第一篇：勇敢的心台词中英对照
《变形金刚》电影 经典台词中英对照
Optimus Prime:
Before time began, there was the Cube. We know not where it comes from, only that is holds the power to create worlds and fill them with life. That is how our race was born. For a time, we live din harmony, but like all great power, some wanted if for good, others for evil. And so began the war, a war that ravaged our planet until it was consumed by death, and the Cube was lost to the far reaches of space. We scattered the galaxy, hoping to find it to rebuild our home, searching every star, every world. And just when our all hope seemed lost, message of a new discovery drew us to an unknown planet, Earth. But we’ve already too late.
擎天柱：在时间创生之前，就有了立方体。我们不知道它来自何方，但它有创造世界万物的力量。我们民族就是这样诞生的。有一段时间，我们和睦相处。但就像所有强大的民族，有的想用它行善，有的想用它作恶。战争就这样爆发了。我们的星球资源殆尽，被死亡吞没。立方体则失落在茫茫宇宙。我们分散在银河系四处寻找，希望找到它以重建家园。我们搜寻每一个星球，每一个世界。正在我们所有希望都将泯灭之际，我们被一个有关新发现的信息带到了一个未知的星球——地球。但我们已经太晚了。
[1]
Teacher: Okay, might be a pop quiz tomorrow. Might not. Sleep in fear tonight. Sam? 注意啦，明天可能有个突击测验，也可能没有。在恐惧中入睡吧!萨姆?
Sam: Sorry, sorry. Okay, pretty good, right? 什么?哦，不好意思。嗯，不错对吧?
Teacher: I’d say a solid B minus. 我会给你一个实实在在的B减。 Sam: A B minus? 一个B减?
Teacher: You were hawking your great-grandfather’s crap in my classroom. 你在我的班上卖你曾祖父的垃圾。
Sam: Look, can you do me a favour? 瞧，能行行好吗? Teacher: What? 干吗?
Sam: Can you look out the window for a second? You see my father? He’s the guy in the green car. 您能朝窗外看一秒钟吗?看见我父亲了吗?坐在绿车里的那个? Teacher: Yeah. 嗯。
Sam: Okay, I’ll tell you about a dream. A boy’s dream. And a man’s promise to that boy. He looked to me in the eyes and said: “Son, I’m gonna buy you a car. But I want you to bring me 2 thousand dollars and three As. Okay? I got the 2 thousand dollars and I got two As. Okay? Here’s the dream. Your B minus, dream gone. Sir, ask yourself, what will Jesus do? 那好，我要跟您讲一个梦想。一个男孩的梦想和一个男人对他的诺言。他凝视我的眼睛，说：“儿子，我要给你买一辆车。但你得给我两千块钱和三个A。我有两千块钱和两个A了，明白?一个梦想。您的B减，梦想破灭了。老师，请扪心自问，耶稣会怎么做?
[2]
1
Strong boy: So what are you guys doing here? 你们俩来这里干嘛? Sam: We’re here to climb this tree. 我们来爬树。 Boy: I see that…it looks fun. 哦，看上去很有趣。 Sam: Yeah. 是啊。
Boy: You know, I thought I recognize you. You tried out for the football team last year, right? 知道吗，我觉得我好像在哪里见过你。你去年是不是参加过橄榄球队的竞选?
Sam: Oh, no no no…That wasn’t like a real try out. I was researching a book I was writing. 哦，没有没有没有。那不是真正的尝试。我正为我写的书做研究。 Boy: Oh yeah? 哦，是吗? Sam: Yeah. 对。
Boy: Yeah, what’s it about? Sucking in sports? 哦，关于什么的?运动白痴吗? Sam: No, it’s about the link between brain damage and football. No, it’s a good book. Your friends’ll love it. You know, it’s got maze in it and, you know, little colouring areas section, pop-up pictures. It’s a lot of fun. 才不是呢。是关于脑损伤和橄榄球之间的联系。别误会，这是本好书。你的朋友们一定喜欢。你看，里面有迷宫，有涂颜色小画，还有立体图片。超有趣。
[3]
Lennox: Sir, we need…I need a telephone. Telephone, telephone. Yes! 先生，我们要…我需要一部电话。电话，是电话!对! Man from Middle East: Telephone! Cell phone! 中东人：哦，电话!手机行吗? Lennox: I don’t know how to thank you! (Calling) This is an emergency Pentagon call! I need you to...Do you understand? I don’t have a credit card! 真是不知道怎么谢谢你!(对电话)紧急呼叫五角大楼!我要你帮我…你明白吗?我没有信用卡!
Middle East Operator (With accent): Sir, the attitude is not going to speed things up any bit at all. I’m going to ask you to speak in to the mouthpiece very clearly. 中东接线员(有着中东口音)：先生，这种态度不可能帮助你尽快接线。我现在要求你对话筒清楚地讲话。
Lennox: I’m in the middle of war! This is frigging ridiculous. 我正在打仗!这简直太离谱了! Solider: Ammo! 大兵：弹药!
Lennox: I need a credit card! Epps, where’s your wallet? 给我一张信用卡!艾普，你的钱包在哪?
Epps: Pocket! 口袋里!
Lennox: Which pocket?! 哪个?! Epps: My back pocket! 后面的口袋!
Lennox: You got ten pockets! 你有十个!
Epps: Left cheek! Left cheek! Left cheek! 左屁股，左屁股，左屁股! Lennox: Okay, it’s Visa. 哦，有张维萨信用卡。
2 Operator: Also, sir. Have you heard about our premium plus world-service gold package? 接线员：对了，先生。你有没有听说过我们的环球服务白金加金套餐? Lennox: No, I don’t want a premium package! Epps, Pentagon! 见鬼去吧!我不要什么白金套餐。艾普，五角大楼!
