第一篇:英美文学选读翻译作业
英美文学及选读二作业
班级:英本一班姓名:陈改英学号:14001094031成绩
Analysis of Rip Van Winkle
Rip Van Winkle tells a story about a kindhearted farmer Rip Van Winkle who helped a stranger distribute wine on a mountain slope. He drank a little and soon fall asleep, when he woke and went back to the village, it was 20 years later .Everything had changed. The most important change was the war of independence had been won and the portrait of King George of Britain was replaced by American President of George Washington.
Theme of the Rip Van Winkle
The main theme is the revolution .Rip here is used as a metaphor, In America, the group of letters always appears in funerals, means “rest in peace”, which is short for rip. As to the war, revolution, death and politic, Rip is just rest in peace for 20 years. At the same time , we know that the author was born just the year when England officially recognized the new nation, and the victory of the war and American Independence brought American people a new freedom .And yet, this hard-wonFreedom become a new anxiety gradually , for it was hard for the first generation of American to find their own identity , they were lost, uncertain of what to do with the freedom .
There is strong resemblance between Rip Van Winkle and the American people. Dame Van Winkle and the English Government.. Before the revolution , Rip was a meek man who would rather die on a penny than work for a pound ,because he refuse to do any kind of profitable labor .he couldn’t live in peace for the existence of his wife ,she would taught him lessons in every possible. The American people were also trying to live a peaceful life, and the rule of the British government made it impossible.The Americans suffered the oppression for a long time. After the war, Rip returned to his village only to find great changes in the small village. Which is sample of the change of America, No one recognized him, people talked about hot issues, he had no interest in. Dame Van Winkle was gone and he was free now. However he had no idea what he should do .The past had past forever ,despotism was gone , No one was going to tell Rip what he should do .No one was going to force him to do anything . The American people is free to choose now , but they had no idea of what to chose , they were led into a new kind of life to which they strangers ,they were groping in the dark for the way ahead.
From this it revels the conservative attitude towards revolution .but it doesn’t mean the attitude against the revolution but his bewilderment after the revolution..
Characters of Rip Van Winkle
The characters of the hero in the story Rip Van Winkle is a good natured Dutch American farmer and a hen-pecked husband , he is glad to help others , so he is a great favorite among all good wives of the village , let alone the children . but the misablething is that he failed to managed his own farm , not because he was busy , but because he didn’t like all kinds of profitable labor . the character of Rip is flexible .enough to turn his misfortune into an advantage . on one hand , he escapes 20 years of scolding by sleeping in the mountain ;on the other hand , he makes great success as a man neither –minds his own business or maintain his reputation as a hard a worker
第二篇:英美文学选读总结
英国文学选读
乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer)坎特伯雷故事集 The Canterbury Tales 英雄双韵体(压头韵,每两行押韵)
逼真的描述了当时英国社会的全貌,作品中的人物几乎包括了当时英国社会的各阶层人士,展现出一幅富有生活气息和时代特征的画卷。作品内容反映了当时英国新型的市民阶层的生活理想和追求,同时以幽默和讽刺笔法揭示了种种人性,揭露了宗教的腐朽堕落、贵族的奢侈糜烂等当时社会中的丑陋现象,表达了英国人民对中世纪的封建思想和习俗的反叛,洋溢着人文主义精神的光辉。 意义:规范了中古英语。
威廉 莎士比亚(William Shakespeare)历史剧:亨利四世(Henry IV) 十四行诗(sonnet)
威廉 布莱克(William Blake)代表作:天真之歌(Songs of Innocence)经验之歌(Songs of Experience)
威廉 华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)
在是个创作上摒弃了18世纪诗歌风格上的因袭和滥调,采用民间朴素、生动的语言来直接表达感情。他特别擅长歌颂优雅恬静的自然景物,喜爱描绘在大自然中活动的普通人形象。他的诗歌格调清新、形象生动、语言质朴,对英国试探的变革产生了深远的影响,享有“自然诗人”的美誉。
波西 比希 雪莱(Percy Bysshe Shelley)解放的普罗米修斯(Prometheus
4. 5.
The publication of Lyrical ballads marks the beginning of the Romantic Movement of England.
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is Mark Twain’s masterpieces. Twain’s novels are written in a language described as “colloquial speech”
6. Ezra Pound is famous for his development of imagism. The image presented “an intellectual and emotional” complex in an instant of time
7. 8. 9.
Toni Morrison’s novel Beloves became a Critical success. Eimly Bronte wrote only one novel entitled Wuthering Heights The first settlers who became the founding father of the American nation were quite a few of the Puritans, who wished to purify religious beliefs and practices.
10. The theme of Pride and Prejudice are love and marriage. Naturallism:
An extreme form of realism. Naturalistic writer usually depict the sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity. Imagism:
It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S flourished form 1909 to 1917. The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing ”and the economy of wording .The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. Iceberg Theory
It is a term used to describe the writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway. The meaning of a pieces is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface. 英国文学选读第14页的诗: 回答下列问题:
The poem is a Sonnetwritten by William Shakespearewith a rhyming pattern of _ababcdcdefefgg_
Which is the poet’s answer to the question in the first line of the poem? Explain you points in Complete sentences with reference to the poem?
Why did the poet say that “thy eternal” summer shall not fade”? Explain your points in complete sentences with reference to poem.
以下题目三选一 1. 2. 3.
Analysis symbolism in Moby Dick?
Explain the theme and symbols in The Great Gatsby?
What are Edgar Allan Poe’s principles for the short story? Demonstrate the principles with the detail from his short story The
Unbound)西风颂(“Ods to the West Wind”)
西风颂中流传最远的句子是:If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind? 约翰 济慈(John Keats)希腊古瓮颂(”Ods on a Grecian Urn”) 希腊古瓮颂流传最远的句子:Beauty is truth,truth is beatuty,-that is all 查尔斯 狄更斯(Clarles Dickens)
作品有:匹克威克外传The Posthumous Papers of Pickwick Club 雾都孤儿 Oliver Twist 老古玩店The Old Curiosity Shop 董贝父子Dombey and
Son 大卫科波菲尔 David Copperfield 荒凉山庄 Bleak House 双城记 A Tale of Two Cities 远大前程 Great Expectations 以及hardtime。 托马斯 哈代(Thomas Hardly)德伯家的苔丝Tess of the D’Urbervilles 无名的裘德Jude the Odscure
奥斯卡 王尔德(Oscar Wilde)认真的重要性(The Important of Being
Earnest)
乔治 萧伯纳(George Bernard Shaw)皮革马利翁Pygmalion 约瑟夫 康拉德(Joseph Conrad)黑暗的心Heart of Darkness T.S.艾略特(T.S.Eliot)荒原The Waste Land
威廉 巴特勒 叶芝(William Butler Yeats)塔 The Tower
詹姆斯 乔伊斯(James Joyce)都柏林人Dubliners里面的Araby尤利西斯
Ulysses
弗吉妮娅 伍尔夫(Virginia Woolf)达罗卫夫人Mrs. Dalloway D.H劳伦斯(D.H.Lawrence)儿子与情人Sons and Lovers E.M.福斯特(E.M.Foster)印度之行 A Passage to India 美国文学选读
本杰明 富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin)自传The Autobiography 拉尔夫 华尔多 爱默生(Ralph Waldo Emerson)超验主义哲学的主要倡导者(Transcendentallism)
纳撒尼尔 霍桑(Nathaniel Hawthorne)红字The Scarlet Letter 赫尔曼 梅尔维尔(Herman Melville)白鲸(Moby Dick)
白鲸中出现的人物:船长(ISHMAEL)白鲸(Moby Dick)生还者(Ahab) 沃尔特 惠特曼(Walt Whitman)草叶集 Leaves of Grass 埃米莉 狄金森(Emily Dickinson)女诗人 female poet
马克 吐温(Mark Twain)哈克贝利费恩历险记 The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn
斯蒂芬 克莱恩(Stephen Crane)海上扁舟The open Boat自然主义 弗斯科特菲茨杰拉德(F.Scott Fitzgerald)了不起的盖茨比The Great
Gatsby
尤金 格拉斯通 奥尼尔(Eugene Glastone O’Neill)榆树下的欲望Desire
Cask of Amontillado?
Under the Elms
托尼 莫里森(Toni Morrison)所罗门之歌Songs of Solomon 宠儿Beloved 1. 2. 3.
Bewolf fought against the Grendel and dragon The form of Medieval English literature is romanceGeoffrey Chaucer ,the father of English poetry
第三篇:英美文学选读Araby分析
Analysis
In “Araby,” the allure of new love and distant places mingles with the familiarity of everyday drudgery, with frustrating consequences. Mangan’s sister embodies this mingling, since she is part of the familiar surroundings of the narrator’s street as well as the exotic promise of the bazaar. She is a “brown figure” who both reflects the brown façades of the buildings that line the street and evokes the skin color of
romanticized images of Arabia that flood the narrator’s head. Like the bazaar that offers experiences that differ from everyday Dublin, Mangan’s sister intoxicates the narrator with new feelings of joy and elation. His love for her, however, must compete with the dullness of schoolwork, his uncle’s lateness, and the Dublin trains. Though he promises Mangan’s sister that he will go to Araby and purchase a gift for her, these mundane realities undermine his plans and ultimately thwart his desires. The narrator arrives at the bazaar only to encounter flowered teacups and English accents, not the freedom of the enchanting East. As the bazaar closes down, he realizes that Mangan’s sister will fail his expectations as well, and that his desire for her is actually only a vain wish for change.
