抽烟，但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽(是个老烟枪)。
He was a regular visitor. 他经常来。
I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 我未必会教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。 C. 介词转换为动词
Jones opened the windows to let fresh air in. 琼斯把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来。 That day she was up before sunrise. 那天她在日出前就起来了。
“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来啊!” 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了, 越过草地, 跑上小径,跨上台阶, 穿过凉台,进了门廊。 C. 介词转换为动词
Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then he entered a huge building. 他们沿着大街走去，经过许多商店，穿过一个大广场，然后进入了一座大厦。 in accordance with 符合
on the basis of 根据 by means of 利用
on behalf of 代表 instead of 代替
in favor of 支持，赞成
D. 形容词转换为动词
They were suspicious and resentful of him. 他们不信任他，讨厌他。 2. 转译成名词
A. Verbs-Nouns 英语中有许多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语的名词。如： She behaves as if she were a child. 她的举止跟一个孩子一样。
A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. 一个衣着讲究的人上了车，他的言谈举止酷似美国人。 A. Verbs-Nouns Edison patented over one thousand separated inventions during his life. 爱迪生一生中得到一千多项发明项目的专利。 It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure. 它的主要特点是结构简单。 His image as a good student was badly tarnished. Tarnish: 失去光泽;褪色
他作为一个好学生的形象，已遭受到很大的玷污。
B. Adjectives-Nouns 一种情况，英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示一类的人，汉译时常译成名词(例
1、
2、3)。另外，有些英语中的形容词根据情况，也可译成名词。如例4：
1. They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
2. Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.
罗宾汉和他的同伴们痛恨富人，热爱并保护穷人。 3. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft. 史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。 4. This problem is no less important than that one. 这个问题的重要性不亚于那个问题。 5. Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth. 玻璃的透明度比塑料布要好。
Exercise: They are going to build a school for the blind and the deaf. 他们将为盲人和聋人修建一所学校。 The White family were religious. 王尔德(怀特)全家都是虔诚的教徒。 Hospitals are getting more efficient these days. 近日来，医院的效率越来越高了。 C. Adverbs—Nouns It is editorially said that… 社论说……
He is strong physically, but weak mentally. 他体力很强，可智力很弱。
The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1. 图一所示是这种新型机器的简图。 独立思考是学习所绝对必要的。
Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 我们觉得难于解决这个问题。
We find difficulty in solving this problem. 3. 转译成形容词
A. Nouns—Adjectives
1. I can note the grace of her gesture. 我可以看到她优雅的举止。
2. We have seen the beauty of Mt. Tai. 我们看到了美丽的泰山。
3. You pass from the heat and glare of a big open square into a cool, dark cavern. 你从一个巨大的露天广场上炎热而耀眼的阳光中进入凉爽阴暗的洞穴。 A. Nouns—Adjectives 4. As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. 他对这个城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。
英语中有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词(例4和例5) 。 又如：The blockade was a success. 封锁很成功。 B. Adverbs—Adjectives
The English language has changed subtly and pervasively.
英语的变化很微妙，很普遍。 She looked at me expectantly. 她用期待的眼光看着我。
Hopefully, it will be done early next month. 下月初完成这项工作是大有希望的。
Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them. 他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。 B. Adverbs—Adjectives
他慢条斯理地点了一两下头说：“是的。” “Yes,” he said with a slow nod or two. 他们热忱地欢迎他。
They give him a hearty welcome. 他会立即答复。
He will give an immediate reply. A. Nouns—Adverbs 1. The man nodded with satisfaction. 那人满意地点了点头。
2. He had the honor to attend the congress. 他荣幸地出席了代表大会。
B. Adjectives—Adverbs 3. He had a careful study of the map before he started off. 他在出发前仔细地看了看地图。
4. Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence? 你能准确地把这句话译出来吗?
很简单，由于英语中带有动作意味的名词汉译为动词，因而原文修饰名词的形容词也相应地汉译为副词，以便修饰动词。
Exercise 1. It is impossible to live in society and be independent of society. (adj—v.) 生于社会，不能脱离社会。
2. They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. (adv.—n.) 但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。 3. I have the honour to inform you that… (n.—adv.) 我荣幸地通知你。
4. He had the kindness to show me the way. ( n.—adv.) 他好意地给我指路。
5. I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries (中间人). (n.—adj.) 我认识到，通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。 6. 他们怀疑这是否是真的。(v—adj.) They are doubtful whether it is true or not.
7. “放我出去!”房间里的孩子叫道。(v.—adv.) “Let me out!” the child in the room cried. 8. 你拨错了电话号码。(adv.—adj.)
You dialed the wrong number.