[4]
Mr Ron Witwiky: How come the door is locked? You know the rules, no doors locked in my house! 怎么门锁着?你知道规矩，在我家里不可以锁门!
Mrs Judy Witwiky: You know he’ll start counting if you don’t open the door. 你知道如果不开门他就要倒数了。
Ron: One more chance. Five… 最后机会。五…
Judy: Oh, dear. He’s counting! 天哪，他倒数了!
Sam (Open the door): What’s up? What’s with the bat? 萨姆开了门：干嘛?拿着球棒干什么?
Ron: Who were you talking to? 你在跟谁说话? Sam: I’m talking to you. 跟你说话。
Judy: Why are you so sweaty and filthy? 你怎么浑身是汗，还脏兮兮的? Sam: I’m a child. I’m a teenager. 我是个孩子。一个青少年。 Judy: We heard voice and noises, we thought maybe you were… 我们听到说话声和噪音，我们以为你可能…
Ron: It doesn’t matter what we thought. What was that light? 我们认为什么都无所谓。那光是怎么回事?
Sam: No, what light? What? There’s no light Dad! There’s no light! 没有啊?什么光?没有光，爸爸!没有光! Ron: There was light under the door. 门底下露出光来了。
Sam: Look, you can’t…you can’t just bounce into my room like that. You got to knock, you got to communicate. I’m a teenager.
瞧，你不能…你不能就这样闯进我屋。你得敲门，你得沟通。我是个青少年啊! Judy: We knocked! 我们可是敲啦! Sam: You didn’t knock. You were screaming at me. This is repression. You’re ruining my youth, okay? 你们没有敲。你在朝我叫。这是在施加压力，你们在毁我的青春年华，啊?
[5]
Simmons: Ronald Wikity? 罗纳德。威基蒂?
Ron: It’s Witwiky. Who are you? 是叫威特威基。你是谁?
Simmons: We’re the government. Sector Seven. 政府人员。第七区的。 Ron: Never heard of it. 从没听说过。
Simmons: Never will. Your son’s great-grand son of Captain Archibald Wikity, is he not? 3 以后也不会。你的儿子是阿齐博得.威基蒂船长的曾祖孙对吗? Ron: It’s Witwiky. 是威特威基。
Simmons: My I enter the premises, Sir? 我可以进贵府吗，先生?
Judy: Ron, there are guy all over the front yard! 罗恩，前院到处是人! Ron: What the heck is going on here? 该死，出什么事了?
Simmons: Your son filed a stolen car report last night. We think it’s involved in a national security matter. 你儿子昨晚报案说他的车被盗了。我们认为事关国家安全。
Judy: They’re ripping up my rose bushes. 他们在揪我的玫瑰花丛啊! Ron: National security? 国家安全?
Simmons: That’s right, national security. 没错，国家安全。 Judy: My God, Ron, they’re everywhere. There’re guys in suits all around the house. Look at this! 我的老天啊，罗恩!他们到处都是!满房子都是穿西装的人,瞧瞧! Ron: Could you stay off the grass?! 你们能不能不要踩草坪?
Simmons: Get me a sample and some isotope readings. 弄些样本和同位素读数。 Judy: They’d get their hands off my bush! 他们可得离我的花丛远点! Simmons: Drop the bats, ma’am. I’m carrying a loaded weapon. 放下球棒，太太。我可是带着一件上膛的武器。
Judy: But you’d better get those guys out of my garden or I’m gonna beat the crap out of them! 但你最好让那些人远离我的园子，不然我就把他们连屎都打出来!
Simmons(to Sam): How are you doing son? Is your name Sam? 你好，小子!是叫萨姆吧?
Sam: Yeah? 怎么了?
Simmons: Well I need you to come with us. 嗯，你得跟我们走一趟。 Ron: Whoa, way out of line. 等等，这太过分了。
Simmons: Sir, I am asking, politely. Back off. 先生，我可是，礼貌地要求。退后。 Ron: You’re not taking my son. Really. 你不能带走我儿子。绝对不行。 Simmons: You gonna try to get rough with us? 你要跟我们来硬的?
Ron: No, but I’m gonna call the cops, because there’s something fishy going on around here. 不，但我要叫警察。现在发生的事很可疑。
Simmons: Yeah. There’s something a little fishy about you, your son, your little Taco Bell dog. and this whole operation going on around here. 说对了。你本人，你儿子，你挂小铃铛的狗还有这里的整个行动都很可疑。 Ron: What operation? 什么行动?
Simmons: That’s what we’re gonna find out. Son? 所以我们才要查出来。小子? Sam: Yeah? 啊?
Simmons: Step forward please. (He took the reading.) Fourteen rads. Bingo! Tag them and bag them! 请向前迈一步。(他看了读数)辐射剂量14度!这可中奖了!把他们抓起来带走!
[6]
4
Keller: You’re coming with me. You’re going to be my advisor.跟我来。你将是我的顾问。
Glen: Me, too?我也是?
Keller: Who is this?这是谁?
Maggie: He’s my advisor.他是我的顾问。 Keller: He comes, too.那他也一起来。
[7]
Ironhide: Why are we fighting to save the humans? They’re a primitive and violent race. 为什么我们为拯救人类而战?他们是一个原始，暴力的种族。
Optimus Prime: Were we so different? They’re a young species. They have much to learn. But I’ve seen goodness in them. Freedom is the right of all sentient beings. 我们又有很大区别吗?他们是年轻的物种，还有很多要学。但我在他们中看到了善。
[8]
Simmons: Hey kid. I think we get off to a bad start, huh? You must be hungry? 嘿，小朋友。我们不打不相识，对吧?你们肯定饿了吧? Sam: Where’s my car?我车呢?