The narrator’s change of heart concludes the story on a moment of epiphany, but not a positive one. Instead of reaffirming his love or realizing that he does not need gifts to express his feelings for Mangan’s sister, the narrator simply gives up. He seems to interpret his arrival at the bazaar as it fades into
darkness as a sign that his relationship with Mangan’s sister will also remain just a wishful idea and that his infatuation was as misguided as his fantasies about the bazaar. What might have been a story of happy, youthful love becomes a tragic story of defeat. Much like the disturbing, unfulfilling adventure in “An Encounter,” the narrator’s failure at the bazaar suggests that fulfillment and contentedness remain foreign to Dubliners, even in the most unusual events of the city like an annual bazaar.
The tedious events that delay the narrator’s trip indicate that no room exists for love in the daily lives of Dubliners, and the absence of love renders the characters in the story almost anonymous. Though the narrator might imagine himself to be carrying thoughts of Mangan’s sister through his day as a priest would carry a Eucharistic chalice to an altar, the minutes tick away through school, dinner, and his uncle’s boring poetic recitation. Time does not adhere to the narrator’s visions of his relationship. The story presents this frustration as universal: the narrator is nameless, the girl is always “Mangan’s sister” as though she is any girl next door, and the story closes with the narrator imagining himself as a creature. In “Araby,” Joyce suggests that all people experience frustrated desire for love and new experiences.
第四篇:《英美文学选读》课程教学大纲
课程编号:100187
英 文 名:Selected Readings in British and American Literature 课程类别:专业主干课 前 置 课: 英美文学导论 学 分:3学分 课 时:54课时 主讲教师:冯建文 选定教材:王守仁,《英国文学选读》,高等教育出版社, 2001年。
陶洁,《美国文学选读》,高等教育出版社, 2001年。 课程概述:
《英美文学选读》课程的教学内容是根据本课程的性质、学习目的以及英语专业高年级教学的特点确定的。本课程主要内容包括英国和美国文学史上代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。结合英国和美国文学各个历史断代的主要历史背景,文学文化思潮和流派,社会政治、经济、文化等对英国和美国文学史上最具有影响、最具有代表性的作家的作品中的艺术特色、主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格和思想意义等进行深入地分析 。 教学目的:
《英美文学选读》是英语语言文学专业本科四年级学生的选修课程,是为培养理解和鉴赏英国和美国文学原著的能力而设置的一门专业理论课程。设置本课程旨在使学生在掌握英国和美国文学源流和发展的基础之上,通过阅读具有代表性的英国和美国文学作品,理解作品的内容,学会分析作品的艺术特色并努力掌握正确评价文学作品的标准和方法,增强对作品中表现的社会生活和人物感情的理解,提高语言基本功和阅读文学作品的能力和鉴赏水平。 教学方法:
课堂讲授和研讨相结合,教师布置学生课前对作家生平和历史背景进行研究,并向学生提供参考书目和相关网站;课堂上进行重点阅读和分析;组织课堂讨论,鼓励新视角和新思维;并通过影视、多媒体等手段辅助教学,在期中和期末布置学期论文和考查来检验教学效果。
各章教学要求及教学要点(加星号*为重点内容)
英国文学部分
第一章:Early And Medieval English Literature 教学要求:细读英国伟大诗人乔叟的代表作品《坎特伯雷故事集》的节选,分析其主要语言和叙事特色,解读作品中反映出的中世纪的宗教、政治、经济和市民生活等诸多方面的问题。 教学内容:
一. 简介中世纪英国文学的主要特点 二. 乔叟的生平简介和主要贡献
三. 通过细读“The General Prologue”分析和研讨作品的语言特色和叙事特点及作品中反映出的中世纪的宗教、政治、经济和市民生活等诸多方面的问题。
思考题:1.What are the artistic features of The Canterbury Tales?
2.What is the social significance of The Canterbury Tales?
第二章:The English Renaissance
教学要求:通过本章的学习,了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮产生的历史、文化背景,认识该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张,及其对同时代及后世英国文学乃至文化的影响;了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品,了解其思想内容和写作特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 教学内容:
一.文艺复兴运动概述 1.人文主义思潮 2.英国的文艺复兴 3.宗教改革运动及影响 二. 英国文艺复兴时期的文学 1.伊丽莎白时代的历史文化背景 2.意大利文学对英国文学的影响 3.伊丽莎白时代的戏剧 4.伊丽莎白时代的诗歌
三.文艺复兴时期的主要作家
1. 埃德蒙.斯宾塞 和传奇史诗《仙后》 2.克里斯托佛•马洛
2.1.马洛的思想艺术成就
(1)无韵诗体──戏剧语言的基本形式
(2)人物塑造──具有强烈个性和叛逆精神的主人公 (3)主题思想──人文主义的颂歌
2.2 .《帖木耳大帝》,《浮士德博士的悲剧》及《马耳他的犹太人》 3. 威廉•莎士比亚 * 3.1.莎士比亚的生平
3.2 莎士比亚的戏剧创作生涯和艺术成就 (1)早期的浪漫喜剧、历史剧 (2)中期的悲剧
(3) 晚期的悲喜剧、传奇剧
3.3莎士比亚戏剧的代表作品及其故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义 (1)喜剧《威尼斯商人》 节选 (2)悲剧《哈姆雷特》 节选 * 3.4莎士比亚的诗歌 (1)叙事诗
(2) 十四行诗节选 * 3.5对莎士比亚的现代阐释 4.本•琼生
5.弗兰西斯•培根 的《论婚姻和单身生活》和《论学习》* 思考题:1. What is the difference between Shakespearean Sonnet and Spenserian Sonnet? 2.Define the term “blank verse” ?
3. In Hamlet, Why Sleep is so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks?
4.What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so called hesitation of Hamlet.
5. In “Sonnet 18”, what makes the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? 6. According to Bacon, in what sense does reading make a full man?
第三章: The 17th Century British Poets and writers
教学要求:通过本章的学习,了解英国17世纪的历史背景。了解该时期一些重要作家、诗人的创作生涯、创作思想和艺术特色及其代表作品的结构、主题、人物刻画、语言风格、社会意义等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品,了解其思想内容和写作特点,提高理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
教学内容:一.英国资产阶级革命时期的社会政治冲突和主要作家作品 A.约翰•弥尔顿 1.弥尔顿的生平 2.弥尔顿的文学创作 (1)早期诗歌 (2)中期散文 (3)晚期史诗 3.史诗《失乐园》* (1)故事梗概 (2)主题结构 (3)人物塑造 (4)语言风格 (5)作品的意义
4.选读 史诗《失乐园》选段的主要内容、人物性格、语言特点等 B.约翰.班扬 1. 班扬的生平 2.班扬作品的风格 3.班扬的主要作品
4.选读《天路历程》:名利场 (1)作品内容简介 (2)作品的寓意
C.玄学派诗人和他们诗歌的主要艺术特色
1.细读分析 “Holy Sonnet 10”分析John Donne 对于死亡意义的思考。 思考题:1. How do you understand the image of “Satan ” in Milton’s “Paradise Lost” ?
2.Say something about the symbolism in John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress. 3.What are the features of metaphysical poems ? 4.In “Holy Sonnet ”, Why does the poet say that death is the “slave to fate, kings and desperate men ? ” 5. What does Donne mean when he says “We make eternally” after one short sleep? 6. In “Paradise Lost”, what is considered by Satan as “ignominy and shame ”?