Lecture 10
Affirmation and Negation
Sentence Translation
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。
二、教学过程： 1. 增译法 省译法 词类转换
正说反译、反说正译法 重译法 语态变换法 词序调整法 拆译法
During the process of E-C or C-E translation, due to different ways or habit of expressing, the transfer of affirmative expression into negative one or vice versa is not only frequent but necessary.
The reasons of using this method is,
first, to express the exact meaning of the source language smoothly; second, to conform to norms of the target language Examples: Excuse me. 对不起。
“Don’t stop working” he said. 他说，“继续干活吧” 別停止工作
He went into the insecure building. 他走进那所危楼。
他走进那所不安全的大楼。
A. 源文从正面表达，译文从反面表达 1. 动词
Such a chance denied me. 我没有得到这样一个机会。 2. 副词
A: The boy is quite clever. B: Exactly.
甲：这孩子很聪明。
乙：一点不错/的确如此。 3. 形容词
1)It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given. 甚至只要有一点点风声漏出去，结果就不堪设想。 2)The explanation is pretty thin.
这个解释是相当不充实的。
3)His refusal is not final.
他的拒绝不是不可改变的。 4. 介词
1)This problem is above me.
这问题我不懂。(或：我解决不了)。
2)It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.
他无权签订这种合同。 5. 连接词
The guerrilla would fight to death before they surrender 游击队员宁愿战斗到死，而决不投降。
I will not go unless I hear from him 如果他不通知我，我就不去
6. 名词
1)By about six-thirty the sounds of aircraft, trucks and tanks had become quite familiar, but a series of small explosions nearby seemed to cause new anxiety. 大约到六点半，大家对飞机、卡车和坦克的声音已经很习以为常了。但是附近一些轻微的爆炸声似乎又造成了新的不安。
7. 短语
1)The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war. 岛民发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。
2)We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. 我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。
3)When Philip missed the last bus, he was at a loss to know what to do. 菲利普误了最后一班公共汽车，茫然不知该怎么办。 二.英语从反面表达，译文从正面表达 1.动词
1)I rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded. 一天我和他乘车转了一转，看看船如何卸货。
2)The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations. 虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。
2.副词
1)He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.
他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。
2)Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect resigned dishonorably. 许多人认为首相辞职实际上是很丢面子的。
3.形容词
1)He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.
他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。
2)All the articles are untouchable in the museum.
博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。 4.名词
1)He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 他对他的父亲的行业表示强烈的厌恶情绪。
2)I watched with disbelief as a number was put on my right forearm--- 82585. 当一个号码—82585刺在我右前臂时，我怀疑地看着。
5.短语
1)Don’t lose time in posting this letter. 赶快把这封信寄出去。
2)The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 调查的结果清清楚楚说明病人死于癌症。
3)Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon.
今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。 A. Some Idiomatic Expressions 1. riot police
防暴警察 (即anti-riot police，而不是**的警察) 2. crisis law
反危机法案 (即anti-crisis law) 3. spy film 反谍影片 4. After you, sir. 先生，您先请。
A. Some Idiomatic Expressions 5. Keep in lane!
不准换线! 6. Keep off the lawn!
请勿践踏草地!
7. I couldn’t agree more with you.
我完全同意你的看法。 8. Just make yourself at home.
不要客气。/别见外。
9. He was the last man to say such things. 他绝不会说这样的话。
10. They are non-local laborers in Beijing 他们是在北京打工的外地民工。
11. We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们要永远对生活抱乐观的态度。 Exercises：
1. I’m new to the work.
这工作我是生手。(这工作我不熟悉。) 2. He is free with his money.
他花钱大手大脚。(他花钱从不吝啬。)
3. He realized that he was in trouble.
他意识到遇到麻烦了。(他感到自己的处境不妙。) 4. The station is no distance at all.
车站近在咫尺。(车站一点儿也不远。) 5. It’s no less than a fraud.
这简直是一场骗局。(这无异于一场骗局。) 6. The works of art were left intact, the money gone.
艺术品还在，钱却不翼而飞。 (艺术品原封未动，钱却不翼而飞。)
7. Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. (adv.) 时间是我们最缺少的，但可叹之至，偏偏许多人最不善于利用。 8. They feel great anxiety about his sickness. 他们对他的病情感到焦虑不安。 9. The criminal is still at large. (phrase) 罪犯还未捉拿归案。 After class exercises: 1. Isn’t it funny!
2. I am never at a loss for a word; Pitt is never at a loss for the word. 3. When Stephen was introduced to the old couple, they said simply, “We’ve read your article. We expected to meet an older man.”
4. In a little town such things cannot be done without remark. 5. The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him. 6. That’s a thing that might happen to any man. 7. This book is a fool to that both in plot and execution. 8. He was 75, but he carried his years lightly. 9. His speech leaves much to be desired. 10. John was a fool for danger.