Tom: Son, I need you to listen to me very carefully. People can die here. We need to know everything you know. We need to know it now. 小子，你给我仔细听好了。我们要你知而不瞒，言之不尽。
Sam: Okay. But first I’ll take my car, my parents, maybe you need to write that down. Oh, and her juvie record. That’s got to be gone, like, forever. 那好。首先，我要你把我的车还给我，还有我父母。也许你应该把这些都记下来。哦，还有她的犯罪记录，要，这么说吧，永远一笔勾销。 Tom: Come with me. We’ll take about your car. 跟我来。我们商量商量你的车。
Simmons: The man’s an extortionist. 人都是敲诈犯。
第二篇：中英对照
行政主体在对行政相对人作出不利行政决定时，是否必须说明理由，二战之后伴随民主法治的发展，经历从无到有的过程。法国、德国、美国、日本及我国台湾地区和澳门地区的行政程序法都有相关规定，说明理由已成为行政程序中一项重要的制度。行政主体在作出影响对人权利义务的行政行为时，向相对人说明作出该行为的事实根据、法律根据及进行自由裁量时所考虑的公共利益、社会习惯、政策考量等因素。这一方面有利于规范行政主体依法行使行政权，保障行政合法性和合理性，降低行政恣意和专断的风险;另一方面，将作出行政决定所依据的事实、法律根据及裁量因素告知行政相对人，可以增强相对人对行政决定的理解和认同。此外，如果相对人对行政决定不服，可根据行政决定的依据和理由寻求法律救济，保障其合法权益。本文以行政程序中的说明理由制度为视角，以我国
Whether the administrative subject has to give the reasons why making negative administrative decision on administrative counterpart, which appears accompany with the development of democracy and the rule of law. The administrative procedure law in France, Germany, the United States, Japan, Taiwan and Macao of china has relative regulations, and giving the reasons has become an important system in administrative procedure system. When the administrative subject takes administrative actions that will impact the rights and obligations of the administrative counterpart, it should explain to the administrative counterpart the fact and foundation and the law, on which it take the action, also it should explain the public interests, social habits, policy considerations and other factors that it has to take into account when make discretions. on one hand, this is conductive to standardize the administrative subject to execute administrative power according to the law, and guarantee the administrative legality and rationality, reduce administrative arbitrariness and abuse of administrative power; on the other hand, to inform the administrative decision basis of facts, law and discretion factors to the administrative counterpart could enhance the understanding and recognition of the decisions for the administrative counterpart. Besides, if the administrative counterpart doesn’t accept the decisions, could according to the foundations and reasons of the administrative decisions seek for legal redress to protect his/her legal interests. This report base on the reasons explanation system to summarize the characteristics and existing problems of the persuasive administrative penalties notifications in our country’s industrial and commercial systems, and make suggestions on how to improve it, in order to make the administrative decision be applicable to administrative penalty, administrative compulsory enforcement and other executive fields, to enhance the rationality and legitimacy of the administrative decision, effectively regulate the use of the administrative power, protect the legal rights and interests of the citizens.
本文分为五部分：
The report has five parts:
引言部分简单介绍我国学界关于行政程序中说明理由制度的研究概况，说明当前关于说明理由制度研究重心和热点问题。
The brief introduce the general situation of the study of the reasons explanation system in administrative procedure of our law circles, and illustrates the focus and hot issues in current study of the reasons explanation system.
第一部分为全文概述，简要介绍选题依据和来源，从宪政角度分析行政决定的说理性理论基
础，并从行政机关、行政相对人和受理争议机关复审三方面分析行政决定说理性的价值所在。 第二部分着重研究我国工商系统推行的说理式行政处罚决定书案例，总结工商系统说理式行政处罚决定书的特点及存在的问题。
The first part is the general overview of the report, give a brief introduction to the basis and resource of the selection of the topic, analyze the rationality theory foundation of the administrative decision from the constitutional perspective, and analyze the value of the administrative decision rationality from the administrative organ, the administrative counterpart and the request of the controversy dispute acceptance organ. Part two focuses on the study of the cases on the persuasive administrative penalty notification pushed by our country’s industrial and commercial system, and summarize the characteristics and existing problems of the persuasive administrative penalties notifications in our country’s industrial and commercial systems.
第三部分对我国目前关于行政决定说理性的立法规范进行分析，指出当前我国相关立法存在的缺陷和问题。
The third part analyzes the current legal regulations in our country on the rationality of the administrative decisions, and point out the existing defects and problems in our country’s relative laws.