第四章 The Eighteenth Century
教学要求:通过本章的学习,了解当时席卷欧洲的启蒙运动和新古典主义文学流派产生的历史背景、主要特征和基本主张,及其对同时代及后世英国文学的影响;了解该时期一些重要作家的创作生涯、创作思想和艺术特色及其代表作品的结构、主题、人物刻画、语言风格、社会意义等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品,了解其思想内容和写作特点,提高理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
教学内容: 一.启蒙运动
1.启蒙运动产生的时代背景
2.启蒙运动的人文观
3.启蒙运动的理性准则
二.新古典主义
1.新古典主义的创作旨意
2.新古典主义的文学渊源
3.新古典主义对散文、诗歌、戏剧创作的标准
三.新古典主义时期的启蒙文学
1.早期新古典主义诗歌
2.英国现实主义小说的诞生(中叶)
3.哥特式小说与伤感主义文学的兴起(后叶)
四.新古典主义时期的主要作家 A.爱迪生和斯蒂尔 B.亚历山大•蒲伯
1.蒲伯的生平及创作生涯及语言风格 5.选读《论批评》第二部分 C.丹尼尔•笛福 * 1.笛福的生平和主要作品介绍 2.笛福的社会观 3.笛福的创作特点
5.选读 《鲁滨逊漂流记》第四章 * (1)故事简介
(2)作者的创作意义:时代精神的写照 D. 乔纳森•斯威夫特 * 1.斯威夫特的政治及创作生涯 2.斯威夫特的人文观
3.斯威夫特讽刺散文的语言风格
4.选读《格列佛游记》第四部分第七章 * (1) 作品故事梗概 (2) 作品的结构
(3) 作品的主题的多重释义:对英国、欧洲现实社会的批判, 对文学本身的思考,对人物心理层次的分析等。 E.亨利•菲尔丁
1.菲尔丁的生平和戏剧、小说创作活动 2.《约瑟夫.安德鲁》
3.《伟大的乔纳德.怀尔德》
4.菲尔丁对英国小说的贡献:“散文体史诗” 5.菲尔丁的语言特色
6.选读《汤姆.琼斯》第四部第八章 F. 塞缪尔•约翰逊
1.约翰逊的文学创作生涯
2.约翰逊的新古典主义的文学观及语言风格 3.约翰逊对英国语言的贡献:《英语大词典》 4.选读 “致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信” 5.理查德•比•谢立丹
1.谢立丹的戏剧创作生涯、作品的主题和写作技巧 2.选读《造谣学校》第三幕第四场 H 托马斯•格雷
1.格雷的生平、作品及其感伤主义风格 4.选读“写在教堂墓地的挽歌”
(1)诗歌的主题:死亡──哀叹人生 (2)诗歌的语言特色
思考题:1. What are the major beliefs of neo-classicism on literary creation? 2.Say something about the rise and the development of English novel ? 3. What do you think of Crusoe’s way of making time? Why is it important for him to keep track of time?
4. In what ways are yahoos comparable to human beings in Swift’s novel? Comment on the houyhnms’ attitude toward human beings?
第五章: Romanticism in England
教学要求: 通过本章的学习,了解浪漫主义文学产生的历史、文化背景,认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张、及其对同时代及后世英国文学乃至文化的影响;了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品,了解其思想内容和写作特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
教学内容:一.浪漫主义时期概述
1.浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治、经济、文化背景
2.浪漫主义文学的渊源
3.浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张
4.英国浪漫主义文学的特点
5.浪漫主义文学对同时代及后世英国文学的影响
二.浪漫主义时期的主要作家
A.威廉•布莱克
1.布莱克的生平
2.布莱克的政治宗教观点、诗歌创作主张
3.布莱克的诗歌
(1)早期作品:《天真之歌》、《经验之歌》、《天堂与地狱联姻》
(2)晚期作品:《先知书》 4.布莱克诗歌的主要特点及思想意义 5.布莱克的诗歌对20世纪英国文学的影响
6.选读: “The Lamb”, “The Tiger”, “The Sick Rose”主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色等 * B. 威廉•华兹华斯
1.华兹华斯的生平及创作生涯
2.华兹华斯的诗歌创作主张
3.华兹华斯的诗歌
(1)抒情诗:《抒情歌谣集》、《丁登寺旁》
(2)长诗:《序曲》
4.华兹华斯诗歌的主要特点及思想意义 5.华兹华斯诗歌的艺术成就
6.华兹华斯的诗歌对同时代及后世英国文学的影响
7.选读: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”的主要意象、思想意境、语言风格等 * C. 塞•特•科勒律治
1.科勒律治的生平及创作生涯 2.科勒律治的文学创作主张
3.科勒律治的哲学思想和文学批评观 4.科勒律治的主要作品 (1)《老水手之行》 (2)《忽必烈汗》 (3)《克里斯塔贝尔》 (4)《文学传记》
5.科勒律治诗歌的主要特点及思想意义
6.科勒律治的文学创作及文艺批评思想对同时代及后世英国文学的影响 7.选读:“Kubla Khan”思想意境、语言风格等 * D. 乔治•戈登•拜伦
1. 拜伦的生平和诗歌创作 3. 拜伦的主要诗作
(1)《恰尔德•哈罗德游记》 (2)《唐璜》 (3)《该隐》
4.拜伦诗歌的主要特点及社会意义 5.“拜伦式英雄”
6:“She Walks in Beauty”分析诗歌的韵律和语言特色。 E.珀•比•雪莱 1.雪莱的生平
2.雪莱的诗歌创作主张 3.雪莱的主要作品
(1)抒情诗:《西风颂》、《云雀颂》 (2)诗剧:《解放了的普罗米修斯》 (3)散文:《诗辩》
4.选读: “Ode to the West Wind” 分析诗歌的意象、主要思想及语言特色等。 4.雪莱诗歌的主要特点及思想意义 F.约翰•济慈
1.济慈的生平及创作生涯 2.济慈的美学思想 3.济慈的主要诗作 (1)《夜莺颂》
(2)《希腊古瓮颂》 * (3)《安底弥翁》 (4)《伊莎贝拉》
4.济慈诗歌的主要特点及思想意义 G.斯哥特的历史小说
思考题: 1.What is Blake’s position in English literature? 2. What are the major beliefs and features of Romanticism? 3. Say something about the meaning and the artistic features of Keat’s poem “Ode on a Gracian Urn” ? 4.In “Ode to the West Wind ”, in what way is the West Wind both a destroyer and a preserver?
5. In “She Walks in Beauty”, what does “their dwelling place” refer to in the last line of the second stanza?
第六章:English Realism
教学要求:通过本章的学习,对19世纪英国批判现实主义的形成和发展、当时英国的政治、经济、历史、文化背景,对这个时期的主要艺术形式——小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革,以及对该时代主要作家的生平、观点、创作旨意、艺术特点及其代表作的主题、结构、语言、人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。并通过作品选读加深体会感受,增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。
教学内容:一.19世纪初和中叶的历史背景 1.早期的经济发展与社会** 2.中期的繁荣昌盛和社会稳定
3.晚期的势力衰退和社会道德观念的改变 4.科学发现对传统的社会和宗教观念的影响 5.功利主义思潮的泛滥 二.批判现实主义文学
1.小说的形式:批判现实主义小说;具有现代小说特征的晚期小说 2.该时代小说家的共性
(1)对18世纪现实主义的继承 (2)对社会现实的不满 (3)对劳动人民的同情 三.现实主义的主要小说家 A. 查尔斯 •狄更斯 * 1. 狄更斯的生平及创作生涯 2.狄更斯的创作特色与艺术成就 (1)语言
(2)3种人物的刻画
(3)幽默与哀婉情感的交融 6.选读《远大前程》第三十九章 * (1)故事简介
(2)细读分析主要思想和艺术特色 B.布朗蒂姐妹
1.布朗蒂姐妹的生平
2.夏洛特的创作思想和主题 3.选读《简•爱》第二十三章 (1)故事梗概
(2)作品的社会意义 (3)作品女主人公的形象
(4)在逆境中求自我道德完善的主题 4.埃米莉的创作主题
5选读《呼啸山庄》第十五章 (1)故事梗概 (2)小说的主题 (3)故事的叙述手法 (2)强烈情感的描述 C.简•奥斯汀 1.奥斯汀的生平及创作生涯 2.奥斯汀的小说创作思想 3.奥斯汀的小说
(1)《理智与感情》 (2)《诺桑觉寺》
(3)《曼斯菲尔德公园》 (4)《傲慢与偏见》 (5)《爱玛》
4.《傲慢与偏见》的故事梗概、主题结构、人物塑造、语言风格及作品的意义 5.奥斯汀的小说的主要特点及社会意义 6.奥斯汀的小说对后世英国文学的影响
7.选读:Pride and Prejudice Chapter 1, Chapter 58. * 分析作品中展现出来的中产阶级的生活景象和语言特色 D. 乔治•艾略特
1.艾略特的生平及创作生涯 2.艾略特的新型小说:心理分析
3. 艾略特小说的主题:个人与社会的关系 4. 艾略特的女性文学观
5. 选读《米德尔•马契》第二十八章 (1)故事梗概 (2)作品的主题
思考题: 1.What are the views that literary realists uphold? In What ways do they conflict with romanticism?
2.Comment on the characterization of Dicken’s novels. 3. Comment on the style of Jane Austen’s novels ?
4.Do you agree with the statement “it is a truth universally acknowledged that a
single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife? ”
第六章:Victorian Poets
教学要求:通过本章的学习,对19世纪中晚期维多利亚时代的英国的政治、经济、历史、文化背景,对维多利亚时代的诗歌、散文、小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革,以及对该时代主要散文家和诗人的生平、观点、创作旨意、艺术特点及其代表作的主题、结构、语言等都有一个全面的了解。并通过作品选读加深体会感受,增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力 教学内容:
A. 托马斯•卡莱尔
1. 托马斯•卡莱尔的生平、作品及创作思想 B. 阿尔弗雷德•丁尼生
1.丁尼生的生平、主要作品及其主题 (1)组诗《悼念》与友情和人类博爱 (2)组诗 《国王叙事诗》及其艺术特征 (3) 丁尼生诗歌的艺术特色 4.选读
“Break, Break, Break” “The Eagle” * 分析诗歌的意象、感情和韵律 C. 罗伯特•布朗宁
1.布朗宁的生平和主要作品
2.布朗宁诗歌的主要艺术特点: (1)戏剧独白 (2)艰涩的语言 (3)复杂的结构 (4)丰富的隐喻 5.选读
“我逝去的公爵夫人” * D.其他诗人──拉斯金和阿诺德
选读: Dover Beach: 分析诗歌的主题思想和语言特色等 思考题:1.Define the term “dramatic monologue ”.
2. What are the main achievements of Robert Browning ? 3.Why does the Duke want to show his guest his art collection?
4. Why is the Duke dissatisfied with his last Duchess? What can you say about the Duchess’ personality from the Duke’s monologue?
第八章: The Twentieth Century English novels and drama
教学要求:通过本章的学习,了解20世纪批判现实主义文学和现代主义文学产生的历史、文化背景,认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张、及其对现当代英国文学乃至文化的影响;了解该时期重要作家的文学创作思想、艺术特色、及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等; 同时结合注释,读懂所选作品,了解其思想内容和写作特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 教学内容:一。现代时期概述
1.20世纪英国社会的政治、经济、文化背景 2.两次世界大战对英国的影响 3.英国20世纪批判现实主义文学 4.现代主义文学的兴起与衰落 5.现代主义文学创作的基本主张 6.英国现代主义文学 (1) 诗歌 (2) 小说 (3) 戏剧
7. 英国现代主义文学的特点
8. 现代主义文学对当代英国文学的影响
(二)现代时期的主要作家 A.托马斯•哈代
1.哈代的生平与创作
2.哈代的创作倾向:传统观念与现代思想的并存 3.哈代作品中的“宿命观” 和现实主义思想 5.哈代作品的艺术特色
6.选读《德伯家的苔丝》LVIII and LIX * (1)故事梗概 (2)作品的主题 B.萧伯纳
1.萧伯纳的生平与文学生涯和文学创作主张 2.萧伯纳的戏剧创作主张
(1)早期主要作品:《鳏夫的房产》、《华伦夫人的职业》、《康蒂坦》、《凯撒和克莉奥佩特拉》 (2)中期作品:《人与超人》、《巴巴拉少校》、《皮格马利翁》
(3)晚期作品:《伤心之家》、《回到麦修色拉》、《圣女贞德》、《苹果车》 3. 萧伯纳戏剧的特点与社会意义
4.萧伯纳的戏剧对20世纪英国文学的影响
5.《皮格马利翁》的主要内容、人物塑造、语言特点、艺术手法等 C.约翰•高尔斯华绥
1. 高尔斯华绥的生平与文学生涯和创作思想等 (1)戏剧:《银盒》、《正义》、《斗争》
(2)小说:《福塞特世家》、《有产业的人》、《骑虎》、《出租》、《现代喜剧》 4.高尔斯华绥批判现实主义小说的主要特点及社会意义
5.选读:《福塞特世家》第三章的主要内容、人物性格、语言特点、叙述手法等 D. 约瑟夫•康拉德
1.康拉德的生平和文学创作 2.康拉德的小说和后殖民主义 3.选读:《黑暗的心》第二部分
思考题:1。What may be the symbolic significance of the sentence “We penetrated deeper and deeper into the heart of darkness” ?
2.Why does the Greek diplomat pretend that he cannot speak nor understand English in Pugmalion? 3. How does Tess react to Clare’s suggestion that they should leave their shelter? Why?
第九章:The 20th Century English Poets A.威廉•勃特勒•叶芝
1.叶芝的生平及文学生涯 2.叶芝的诗歌创作思想 3.叶芝诗歌的代表作品
(1)早期诗歌:《茵尼斯弗利岛》、《梦见仙境的人》、《玫瑰》 (2)中期诗歌:《新的纪元》、《1916年的复活节》
(3)晚期诗歌:《驶向拜占庭》、《丽达及天鹅》、《在学童们中间》 4.叶芝诗歌的特点及思想意义 5. 叶芝诗歌的艺术成就
6.叶芝的诗歌对当代英国文学的影响 7.叶芝的戏剧创作
8.选读:“The Second Coming” B. T. S. 艾略特
1.艾略特的生平及创作生涯
2.艾略特的文学理论与文艺批评观点 3.艾略特的主要诗歌作品 (1)《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》 (2)《荒原》
(3)《灰星期三》 (4)《四个四重奏》
4. 艾略特诗歌的主要思想和艺术特色
5.艾略特的文学创作及文艺批评思想对现当代英国文学的影响 6.《荒原》主题、结构、神话、象征、语言特色及社会意义
7.选读:《荒原》的主题结构、思想内容、语言特色、艺术手法等 第十章:Modernist Novelists A. 戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯 1. 劳伦斯的生平及文学生涯 2.劳伦斯的创作思想 3.劳伦斯的主要小说 (1)《儿子与情人》 (2)《虹》
(3)《恋爱中的女人》
4.劳伦斯小说的主要艺术特色及社会意义 5.劳伦斯的诗歌与戏剧
6.劳伦斯的小说对现当代英国文学的影响
7.选读: “The Rocking House Winner”的故事梗概、人物性格、语言特点、艺术手法等 B. 弗吉尼亚•伍尔芙
1.生平和主要作品及艺术思想 2. 意识流
3.女性主义思想
4.选读:“Mrs. Dalloway”分析作品的语言特色和叙事结构等 C. 詹姆斯•乔伊斯
1.乔伊斯的生平与创作生涯 2.乔伊斯的文学创作主张与美学思想 3.乔伊斯的主要作品简介 (1)《都柏林人》
(2) 《青年艺术家的肖像》 (3)《尤利西斯》
4.乔伊斯小说的主要艺术特色及思想意义 5.乔伊斯的艺术成就
6.乔伊斯的作品对现当代世界文学的影响
7.选读:“Araby”主题思想、人物塑造、语言特色、艺术手法等 C. E.M.福斯特
1. 生平和主要作品及作品的主要思想及艺术特色
2.选读:Howards End , Chapter XIX, 分析选读部分表现出来的主旨思想和语言特色。 D. 威廉•戈尔丁
1. 生平和主要作品的艺术特色
2. 选读: Lord of the Flies ,分析小说所揭示的人的本质的问题。 思考题: 1.Define the term “ modernism” ?
2 .Define the term “stream of consciousness” .
3. What is the significance of the title of the story of “Araby”?
4. In the “The Rocking House Winner”Does the house really whisper? Make commends on the repetition of the phrase “There must be more money !”
5. In Lord of the Flies , Why do Ralph and Piggy go to see Jack?
美国文学部分
第十一章:Introduction 教学要求:从总体上掌握美国文学的发展脉络、各个时期的历史背景和各流派的特点 教学内容:美国文学自殖民时期至第二次世界大战之后的发展纲要及作家网络。
思考题:1.How many periods can American literary history be roughly divided into? What are they ? 2. Where does American literature start in this text book? What do you think about it?
第十二章:Colonial America 教学要求: 了解殖民地时期的美国文学概貌
教学内容:美国清教主义思想,诗人威廉·布拉德、安尼·布拉思里特、爱德华·泰勒,菲利普·弗莱诺,托马斯·佩恩等
思考题:1,What are the major beliefs of American Puritanism? 2,What are the major features of American literature in colonial period?
第十三章:Edwards ·Franklin
教学要求:通过十八世纪美国思想史上的两个杰出人物的作品来理解美国清教思想理想主义和实用主义的两个方面 教学内容:1.十八世纪科学发展掀起的思想启蒙运动, 十八世纪在新英格兰出现的“大觉醒”运动,乔纳森·爱德华兹生平和思想,富兰克林的生平、思想和主要作品
2. Benjamin Franklin’s “Autobiography”* 分析作品体现出的思想和教益。
思考题:1.In what ways do the two trends of thoughts as represented by Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin collide with each other?
2. What is the Franklin’s purpose of writing this autobiography? 第十四章:American Romanticism·Irving ·Cooper 教学要求:对美国浪漫主义时期的作家作品进行概述 教学内容:一. 浪漫主义文学产生的社会及文化背景
新英格兰超验主义
二. 美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现 (1)欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响 (2)美国本土文学的崛起及其特征
三.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家
A. 华盛顿·欧文 1. 欧文的生平 2. 欧文的创作生涯 (1)《纽约外史》 (2)《见闻札记》
3.欧文的创作领域、创作思想,及其作品的艺术风格
4.选读:《瑞普·凡·温克尔》的主题及其艺术特色 * B. 拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生 1.爱默生的生平及创作生涯 2.爱默生的超验主义思想 3.爱默生的散文:《论自然》
4.梭罗:梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》
5.选读《论自然》节选: * 分析评论爱默对待自然的态度和追求个性独立的思想 C,纳撒尼尔·霍桑
1.霍桑的生平及创作生涯
2.霍桑的长篇小说和短篇小说 3,《红字》
4,选读:《红字》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色 * D. 华尔特·惠特曼
1.惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯 2.惠特曼的民主思想 3.惠特曼的《草叶集》
4.选读《草叶集》诗选: “自己之歌”:主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格
*
E.艾米莉·狄金森
1.狄金森的生平及创作生涯 2.狄金森的诗歌
3.狄金森诗歌的创新和艺术特色 4.选读:结构、主题、语言特色 F. 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔
1. 梅尔维尔的生平及创作生涯 2,《白鲸》* (1)主题:表层及深层意义
(2)小说结构:浪漫主义和现实主义的统一 (3)象征手法和寓言的运用 (4)语言特色
G.爱德加·艾伦·坡
1.艾伦·坡的生平及其创作生涯
2.坡的短篇小说、诗歌和文艺理论以及对现代文学的影响
3.选读: “A Cast of Amontillado”分析短篇小说的主要内容和气氛的渲染等。 4. 选读:“To Helen”and other poems, 分析诗歌的主要意象、思想和语言特色。 思考题:1.What are the main principles of American transcendentalism? 2. Why is Hawthorne a Romantic writer?