第三篇：模具中英对照
为大家提供点模具方面的中英对照 top view ----俯视图 front view ----前视图 side view ----侧视图 plane view ----平面图 contour ------外型铣削 pocket ------挖槽
flow line ----罩一曲面 multisurf ------多重曲面 filter -----过滤 ellipse -----椭圆 polar -------极坐标
arc endpoints-----两点画弧 extrude ------------------挤压 cold drawn -------------------冷拉
corrosive plastics -----------------防腐塑料 tough -----------------硬度 anneal -----------------n.退火
service life --------------------注塑寿命 high viscosity -----------------粘度较高的 extension plug ------------------延伸尾塞 angle plug -------------------斜角尾塞 thermocouple connector ---热电偶连结头 hydraulic system ---(注塑机的)油压系统
temperature control zone -------------------温控区 barrel heating capacity ----料筒加热能力 polygon -------多边形 isometric -------等角视图 zig zag -------双向 one way -------单向 spline -------圆滑曲线 blend -------顺接
guide pin --------导针;边针;直边 support pin ---------拉杆;水口边
support pin collar --------拉杆定位;水口边定位介子 tapped hold for eyebolt -------吊模螺孔
thermal expansion coefficient -------热膨胀系数 welding rod -------熔接棒
cavity plate; A bolster plate -----母模板 (A板), 前模板 stripper plate ---------活动板,推料板 core plate --------公模板 (B板),后模板 spacer block -----------间隔板
ejector retainer plate -----------上顶针板 ejector plate -----------下顶针板
pin point gate system ---------小水口系统 side gate system -----------大水口系统 infrared-transmitter --------红外线发射器 infrared-receiver ------------红外线接受器 synthetic resin ------------合成权脂
air blow gun(with nozzles&hose) -------------气枪 spiral hose -------------螺旋形的;盘旋的 guide strip ---------------行位导轨 ejector rod --------------斜坊 set screw ---------固定螺丝
countersunk screw ---------沉头螺丝 hex screws --------胚头螺丝
shoulder screw -----------------带肩螺丝 residual stress -----------------残余应力 tensile --张力 electricity erode -----------------电蚀刻 ohm meter -------------------电阻表 tubular dowel -----------------管钉,销钉 abrasive stone -----------------研磨石材
SPI Mold Finish Comparison Kit --SPI模具抛光比照工具 rolled ------------------热轧 forged ------------------热锻 screw torque ----------------螺杆力矩 screw speed -------------------螺杆速度 screw stroke ----------------螺杆行程 nozzle contact force --------热嘴接触力 screw L/D ratio ------螺杆长度/直径比例 theoretical shot volume ---理论的注射容量 clamp force --------------------合模力 lock force ---------------------------锁模力 internal heated ------------------------内部加热 external heated ------------------------外部加热 heating rod -------------------------加热棒
air-gap insulation ------------------------空气隔绝层 spare part(accesory) -------------备用件 insulating ring -----------------------绝缘圈 sealing washer -------------------垃圾钉 adaptor ---------------------适配器
hole gauge ----------------------孔深量测仪 high-temperature grease ------高温油脂 thermal conductivity paste --------导热膏 data cable --------------数据线
compression mold base -------压缩模胚
countersunk -----------------埋头孔 锥孔,沉孔 mill --------------压榨机;磨坊;碾磨; drill ---------------钻头;钻床钻孔;钻通 grind -----------------磨擦;磨碎;磨光 turn ---------------转动;旋转;翻转 adapter plate -----------------适配模板
leader pin; shoulder leader pin ----导针;带肩导针( 实心) angle pin(horn pin) ---------斜针;斜边 straight bushing ----------直导套(空心) shoulder bushing ----------带肩导套 sprue puller pin ----------唧咀扣针 sprue spreader -----------浇口分流锥 runner spreader -----------流道分流锥
tapered interlocks(round & rectangular) ---------啤把锁 bronze plated bushing ------镀铜导套 guided ejection bushing ------导向导套
toggle-lock early ejector return ----切换式早期回撞装置 accelerated knock-out ----------加速顶棍 accelerated ejector ------------加速顶针 collapsible core ---------可折迭式的型芯 slide retainer ------------行位固定装置
jiffy latch-lock assemblies -------------快速拉杆锁定装置 tapped hole ------------------螺丝孔
no resettable shot counter -----------非复位注射计数器 profiled ejector pin ------------底面在有倾斜截面的顶针 copper -------红铜 brass ------- 黄铜 bronze --------青铜 BeCu --------铍铜
counterbore ---------------拔头,介子托 fan gate -----------------扇形入口 fillet ----------------圆形入口 guide pin 直边 screw thread 螺纹 air pump 空气泵 alloy 合金
alloy steel 合金钢
fixed clamp plate;top clamping plate;top plate定模座块 动模座块 moving clamp plate;bottom clamping plate 上模座块 upper clamping plate 下模座块 lower clamping plate 凹模固定板 cavity-retainer plate 型芯固定板 core-retainer plate 突模固定板 punch-retainer plate 模套 chase;bolster;frame pin point gate -------------细水口 hose clip --------------入喉箍 jiggle ----------------斜顶