3. What the similarities and difference between Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman? 4. Talk about the symbolism in Moby Dick
5. What are Allen Poe’s views on literary creation ?
第十五章 Age of Realism
教学要求:通过本章的学习,了解美国19世纪中期现实主义文学产生的历史、文化背景,认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张、及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响;
教学内容:了解该时期的主要作家的文学创作生涯、人生观及价值观及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色。 一,现实主义时期概述
1.美国现实主义文学产生的社会和文化背景 2.美国现实主义时期的文学
(1) 占主导地位的美国现实主义小说 (2) 现实主义文学中的地方色彩小说 (3) 现实主义文学中的自然主义倾向 二.美国现实主义时期的主要作家 A.威廉姆·豪威尔斯 B.亨利·詹姆斯
1,詹姆斯的生平和创作生涯 2,詹姆斯的“现实主义” C.马克·吐温
1.马克·吐温的生平及创作生涯 2.马克·吐温的主要作品: 3.马克.吐温作品中的地方色彩 4.马克·吐温的幽默 5.马克·吐温的语言特色
6. 选读:《哈克贝里•芬历险记》分析小说所体现的民主思想和对社会的批判、小说的语言特色和幽默等。 D. 自然主义作家: 1.斯蒂芬·克莱恩 2.西奥多·德莱塞
(1)德莱塞的生平及创作生涯
(2)达尔文主义与德莱塞作品中的自然主义倾向 (3)德莱塞的主要作品
3. 选读:《嘉丽妹妹》节选, 分析小说的主要思想和自然主义的写作风格。
思考题:1.Say something about the historical background that gave rise to the burgeoning of American realism? 2. What are the major beliefs of naturalism? 3. What are the features of Mark Twain’s language?
第十六章Modernism
教学要求:通过本章的学习,了解20世纪初期至中叶美国现代文学产生的历史、文化背景,认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张,及其对当代美国文学发展的影响。
教学内容:了解该时期主要作家的文学生涯、创作意图、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品,了解其思想内容和写作特色。 1.诗歌
A.意象派诗人;埃兹拉·庞德 1. 庞德的生平和创作生涯
2.庞德与意象主义 3.庞德与中国文化
4.庞德的诗歌理论及艺术特色
5. 选读:“In a Station of Metro”分析诗歌的意象和意境。* B.艾略特
1.艾略特的生平和创作生涯 2.艾略特的诗歌理论及艺术特色 C.史蒂文斯
1.史蒂文斯的生平和创作生涯 2.史蒂文斯诗歌及艺术特色
3.选读: “我把一个瓶子放在田纳西的山上” 等。分析史蒂文斯对现实和艺术等问题的思考。* D.威廉姆·卡洛斯·威廉姆斯的“A Red Wheelbarrow”etc. 从诗歌入手分析卡洛斯的意象主义诗歌主张* E.罗伯特·弗洛斯特
1.弗洛斯特的生平及创作生涯
2.弗洛斯特的诗歌:田园诗;自然诗 3. 弗洛斯特诗歌的艺术特色
4.选读《摘苹果后》、《未选择的路》、《雪夜停马在林边》:主题、象征与比喻、语言* F. E·E 肯明斯 2.小说
A. “迷惘的一代”司各特·菲兹杰拉德 1. 菲兹杰拉德的生平及创作生涯 2. 菲兹杰拉德与“爵士乐时代” 3. 主要作品介绍
(1) 短篇小说集:《爵士时代的故事》
(2) 中、长篇小说:《人间天堂》、《了不起的盖茨比》、《夜色温柔》、《最后一个巨头》
4.细读《了不起的盖茨比》第三章,分析:1.时代背景。2.盖茨比和尼克,解析两位中心人物刻画。3.主题表现、比喻修辞等文学写作手段等。 B. 欧内斯特·海明威 1.海明威的生平及创作生涯 2. 海明威与“迷惘的一代“ 3.海明威的主要作品:
(1) 短篇小说集:《在我们的时代里》──涅克的故事
(2) 长篇小说:《太阳照常升起》、《永别了,武器》、《丧钟为谁而鸣》、 《老人与海》 4.海明威小说的艺术特色:“硬汉”形象、“重压下的风度”、“冰山”原则等。 5.选读:《太阳照常升起》的节选分析海明威的语言特色 C. 威廉·福克纳
1.福克纳的生平及创作生涯
2.福克纳的“约克纳帕塔法”神话王国 3. 福克纳的主要作品
(1)中、短篇小说:《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》等
(2)长篇小说:《喧嚣与骚动》《八月之光》《我弥留之际》《押沙龙,押沙龙!》
4.福克纳小说的艺术特色:“意识流”、“内心独白”、“时序颠倒”、“对位式结构”、“象征引喻”等。 5.福克纳的文体
6.福克纳与美国南方文学
7. 选读:《谷仓着了》分析作品的思想内容和人物的心理。* D.舍伍德·安德森 F.辛克莱·刘易斯 G.威拉·凯瑟 H.托马斯·沃尔夫 I.道斯·帕索斯 J.斯坦贝克
3.美国黑人文学
A.美国黑人文学的兴起
B.黑人诗歌:菲利斯·惠特利、劳伦斯·邓波、朗斯顿·休斯等 C. 小说:弗莱德瑞克·道格拉斯、布克·华盛顿、理查德·怀特等 4.戏剧:
A. 表现主义: 尤金·奥尼尔
1. 奥尼尔的生平及创作生涯 2. 奥尼尔的戏剧
(1)早期作品:独幕剧;多幕剧《天边外》
(2)中期作品:《琼斯皇帝》《大神布朗》《毛猿》——表现主义和象征主义的力作 (3) 后期作品:《直到夜晚的漫长一天》──自传体戏剧 3 奥尼尔戏剧的悲观主义和神秘主义色彩 4.奥尼尔戏剧的艺术特色
5.选读 《毛猿》节选,分析西表现主义风格。
B.其他剧作家:阿瑟·米勒、威廉姆·英格、田纳西·威廉姆斯、阿尔比等
选读:《玻璃动物园》解读戏剧中人物的心理和南方的传统与现实摩擦的主题。 思考题:1.What are Pound’s poetic theories?
2. Define the term of “the Lost Generation”.
3. Say something about the structure and the points of view in Faulkner’s The Barn Buring ? 4. What are the differences between Eugene O’Neil’s early and late plays? 5. Why does Albee belong to the school of “the theatre of the absurd”?
第十七章:Post-War Scene 教学要求:通过本章的学习,了解第二次世界大战后美国现代文学产生的历史、文化背景,认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张,及其对当代美国文学发展的影响。
教学内容:了解该时期主要作家的文学生涯、创作意图、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品,了解其思想内容和写作特色。 1. 美国现代文学多元化的现象
2.犹太人小说、实验小说(荒诞派小说)等
A.索尔·贝娄、诺曼·米勒 、塞林格、约瑟夫·海勒 3.诗歌
A. 自白派诗人 B.黑山派诗人
2. 垮掉的一代 :金斯堡、凯鲁亚克等 3. 选读:《嚎叫》节选分析诗歌的思想和语言特色 C.托尼•莫里森
1. 生平和作品概述
2. 选读:从种族、性别层次上解读她的作品 思考题:1. What is “Catch 22” ?
2. What are the features of American literature in post-modern period?
3.In what ways does the poetry of confessional poets, Black Mountain poets and the poets of the beat generation rebel against the poetic traditions as represented by T.S. Eliot?
4.In what way does Morrison differ from male black writers?
参考书目: 1. Greenblatt, Stephen. ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York:W.W.Norton, 2005. 2. Baym, Nina. ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature, New York: W.W.Norton &Company, 2002. 3. Sampson, George. & R.C Churchill. The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature, London: Cambrideg University Press, 1970. 4. Elliott, Emory. The Columbia Literary History of The United States, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. 5.刘炳善,《英国文学简史》郑州:河南人民出版社,1992年。
6.安德鲁.桑德斯,《牛津简明英国文学史》,北京:人民文学出版社, 2000年。 7.王佐良,《英国二十世纪文学史》,北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1994年。
8.吴景荣 刘意清,《英国十八世纪文学史》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000 年。 9.杨岂深 孙铢 主编, 《英国文学选读》,上海:上海译文出版社, 1991年。 10.王佩兰,《英国文学史及作品选读》长春:东北师大出版社, 1998年。 11.吴伟仁,《英国文学史及作品选读》,北京:北京外语教学与研究版,1988年。 12.刘炳善编著,《英国文学简史》, 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1991年。 13,程爱民,《美国文学选读》,南京:南京师范大学出版社,1996年。 14.秦寿生,《英美文学名篇选读》,北京:高等教育出版社,2000年。 15. 常耀信,《美国文学选读, 天津:南开大学出版社, 1996年。 16.刘海平, 王守仁,《新编美国文学史》上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002年。 17.杨岂深,龙文佩主编,《美国文学选读》,上海:上海译文出版社, 1987年。 18.陆嘉,《英国文学作品选读》,北京: 商务印书馆,1988年。 19.戴炜栋《美国文学欣赏》, 上海:上海外语教育出版,2002年。
第五篇:湖北自考《英美文学选读》重点总结
上古及中世纪英国文学Old and Medieval English literature上古: 450 to 1066中世纪;1066-14世纪中叶 Celts
Old English poetry: the religious group and the secular oneChaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.
The father of English poetryEnglish Homer In the medieval period :use narrative verse of prose to tell stories of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.
第一章 文艺复兴时期
the Renaissance Period th 14th and mid-17Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. Golden Age It started in Italy
Henry VIIIDefender of the Faith Bible in Englishancient Roman and Greekcultureclass strugglePetrarch
Christopher Marlowe ,William Shakespeare and 3威廉 莎士比亚William Shakespeare 1564-1616
Playwrights, dramatist,poets
1591-1611was in the prime of his dramatic career.
38plays 戏剧154sonnets 十四行诗2 long poems叙事诗 Stratford-on-Avon
”“an upstart crow”
:meditationeternal beautyorigin:Italy
“to be,or not to be-that is the question”
against Christians /Jews.
Two narrative poems
Juliet>
Six comedies: like it>
Romantic tragicomedies:<[eroc;es> Juliet> tragedy but optimistic 乐观spirit.
1 a play in the play
2 borrow plots from other stories such sa Roman,Greekand ancient myth.
3 several threads running through the play
4 combination of tragic and comic elements. Writing style: 1 trimendous vocabulary(16,000words,invent words) 2literary devices(alliterateion头韵,simile明喻,metaphor暗喻) 3 use poetry in his play The theme of the sonnet:
1 express love and praise to a young man
2 immortalize beauty through verses 3friendship or betrayal of friendship
6约翰 弥尔顿John Milton 1608-1674
family天主教Latin blind.
失乐园 masterpiece. a story taken from “the old Testament” ,a long epic divided into 12 books ,taken from the Bible.the theme is “fall of man”
The main idea:to beg for mercy and worship his power were more shamefull and disgracefull than this downfall.
the most powerfull dramatic poem on the Greek model.
Three group:Athe early poetic worksBthe middle prose pamphlets
Cthe last great poems
The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton‟s creed.
第二章 新古典主义时期
the Neoclassical Period
1660-1798(18th century)
人社会动物industrial revolution 工业革命the RestorationGothic Novel:
1 content: magic, supernaturall elements, ghosts, monsters.
2setting: old castle, graveyard, dard forest
3atomsphere:horrible
The enlightenment movement(the age of reason ):启蒙运动
It was a progressive intellectuall 进步知道份子movement which flourished nd swept western Europe at the time. Its enlighten the whole world with the light of modern 哲学和艺术思想The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science,理性平等科学 and they also advocated universal 民普及教育
1约翰 班杨John Bunyan 1628-1688 18年坐牢,Christianity基督教
”the vanity fair”is the most successful religious allegory 宗教寓言in the English language.
search for spiritual salvation
Style: Moded after the Bible, language:e asy to read,colloquial, concrete and conciseform: allegorian form,reallystic,true to life.
3丹尼尔 笛福Daniel defoe 1660-1731
butcher‟s family 卖肉家庭English middle –class
masterpiece, Robinson is the empire builder,the pioneer colonist. The theme:
A man‟s strugglees against nature
B glorifyication of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determineation to improve his livelihood.
C glorifyication of labor(Robinson lives on his own hands)
笛福的创作特点:Defoe was a very good story-teller.he had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible可信 and fascinating神奇 .his sentences are sometimes short,crisp 短小干脆and plain,and sometimes long and rambling,which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.his language is smooth,easy,colloquial口语 and mostly vernacular方言.there is nothing artificeial in his language: it is common English at its best.
4乔纳森 斯威夫特Jonathan Swift 1667-1745
the greatest satiric work
a greatest and bitterest satire.
Lilliputyahoosbitter satire
5亨利 菲尔丁Henry Fielding 1707-1754
Born of an old aristocratic family. 老贵族家庭“father of the English
“the third-person narration”第三人称叙述
“prose homer”散文荷马”
comic epic in prose”散文体喜剧史诗: 1 the descryiption in a grand style of classic epic.”classic epic”has:
A a great heroBcalls on MusesC give a list of names of godsD
compare small fights to great wars. 2 use verifyied language to narrate a small fight
3 different figure of speech .esp,irony讽刺,hyperbole夸张
费尔丁的语言特色:Fielding‟s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar,自然流畅通俗易懂but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic逻辑性 and rhythm,韵律性and his structure carefully planed towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively,dramatic dialogues 戏剧性对话and other theatrical devices such as suspendse,悬念coincidence巧合 and unexpectedness.出人意料
第三章 浪漫主义时期the
Romantic Period is an age of poetry.1798-1832
人的孤单状态
Passive , old and conservative :
“lake poets”William Words worthRobert Southey Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Active ,young and revolutionary: ByronShellyKeats
1威廉 布莱克William Blake 1757-1827
候看见过天使,他父亲死后他弟弟也死了,神秘主义。 An engraver 雕刻家
“fearful symmetry”可怕的匀称suggest the harmony of the two opposite aspects of God’s creation.
Childhood is central to Blake‟s concern in and The chimney sweeper.
《天堂与地狱的结合》marks his entry into maturity.成熟
2威廉 华兹华斯William Wordsworth1770-1850 Poet Laureate“桂冠诗人”,lake poets湖畔诗人,“大自然的膜拜者”Poet Laureate特点:孤独 自由 自然 His short poems „Subject:poems about nature 自然and poems about human life.人类生活
<我如行云独自游> simile明喻“inward eye”means human soul
The poet expresses his love for the daffodils.水仙花
<威斯敏斯特桥上有感>
<她住在人迹罕至的小路间》 <孤单的收割者>
5波 比 雪莱Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822
与拜伦相比更进步一点,政治,经济的不公平,重视集体力量。自由。
西风颂
Shelly eulogyized the powerful west wing and expressed his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.
four-act poetic
7简 奥斯汀Jane Austen1775-1817 匿名发表anonymously
The major theme:Love and marriageconcern about human their personal relationships. 个人生活及人从她往下是写小说的,上面的是写诗的
处女作《理智与情感》
傲慢与偏见 =第一印象 :Elizabeth 伊丽莎白
Darcy 达西Mrs.Bennet is a beautiful but empty-headed,snobbish势
力 and vulgar粗俗 woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich,handsome young men.
伊莉莎白的性格: A:Elizabeth is clever , alert, observant. She is more observant and less charitable than Jane in recognizeing the characters of Bingley‟s sisters. She recognizes Mr.Collins‟character in his letter and after meeting him turns down firmly and with dignity his patronizing proposal. She is able to match wits with Darcy several times and with Colonel Fitzwilliam,earning their respect and admiration.
B:Fearless and frank ,not rattled by the attack of Lady Catherine de Bourgh ,she wins a notable victory, sending her Ladyship away completely routed. She is independent but not infallible in her judgment—taken in by the charm of the worthless Wickham. She cannot be blamed for misjudgeing Darcy. C: She shows flexibility, discernment,and honesty of mind when she reads Darcy‟s defense in his letter and admits the justice of much of what h says. Thus beginning to lose her prejudice against him.
《爱玛》
第四章 维多利亚时期the
Victorian Period 1836-1901现实主义realistic 工业革命
Chartist movement (1836-1848)宪章运动
“art for art‟s sake‟
Victorian literaturediversity.文学多样化
Darwin‟s
1查尔斯 狄更斯Charles Dickens 批判现实主义作家he is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age.
作品特点:he is a master withhis characterized by a mingling of humor and p吸引读者,悲情大师,幽默与哀伤交汇
Child characters :oliver twist奥利弗,特维斯物,little nell小奈尔,david copperfield大卫科波菲尔,little dorrit小多利特.
雾都孤儿
“let it not be supposed by the enemies of „the system‟ that during the period of his solitary incarcerateon. Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the adventages of religious consolation.”