British Standard Whitworth thread BSW --英制螺丝(粗牙) British Standard Fine Thread BSF -------英制螺丝(幼牙) British Standard Pipe Thread (BSP) --------英制喉牙
National Pipe Thread -----------------------美制螺牙 pressure plug ----------------喉塞
pressure spring -----------------压力弹簧 vent ------------------ 疏气孔
alignment strip --------------------斜锁 ball catch ---------------------弹弓波子 bridge piece ------------------水口铁
Jiffy-matic connector ---------------------快速连接喉
All ejector blades must have key to avoid rotating. 扁顶针要止转 ejector bearing length 弹弓压缩长度 reinforcement rib 加强筋 steel pad 方铁 latch 拉杆
sprue puller insert 扣针导套 stage ejector=knock out 顶棍 ejector retainer plate 上顶针板 ejector base plate 下顶针板 stripper plate 活动板
runner stripper plate 脱料板 P/L flash 分形面披锋 scrape 拖花 burn 烧黑
safety strap 码板
side gate system 大水口系统
three plate type system 简化型细水口系统 pin point gate system 细水口系统 guide pin/guide bush 直边/托司 top clamp plate 工字板 stripper plate 推板 spacer block 方铁
bottom clamp plate 底板 shoulder guide pin 带肩导针 shoulder guide bush 托司
straight guide bush 直司/直导套 支承板 backing plate;support plate 垫块 spacer;parallel
支架 ejector housing,mould base leg 斜销 angle pin,finger cam 滑块 slide,cam slide
侧芯型滑块 side core slide 滑块导板 side guide strip
楔紧块,撑鸡 heel block,wedge bock 斜槽导板 finger guide plate 弯销 dog-leg cam
斜滑块 angle-lift splits
导向零件
导柱 guide pillar;guide pin;leader pin
推板导柱 ejector guide pillar;ejector guide pin 带头导套 guide bush;guide bushing
推板导套 ejector guide bush;ejector bushing
定位和限位零件
锥形定位件 mould bases locting elements 复位杆 ejector plate return pin,push-back pin 限位块 stop block; stop pad 定距拉杆 length bolt; puller bolt 定距拉板 puller plate; limit plate
推出零件
推流道板 runner stripper plate
分流道拉料杆 runner puller; runner lock pin 拉流杆;扣针 sprue puller
钩形拉料杆 sprue puller, Z-shaped 球头拉料杆 sprue puller,ball-headed
圆锥头拉料杆 sprue puller,conical headed 连接推杆 ejector tie rod
推板 ejector plate;ejection plate 推杆固定板 ejector retainer plate 推件环(盘) stripper ring(disk) 推件板 stripper plate 推块 ejector pad
推管(司筒,导筒) ejector sleeve 推杆 ejector pin 圆柱头推杆 ejector pin with cylindrical head 带肩推杆 shouldered ejector pin 扁推杆 flat ejector pin 塑料成型模具的主要设计要素 脱模距 stripper distance 脱模斜度 draft 投影面积 projected area 最大开距 maximum daylight;open daylight 闭合高度 mould-shut height 抽芯距 core-pulling distance 抽芯力 core-pulling force 脱模力 ejector force 开模力 mould opening force
表面缩水 shrinkage
料位过薄/砸穿 thin wall stock 走水不平行 uneven fill pattern
夹水纹/流纹 witness line;mismatch;stress marks 走水纹 knit lines 走水不齐 short shots orifice 料口
nozzle seat 热嘴垫圈 nozzle plate 射嘴板 cross pin 十字头销 sled 射台
seal ring 封密圈 spacer rail 介子座
模内压力 internal mould pressure;cavity pressure 成型压力 moulding pressure 背压环 back-up ring 1 bar = 14.5psi 高压接头 bite type fitting 液压马达 hydraulic motor 冷却水流量计 waterflow regulator 打磨器材 abrasive material 打磨砂轮 grinding wheels 切割砂轮 cutting wheels 码模夹(注塑机使用) mould clamps; lifting clamps 小五金工具 piping tools 高压力软管 high pressure hose 风管,水软管 air .water hose 高压油表 pressure gauge 压力油喉 hydraulic hoses 光塑检测 photoelastic testing 吹塑模 plastic blow mould 注塑模 plastic injection mould 冲扎复合模 blank & form compound die 精密冲模 precision blanking die 熔料流动率 MFR=melt flow rate 熔料流动指数 MET=melt flow index 推板导柱 guide pin for ejector plater 座板 clamping plate 垫块 space block(plate) 推板 ejector block(plate) afdek plate 档尘板 guide stripe 行位后板 cavity sub-insert 前模镶件 core sub-insert 后模镶件 sprue puller insert 扣针镶件 stage ejector 顶棍
spacer rock(risers) 间隔板 变形 distortion 弯曲 warp 拖花 drag marks 火花纹 EDM marks 困气 venting 烧黑 burns heater groove 发热管槽
heater cement 发热管的结合剂 soak 浸泡 seat 垫圈
ream 铰大圆孔直径 grind 磨床 drill 钻床 mill 铣床 caliper 卡尺
G-caliper 分厘卡 Depth Gauge 深厚计 hardness tester 硬度计 angle gauge 角规 marble table 云台石 projector 投影仪 height gauge 高度仪 microscope 显微镜 plug gauge 塞规
leveller 水平器 R gauge R 规
Inter caliper 内分厘卡 surface 平面仪
item number 细目编码
catalog number 材料分类编码 undercut lip 倒扣口
hot tip = hot drop = nozzle 热嘴 blow-off strip 放气板 blow-off nozzle 吹风口 spiral hose 螺旋式的连接喉 rust solvent 除锈剂 shaft 曲轴
tensile strength 拉伸力 yield strength 屈服力 spark erosion 电火花蚀刻 etch(photo-etch) 电蚀 harden 淬硬
copper electrode 铜公