A:The sentence is a typical,example of irony.反语 What Dickens intends to say is just the opposite of the sentence‟s literal meaning.
B:for the “benefit” of exercise, Oliver was whipped鞭打 every morning in a stone yard, for the “pleasure"of society, he was carried every other day into the dining hall and flogged 鞭打as a public warning and example to the boys; and as for the “adventages”of religious consolation安慰, he was kicked into the same apartment every evening at prayer time and listened to the boy‟s prayer to be guarded against his sins and vices.罪恶行为
C:the ironic statement is ,in fact, a bitter denunciation 谴责and fierce attack at the brutal,inhuman treatment of the poor orphan孤儿by the workhouse济贫院 authority.权力
《老古玩店》 《皮克威克外传》 <>《大卫科波菲尔》
《董贝父子》 《双城记》 《荒凉山庄》 《小多利特》 《艰难时世》
《远大前程》 《我们共同的朋友》
2布朗蒂姐妹the Bronte sisters Charlotte bronte 1816-1855
《简爱》家庭教师governess heroine,represents middle-class working women.Mr.Rochester
简爱的性格特点:Jane Eyre is quick will,honesty, frankness,and shi has the spirit of independence and self-dignity. 《教授 》
Emilybronte:poet,193poems.呼啸山庄
Catherine凯瑟琳,Hindley辛德利,Edgar,Isabella,Heathcliff希斯克利夫 protagonist:Prufrock is neurotic神经
质,self-important,自以为是illogical不讲逻辑 and incapable of action.优柔寡断 The setting”polite society”彬的社会anti-romantic反浪漫主义
《荒原》433行5部分,spiritual breakup
《星期三的烟灰》 《四个四重奏》 Dramatists Prose writer:
“stream-of-consciousness’
5戴维 伯特 劳伦斯 David Herbert Lawrence 1885-1930
普通矿工家庭,作品被禁读,小说家,美国独立战争,Civil War 内战 鼓点
涉水的骑兵,a scene of the American civil war,美国内战景象the picture are frozen凝固,they come out of the watcher’s imagination.出于观察者的想像。 自我之歌 =”poem of walt Whitman,an American”=”walt Whitman”
Two beliefs:the theory of universality普遍性信仰and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.个别性和平等性
Language characteristic:
use oral English口语,vocabulary is amazing词汇惊人,rarely-use words罕见词, foreign origin words外国第一个按国际标准考虑自己职业的美国作家。
1915年入英国籍,羡慕欧洲文明。 Henry james concerned with the”inner world”of man.
He is also concerned with the International terms 国际方面
His language is simple and colloquial.口语
三个时期:
1早期in the first period 1865-1882international theme
《美国人》 《黛西 米勒》中篇 the free spirit of the new world美国精神的代表。温特伯恩说“黛西是我所见到的最漂亮最和蔼„„最天真的姑娘”
Anne Bronte
6托马斯 哈代Thomas hardy
“Wessex”sympatheticnostalgic怀旧fatepessimistsDarwin’s “survival of the fittestconflict with the environment
第五章 现代时期the
modern period19世纪末—20世纪初
Modernism rose out of skepticism怀疑论 and disillusion of capitalism. French symbolsm ,appearing in the late 19 century healed modernism. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.
Modernism is,in many aspects,a reaction against realism.
The 1930s witnessesd great economic depressions,mass unemployment,and was known as “the red thirtyes”
The first “angry young man”:愤怒青年Osborne奥斯伯恩
The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is SamuelBeckett,his first play
He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare. 没有受过高等教育的人反对资本主义剥削,相信共产主义。
He is considered to be the best-known english since Shakespeare. 的
plays 问题剧only one passion: indignation唯一愤怒的情感 卡歇尔 拜伦的职业
《鳏夫的房产》slum贫民窟 landlordism租房制度 the oppression/exploitation剥削压迫 of women.
萧伯纳的作品人物塑造特点:
A:One feature of shaw‟s characterizehe makes the trick of showing up展示 one character vividly at the expense of 贬低损害another.
B:another feature is that Shaw‟s characters are the和角色发生倒转错位is also used in character portrayal to achieve comic effects.
4TS埃略特Thomas Stearns Eliot1888-1965
出生美国,后1927成为英国公民
《JA布鲁富劳克的情歌》
长诗 it presents the meditateion 沉思of an aging young man 上了年纪over the businesss of proposing marriage求婚问题.dramatic monologue, 戏剧独白the
母亲是上流社会 psychological exploration心理透析 Proficient poet 多产诗人
劳伦斯三部曲:”the lawrence trilogy”
1矿工的周五夜晚
2儿媳
3守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人
儿子与情人autobiographyical novel Mrs.Morel
白孔雀 过客
虹is a story about the three generations of the Brangwen family on the Marsh farm.
恋爱中的女人to be a better-structured/more profoundly ordered novel.
Chatterley’s lover>查泰莱夫人的情人
劳伦斯的诗分三类:
1satirial and comic poems
3poems about nature
mechanical civilizationis responsible for the development of human personalities,the perversion of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital relationships 劳伦斯艺术特色:
A:Lawrence‟s artistic tendency is mainly realism,which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative可靠权威 commentary评论
B:his language is simplicity 简单and directness直接
C:Lawrence makes use of poetic imagination and symbolism in his writing.
第二部份 美国文学
第一章 浪漫主义时期 the
romantic period18世纪末到内战爆发前before the American civil war(美国的文艺复兴)
New England Transcendentalism 超验主义
3纳撒尼尔 霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864
怀疑心理,矛盾心理ambivalent writer, 双重,不讲犯罪过程puritan family
Hawthorne‟s intellectuals 知识份子rae usually villains.恶棍
红字heroine:Hester allegorist讽喻家symbolism象征 小伙子布朗 尽人皆知的故事 古屋青苔 雪的形象
有七个尖角阁的房子
玉石雕像
4华尔特 惠特曼walt Whitman 1819-1892
有个向前走的孩子
草叶集 monumental work,歌颂整个美国和自我。American democratic ideals美国民主思想 the Revolutionary War
词 ,wrong words错词,free-flowing ,simple and crude质朴野味,without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.没有固定的节奏和韵律
“free verse”自由体诗, Mark by theUse of poetic”I”诗用第一人称,家常随意不讲究死规矩sexual love topic,性爱作品。
5赫尔曼 麦尔维尔Herman Melville学霍桑 怀疑主义
is regarded as first American prose epic.美国第一部散文体史诗
Moby dick symbolize: 1 mystery of the universe 2power of the great nature 3evil of the world
泰比 奥穆 玛地
雷得本 白外衣 皮埃尔
探索信仰的矛盾
“bartleby,the scrivener”is a short story.短篇
“benito cereno”is a novella.中篇
第二章 现实主义时期the
realistic period 1865-1914
Darwin达尔文 influence on literary naturalism.自然主义
1马克 吐温Mark Twain 笔名 1835-1910
原名:samuel Langhorne Clemens 萨缪尔 朗荷恩 克莱门斯
小说家 儿童 humor诙谐 幽默American folk humor
从乐观主义向悲观主义转变 “damned human race”可恨的人类,language is simple,direct, lucid,and faithful to “vernacular方言土语”local color 乡土气息
H.L Mencken said he is “the true father of our national literature”门肯说他是“我们真正的民族文学之父” 《加拉维拉斯县有名的跳蛙第一部幽默小说
《傻瓜出国记》 《含辛如苦》
密西西比河上的生活
《汤姆 索亚历险记》
《哈克贝里。芬》”all modern American literature comes”所有现代美国文学之源
《镀金时代》
《亚瑟王宫庭中的美国佬》 《败坏哈德莱堡的人》 《神秘的陌生人》
2亨利 詹姆斯 Henry jame 1843-1916
The forerunner of the 20th ”els and the, the founder of
《欧洲人》
画像》
different themes and forms in his middle period不同的主题和形式
《波士顿人》 《卡撒玛西玛公主》
《私生活》短篇小说 《狮之死》 《中年》
《螺丝在拧紧》
《丛林猛兽》
3 后期in his last and major period
《梅西所知道的》中短篇
《鸽翼》 《专使》 《金碗》
Literary criticism文学批评:注重形式又注重价值concern with form and devoted to human values.
《小说的艺术》:to aim to present life小说的目的是现实生活
Henry james‟ fiction is characterized by:highly refined 高雅language.
James is not so easy to understand.heis often highly refined and insightfull.with a large vocabulary,he is always accurate in toexpression for his literary imagination. 他的语言不易读懂,高雅而富有见解,词语丰富,措辞准
He also advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him, even the disagreeable异端,the ugly 丑的and the 普通
3艾米利 狄金森Emily Dickinson1830-1886
1755首诗,500多首关于自然的。 诗无题 首名引用,用词简洁,直率,平易,拟人的手法
破折号:韵律节奏 大写:强调
tylove andnature 宗教死亡不朽爱情和自然
这是我给世界的信
死亡的:
如果郎君秋日来
盛夏有一日
不得与君同住
我是妻,那时已做完
4西奥多 德莱塞Theodore Dreiser1871-1945
Naturalist自然主义代表,no money no friendin power,no formal education worthy of mention,on family tradition in letters.只是在创作上更具讽刺意味,更加悲观pessimists Prolific writer多产作家
嘉莉妹妹Hurstwood赫斯伍德物质 性 金钱查尔斯 德鲁埃
“trilogy of Desire‟《欲望》三部曲:
<.the financeier>《金融家》 《巨头》 《斯多葛》
《天才》一个被“误解的艺术家”的故事
《美国悲剧》the greatest work克莱德Clyde‟s tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the Ameican sociall system which encouraged people to pursue the”dream of success”at all costs.