corrosion resistance 耐腐蚀 anneal 退火
heat treatment 淬火 FEM(finite elemnet method) 有限元法 preliminary tool design 初期模具设计图 zone 热流道区域 reverse taper 倒啤把 clamp plate 码板 toggle clamp 快速夹 vacuum furnace 真空炉
cavity insert rounds 圆柱镶件 cavity insert b0locks 方柱镶件
tensile strength 抗张强度,抗拉强度 Concept drawing 概念图 Assembly drawing 装配图 mismatch;witness line 夹纹 piston 活塞 plunger 柱塞 carrier 导轨 rest 支架
item number 项目编号 catalog item 商品目录编码 dimensional datum 尺寸基准
heat treatment certification 淬硬证明文件 back-up bushing 支撑导套
jacking screw 起重螺丝,千斤顶
tapped hole (带有螺旋角度的)螺丝孔 diagonal corner 成对角的角落 burn mark 烧痕
shut-off(n.) 枕位
venting valves 疏气阀 venting plug 疏气塞 valve casing 阀门罩 twist drill 旋钻 harden/nitride 碎硬 anneal 退火 temper 回火
stess crack 应力断裂
corrosion resistance 防腐,防锈
tensile strength 物】抗张强度,抗拉强度 split mould (分离)组合式的模具 inclined plate 斜面 inclined bolt 斜栓
jaw (工具,机械等)夹住东西的部分,钳口 step change of the P/L 分形面枕位的改变 thin steel section 较薄的料位 clean-up 清理,清除,清扫
Mold Dating Insert 模具日志镶件 Hot Sprue Bushing 热浇口套 semi-automatic 半自动
quick disconnector 快速断开接头 full shot 足量注射 mismatch 夹痕;夹水纹 ejector mark 顶痕
screw boss 螺丝孔,螺丝基座 sink mark 缩坑
15% glass filled ABS 掺有15%玻璃的ABS spraying mold release 脱模剂 drag mark 拖痕 stress mark 应力痕
reinforcement rib 加强筋 slght stoning 轻度磨砂 soliid line 实线 dotted line 虚线
internal diameter 内径 external diameter 外径 nickel-plated 电镀的
handling hole;lifting hole 吊装孔 parallel 平行块 hot runner mainfold (热流道板)分流板 texuring 蚀纹
clamping screw (注塑机)码模螺丝 imperial 英制的 metric 公制的
puller bushing 水口套 puller bar 水口铁
drool bushing 防漏胶套筒 safety switch 限位制
water line connected internally or hard tubing 不可用胶喉连接运水
lifter on square rod or locked from rotation 用方形柱或用管钉止转
gate insert 入水镶件
gate shut-offs 流道开关配件 guided ejection 中托司
parting line shutoff 前后模接触面
waterlines clear tie bars. 运水喉咀接驳位要避开啤机呵林柱. BGV=Balanced Gate Value 平衡入水值 spacer 垫块 pocket 挖槽 rough 粗加工 finish 精加工
plunge rate 进刀率 retract rate 提刀速率 splindle rate 主轴转速 coolant 冷却液
SPLIT RING 开口环(钥匙圈)
侧向抽芯力 side pulling-core force convert.transfer 转图 guide pin 边针
Tee slot cutter T形SLOT CUTTER zigzag 双向切削
constant overlap spiral 等距环切 parallel spiral 环绕切削
parallel spiral clean corners 环切并清角 morph spiral 依外形环绕 true spiral 螺旋切削 one way 单向 end mill 平铣刀 spher mill 球刀 bull mill 圆鼻刀 face mill 面铣刀 rad mill 圆角成型刀 chamfer mill 倒角刀 slot mill 槽刀
taper mill 推拔铣刀 dove mill 鸠尾铣刀 lot mill 棒状 drill 钻孔 reamer 纹刀 bore bar 搪刀 tap RH 右牙刀 disk gate;disphragm gate 盘形浇口 spoke gate;spider gate 轮辐浇口 pin-point gate 点浇口 edge gate 侧浇口
submarine gate;tunnel gate 潜伏浇口 fan gate 扇形浇口 tab gate 护耳浇口
runner plate 流道板(或冷或热) secondary nozzle 二级喷嘴
torpedo;torpedo body assembly 鱼雷形组合体 catridge heater 管式加热器 heat pipe 热管
valve gate 阀式浇口
Tap LH 左牙刀 ctr Drill 中心钻 spot drill 点钻 cntr bore 沉头孔刀 c. sink 鱼眼孔钻 loft surface 举升曲面 coons surface 昆氏曲面 ruled surface 直纹曲面 revolved surface 旋转曲面 swept surface 扫描曲面 draft surface 牵引曲面
grinding wheel 磨砂使用的轮子 quench steel 将...淬火,使冷却 stress relieving 应力消除 molten 熔热的 oxide film 氧化层
guide pin and sleeve, locating ring ,导边,司筒,定位圈
ejector ,ejector balde, ejector sleeve,顶针,扁顶针,顶针司筒, lifters, wear plate,horn pin,斜坊,磨损板,气顶针, O ring, water baffle, water pipe plug,O形圈,隔片,运水管道塞, water line connector,wear plate ,运水管道转接头,耐磨板 air cylinder,hydraulic cylinder,氯压缸,液压缸
micro switch,oil nipple, spring,开关装置,油枪接头,弹弓 sprue bushing,early return system,浇口套,早期回撞装置, accelerated ejectors, slied holder,加速顶针,注塑周期计数器, cycle counter,date stamper，滑块固定板,生产日期铭牌, hot runner system ，热流道系统 chemical composition
化学成份 thermal conductiivity
导热性能 thermal diffusivity
热扩散性能 dimensonal stablity
尺寸稳定性能 cooling effiency
冷却效率 easiler ejection
易于脱模 alloy insert
合金镶件 (cooling) duct 输送管;导管 maintenance cost 维护费用 ultrasonic testing 超声波检测 crack 断裂
direct gate 直接浇口 ring gate 环形浇口 force plunger;pot plunger 柱塞 flash groove;spew groove 溢料槽
impression;cavity block;cavity plate 凹模 punch;force 凸模
movable insert;loose detail 活动镶件
cavity splits;core splits(凹模拼块) (型芯拼块) 拼块 side core 侧型芯
thread plug;threaded core 螺纹型芯 thread ring;threaded cavity 螺纹型环 cutting wheel 切割砂轮 grinding wheel 打磨砂轮 abrasive material 打磨器材
mould clamps;lifting clamp 砂模夹(注塑机使用) air (water) hose 风管,水轮管 pressure gauge 高压油表 hydraulic hose 压力油喉 plastic blow mould 吹塑模 plastic injection mould 注塑模