Naturalism emphasized heredity andas important forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances.强调遗传和环境人物在特定条件下的决定性力量。
A welter of inscrutable forces“一团高深莫测的各种力量的纠缠”
To him, life is “so sad,so strange ,so mysterious and so inexplicable”人类是各种力量交织在一起的受害者,这些力量人类是无法控制的。
Darwinist idea of “survival of the fittest”达尔文“适者生存”的思想影响
“kill or to be kill”“要么杀人,要么被杀”
For lack of concision,readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters and events,though the time sequence is clear and the plot straightforward,he has been always accused of being awkward in sentence structure,inept and occasionally flatly tion and meaning, and mixed and disorganized in voice and means of communication rather than 繁的描写之累,时间顺序清楚,情节简单,但句子结构不自然,用词不准确,在语态和语气上组织不严密。对他来说,语言只是传达思想,而非艺术形式。
第三章 现代主义时期
1914-1918第一次世界大战
美国现代主义的特点是反传统,求创新。
2罗伯特 弗洛斯特Robert Lee Frost1874-1963
获奖最多,诗歌最好, 象征暗喻Pulitzer prize普利策文学奖,4次。serious poet 严肃诗人New England life 新英格兰
对人类生活的爱和地劳动后详和宁静的赞美,创作风格平易自然,但很优雅,诗的语言口语化,节奏上如谈家常,不紧不慢。半自由体或半传统诗体。
一个男孩的愿望,第一本书
波士顿以北人的一本书
新罕普什尔
理性假面具 怜惘假面具
摘苹果后 indifference不在乎在关心 to what he once desired
《未选择的路》meditateive poem 沉思the road symbolize life’s journey
第一次普利策奖雪夜林边停, 第二次诗集西流之溪
第三次《更远的境界》 第四次《证人树》收入《直率的礼物》约翰肯它迪总统就职吟诵
4司各特 菲兹杰拉德Scott Fitzgerald1896-1940
金钱的堕落,早期爵士时代 the Jazz Age,the upper-class young people.
of paradese>第一篇小说《人间天堂》获zelda sayre大奖 美国梦的破裂the bankruptcy of the amerian dream.gatsby is the last of the romantic heros.gatesby‟s failure magnifyies the end of the American dream.the detailed descryiptions of big parties to show emptiness of life.
Fitagerald‟s fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the jazz age,especially the upper-class young people. He is a great stylist in literature,he follows the Jamesian tradition in using the scenic method in his chapters, each one of which consists of one or more dramatic scenes,leaving the tedious processs of transition to the readers‟ imagination. Moths are used metaphorically to refer to those people who are drawn to the party simply for its glamour,for the wealth of Galsby.Describe Gatsby „s extravagance.浪费
5欧内斯特 海明威Ernest ( Miller ) Hemingway1899-1961
Nobel Prize 1954年诺贝尔文学奖,出生医生家庭
简洁terseness口语colloquialism 乡土气息简短short清晰明了clearness以少胜多”less is more” “grace under pressure”在生活的重压下保持自尊is actually an attitude towards life that Hemingway had works.he depicts characters as brave and unjielded heroes.
The Style of colloquyialism口语体,full of acents and mannerisms and the use of short ,simple and conventional words and sentences has an effect of clearness.
“则
“the dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面。Without any authorial comments,without conventionally emotive language,and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs.
What are the characteristics of the Hemingway code hero?
A they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another,the boldly and courageously face the reality;whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. B almost all his heroes are”soldiers”either in a narrow or broad sense.they are out there to fight against nature or the world,or even themselves.but no matter where the battleground is and how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. C Hemingway himself is one of those Code heroes;some critics say his protagonists are autobiographyical,for they share something that is Hemingway.
D the code with the honesty, the discipleine,and the restraint. 在我们的时代
《印地安营地》Nick Adams尼克亚当斯 , the wound is a symbol . 受伤是一种象征Nick’s initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death.接触生和死的痛苦和粗暴it is an outward and visible sign of an inward and spirituall disgrace.受伤是精神世界推动尊严的外部表现。
太阳照样升起 永别了,武器 丧钟为谁敲响
老人与海 masterpiece
没有女人的男人
被击败的人 杀人者
五十个大人物
午后的死亡 美国的青山 开利吉普车扎若之雪
拥有与缺乏
6威廉 福克纳William Faulkner 1897-1962
Set in the American south, his emphasis on the southern subjects 以美国南方为背景,强调南方主题和南方意识。 Nortern Mississippi Yoknapatawpha county.
第一卷诗集 第一部小说 四部小说;
喧嚣与骚动 八月之光
摩西,走下去 《押沙龙,押沙龙》
我弥留之际 疯狂的手掌 小屋 寓言 小镇 大夏
给爱米丽的玫瑰 spinster 老处女is a symbol of the old south.旧南方的象征。Rose as a symbol of love.and also stand for the pity,sympathy.
“an dyesore among eyesores” is means the most unpleasant thing to look at. 1she refuses to accept the passage of time
2she is a prisoner of the past 3she is a symbol of the old south
爱米丽是一个不愿意接受由于时间变迁而一切都改变的古怪的人,她是为过去所束缚的旧南方的象征。 文体特点:his prose,marked by long and embedded sentences, complex syntax,and vague reference pronouns on the one hand and a variety of”Registers”of the English language on the other,is very difficult to read,it is not surpriseing to find in Faulkner’s writings his syntaxctical structures and verbals paralleled,negatives balanced against positives,compounded adjectives swelling his sentences,complex modifying elements placed after the nouns. In contrast,Faulkner could sound very casual or informal sometimes ,he captured the dialects of the Mississippi characters,includeing Negroes and the redneck,as well as more refined and educated narrators like Quentin.As to the symbols and imageries,they are most of them drawn from nature.句子长,用复合句子,指称模糊,用各种语体,读起来难懂,词语排比,肯定否定并用,复合式形容词,长串修饰,方言土语(密西西比河地区)象征源于自然。
William Shakespeare
A summer’s day:here it may refer to a period or the season of summer. Date:the period of a lease.
Untrimmed:striped of gay apparel Ow’st:ownest
Lines:such as the lines of this poem and other sonnets
Answer:have dealings with Qualify:limit Loose:abandon Enow:enough
Of force:of necessity
Offence:condition of being hurt in one’s feelings,displeasure Fretten:disturbed
Abject:wretched miserable Tainted wether:sick sheep Fleet:pass by quickly Ravenous:greedy
Cureless:unableto be cured Hard by:nearby
Difference:focus of the dispute Seasons:moderates Tenour:terms
On you charge:you are responsible for the expenses
What of that:it is not important Use:habit
A love:a bosom friend By:here ,present Scale:balance
At thy peril:at your own risk Rehears’d:referred to Recant:cancel withdraw Meet:appropriate
Slings and arrows:attacks Perchance:maybe
Give us pause:make us hesitate Contumely:contempt Fardels:burdens Grunt:groan Bourn:boundary
Conscience:consciousnesss Pith:significance,importantce
John Milton Study:pursuit
Doubted his empire:was afraid for his sovereignty
Empyreal:heavenly,sublime
Compeer:companyion,equal,peer Of force:perforce,necessaryily Suffice:satisly
In the gloomy deep:in Chaos Afflicted powers:stricken armies
Daniel defoe House-side:wall
Nothing near:in on way,not in the least
Optics:mechanicsms for seeing
In its place:in its proper place,that is,in the following account
Jonathan swift Desire liberty:beg leave or permission
Cut a caper:jump about in a joyfull manner
Summerset:somersault Courser:a swift horse Took:jump over Intelligence:news
The foot:the foot soldier,infantry Man-mountain:Gulliver
Express order:clearly-stated order Allowance:something provided regularly,provision
Henry fielding<>tom jones Occasioned:aroused Repaired to:went to
Missile weapons:things that can be thrown to hit people
Hinder head:back of the head Stour:a river
William blake
from songs of experience
Heath:uncultivated land covered with shrubs
Clothes of death:clothes in dark color
Aspire:have ambition for something Sinews:muscles
Lamb:symbol of peace and purity.
William wordsworth
A crowd/a host,of:a large number of Vacant:empty,thoughtless
Steep:means to bathe or shine on
Dove:the name of a river
Highland:refers to the northern part of Scotland
A melancholy strain:a sad tune Chaunt:chant
lay:a short lyrical poem meant to be sung
Percy bysshe shelley
Clarion:a high,shrill trumpet
Angels of rain and lightening: the clouds