blandk&form compound die 冲扎复合模 precisiion blanking die 精密冲模 MFR=melt flow rate 熔料流动率 MFT=melt flow index 熔料流动指数 handling hole 拉铃孔 stop plate 限位块 linder bush 衬套
spacer block(plate) 垫块,方铁 back-up ring 背位环 standoff 限位块
American Safety Hoist Rings. 英制安全吊装环 Mechanical Properties 机械性能 Tensile Strength(MPa) 抗拉强度 elongation 延伸率 hardness(Brinell) 硬度 shear stength(MPa) 剪切力 impact strength 冲韧性
Physical Properties 物理性能
solidification shrinkage 凝固收缩率 freezing range 凝固与熔范围 thermal expansion 热膨胀系数 specific heat 比热 thermal conductivity 热导率 electrical conductivity 电导率 micro-structure 金相分析 hot work tool steel 热作钢 circular motion 环形运动 variable 变数,参数
graphics window 图形窗口
45 degree entry and a zero degree exit. 进刀口45度,退刀口0度 runner stripper plate 脱料板 stripper plate 活动板
spacer rock(risers) 间隔板 stage ejector 顶棍
sprue puller insert 扣针导套 angle pin
斜针 fan gate
扇形入水 fillet
圆口
ball catch
弹弓波子 blade ejector
扁顶 bottom clamping plate 底码板 free length
自然长度 bridge piece
水口铁
helix spindle
锅杆 hose clip
水喉箍 bubbler
隔气运水 jiggle
斜顶 jiggle witness line
斜顶片位置
guide strip 行位后板 afdek plate 挡尘板 side gate 大水口 pinpoint gate 细水口 SHCS 杯头螺丝 FHCS 平头螺丝 set screw 无头螺丝 ball catch 波子螺丝 wedge 行位较杯
gib 线条,(撑鸡的导轨) latch 拉杆 clamp 码仔
spring guide pin 弹弓导柱 steel pad disc 橙仔方 ejector cam insert 斜顶块 (screw) nut 螺母 taper 嗲把/ 斜度
taper interlock 嗲把锁 texture 花纹
toggle-lok 回撞装置
top clamping plate 顶码板
unified national coarse (UNC) 美制螺丝(粗牙) unified national fine (UNF) 美制螺丝(幼牙) set screw 喷头螺丝 side gate
大水口 slide retainer
行位管位 water junction
喉咀 spacer block
登仔 jiffy-matic socket 喉咀套 jiffy-tite plug
喉咀公 spring plunger
弹弓座 sprue puller
勾针/勾粒 spring washer
弹簧塑圈 stepped ejector pin 有托顶针
strippers plate
推板/细水口板 submarine gate
潜水口 support pin
拉杆 support plate
暗板 surface finish
光洁度 alignment strip
斜锁 center distance (CRS) 山打距离(中心线距离) clamp
码仔 contour
外形 leader pin
导针
location ring(flange)
法兰 counterbore
拔头,介子托 mock-up;prototype
手办
die cast
合金压铸 national pipe thread(NPT) 美制喉牙 overflow
垃圾位
ejection sleeve
司筒,顶套 epoxy
胶样 pin point gate
细水口 pressure plug
喉塞 pressure spring
压力弹簧 parting line flash 披锋 burned
烧黑 underfilled 缺料
insert mismatch 镶件夹口
ejector pins not flush 顶针有高低 ejector pins skid 顶针滑动 insert flash 镶件披锋
pressure transducer 压力探测头
hydraulic schematic 油积筒油路接驳图
jiffy connector recessed 安装喉嘴后不可突出模胚
knock out pullback stud -flush with clamp plate 顶棍镶件与底板有否空间
safety switches 限位开关 stop block 限位块 safety strap 安全带
drool bushing 防漏胶套筒 insert mismatch 镶件夹口 EDM visible 明显火花纹 lifter scrapes 斜顶拖花 short shots 走水不齐 wall stock 料位厚薄 knit lines 走水纹 stress marks 夹水纹
uneven fill pattern 走水不平行 drag marks 拖花 sprue pretrusion 唧嘴突出高度
sprue orifice and radil size 唧嘴R尺寸 sprue bushing-keyed 唧嘴有管钉 English Chinese program name 产口名称 part name 零件名称 tool name 模具名称 tool source 模具来源 tool steel 模具钢材 resin 塑 料
program number 产品编号 part number 零件编号 tool number 模具编号 customer 客户名称 No of cavities 内模编号 machine size 啤机吨数 drum miller 鼓形铣床
duplex horizontal miller 复式卧铣床 face miller 端面铣床 grinding miller 研磨机 plain miller 平面铣床
planer-type miller 刨式铣床 rack miller 齿条铣床 slab miller 大型平面铣床 slot miller 键槽铣刀 spline miller 花键铣刀 thread miller 螺纹铣刀
vertical miller 立式铣刀,立辊,立辊轧机 endmill 立铣刀
plastic mould steel 塑料模钢 cold work steel 冷作钢 hot work steel 热作钢 high speed steel 高速钢
electric magnetic clutch 电磁离合器 pad printer 移印机 screen printer 丝印机 hot stamper 烫印机
solid carbide slitting saw 钻石钢锯片 convex cutter 凸锣刀片 concave cutter 凹锣刀片
side&face cutters,staggered teeth 正侧双用镶钻石钢锣刀 end-mill 锣刀 semi-rod 半圆刀
split double end 双头刀 single end 单头刀 2-flute 两辨 3-flute 三辨 4-flute 四辨 reamer 直拈
centre drill 中心钻 solid carbide drill 钻咀 zinc ingot 锌锭
aluminium ignot 铝锭
tin ignot 锡锭
heater cement 发热管的结合剂 heater groove 发热管槽 spacer rail 介子座 cross pin 十字头销 nozzle plate 射嘴板 nozzle seat 热嘴 addendum 齿冠 dedendum 齿根
air compressor 空气压缩机 air exhauster 抽气机 air intake 进气口 air seal 空气隔离层
第四篇：中英文对照
医院中英文对照
发热门诊Have Fever主治医师Doctor-in-charge 供应室Supply Room谢绝入内No entering 红灯亮时谢绝入内No entering when red light
彩超、心电图Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院楼Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.护士Nueser康复理疗科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.
中药计价China medical price account肛肠科Ano-proctology
皮肤、肛肠、男性科、泌尿科候诊Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮肤科、肛肠科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中医科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept. 男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit
预防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care
后勤科、药库Logistic Room、Seore入院登记In-patient Admisson 高压氧治疗Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center挂号收费Registration
中心药房Cenreral Pharmacy内科门诊Internal Medicine Clinic会议室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 产科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept. 神经、烧伤外科Neurosurgery. Plaseric surgey Dept.
麻醉科Anaesthesiology手术室Operation Room 泌尿、肿瘤外科Urologic. Gumorsurgery Dept.妇科Gynecology Dept. 内二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2产房及爱婴中心Delivery Room内一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手间Toilet
普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮肤科Dermatology Dept. 中医骨伤科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐厅Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept. 电工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 内、儿科候诊 Internal medicine. Pediatrics功能检查候诊Function Exam 中医科候诊TCM Clinic放射科候诊Radiology Clinic 妇科门诊Gynecology Dept.产科候诊Obstentrics Clinic 肛肠科候诊Ano-proctology妇科候诊Gynecology Clinic 产科门诊Obstentrics Dept.五官科候诊ENT. Clinic 外科候诊Surgery Clinic输液中心Transfusion Center 皮肤、泌尿科候诊 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic检验候诊Clinical Laborotories 家属休息Relation Rest Room口腔科门诊Stomatology Clinic 内儿科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics镜检科Endoscope Dept. 外科Surgrey Dept.检验中心Laboratory Center 功能检查Function Exam Dept.登记处Registration 预防保健门诊Hygine & Public Health Dept.收费处Cashier 美容科、镜检科门诊 Cosmetology Dept. Endoscope Clinic
收费健康发证Gharge lssue Bill of Health试敏观察室Scratch Espial Room
第五篇：中英文对照
共轨技术
随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大，对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间，以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线，已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性，因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时，喷油量必须精确计算，燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型，预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。
共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分： ①低压部分，包含燃油共轨系统组件。
②高压系统，包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。
电控柴油机系统EDC主要由系统模块，如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器)，这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。
所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油，这就是“共轨”的由来。 在共轨燃油喷射系统中，燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。EDC控制每个组件。
(1) 压力产生。
燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。
由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低，还是燃油喷射量的多少，油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式，高压泵的设计可以小的多，而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低，这源于高压泵的负载很小。
高压泵是径向活塞泵，在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。 (2) 压力控制
所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。
一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。
在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取，但是在一些应用中，它被直接安装在高压泵中。
另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量，以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。
发生故障时，压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。
在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量，降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时，流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。
双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式，它通过计算单元对压力进行控制，并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制，因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。
(3) 燃油喷射
喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。
喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下，燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比，因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。
(4) 液压辅助动力
与传统燃油喷射系统相比，将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来，有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴，将来会达到1800巴。
共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放，也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的，以保证喷射结束的快速性。
(5) 控制和调节
发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括：
① 曲轴转速和转角; ② 燃油轨道的压力; ③ 进气压力;
④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度; ⑤ 进气量; ⑥ 车速等。
电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步，电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如EGR阀，废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。
喷油器的开关时间应很短，采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。
根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据，对照发动机状态(时间控制)，角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(EDC)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外，EDC还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。
其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制，和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样，它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。
其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具体例子有：
① 废气在循环控制; ② 增压控制; ③ 巡航控制;
④ 电子防盗控制系统等。 (6) 控制单元结构。
由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口，所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速CAN网络的“主/从”接口进行连接，因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被 分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。
The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system. The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing. Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful. As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans. These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure. At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable. A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system. The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale. This was achieved by separating pressure generation (in the high-pressure pump) from the fuel-injection system (injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator. Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components; ② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines. The electronic diesel control (EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators. The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors. They are fitted with a rapid-action valve (solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator) which opens and closes the nozzle. This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder. All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”. In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate. The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity. The electronic diesel control (EDC) controls each of the components. (1) Pressure Generation. Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume. Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common
rail ready for injection. A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure. Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity. Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems. This results in a much lower load on the pump drive. The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump. On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted. (2) Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system. One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve. Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve. This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point ( e. g. in the event of load changes ) . Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems. The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail. In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump. Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side. The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system. In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum. Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump. This has a positive impact on fuel consumption. At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side. The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control. (3) Fuel Injection. The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers. They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail. The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close
the injector nozzle. The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered. At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve. This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed( time-based fuel injection ). (4) Potential Hydraulic Power. Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems; the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa; in future this will rise to 180 MPa. The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly. Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times. The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid. (5) Control and Regulation. The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors. The data collected includes:
① Crankshaft speed and angle; ② Fuel-rail pressure; ③ Charge-air pressure:
④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc. The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals. In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators ( e.g. the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc. ). The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system. The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state ( time control ). The electronic diesel control (EDC) permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity. In
addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience. The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure. In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics. Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience. Some examples are:
① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation; ② Boost-pressure control; ③ Cruise control;
④ Electronic immobilizer, etc. (6) Control Unit Configuration. As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units. They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface. As a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity available. Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit ( e.g. fuel-balancing control ). Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand ( e.g. to detect sensor signals ).