英美文学和翻译范文

第一篇：英美文学和翻译范文

英美文学的价值和现实意义论略

[摘要]随着全球一体化的快速推进，世界各国在经济、政治、文化、军事等领域中的交流愈来愈频繁，并全面带动了这些领域的迅速发展。与中国文学相比，大多数人对英美文学的认知还相对薄弱，对英美文学的文化底蕴与内涵理解也相对较少。基于此，本文拟从英美文学的基本特征与功能出发，分析英美文学的人文主义价值、理性主义价值以及黑色幽默价值，探讨英美文学的现实意义，旨在为英美文学的相关研究提供有价值的参考与借鉴。

[关键词]英美文学;价值;现实意?x;文学

[中图分类号] I106[文献标识码] A

[文章编号] 1671-5918(2017)07-0169-02

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1671-5918.2017.07.079

[本刊网址] http：//www.hbxb.net

文化作为国家与民族综合素养的重要体现，英文文学在世界文化体系中占据着关键地位，英美文学作品通常能够更为深刻地刻画人类社会的发展历程，具有重要价值与现实意义。文学能够通过各种语言表达进行实现，文学价值与现实意义的表现路径和文化特性密切相关，因而深入研究文学作品是理解文学特征与文化特性的主要途径。文章深入研究英美文学的价值与现实意义，可以挖掘出更多的西方文化特征与精神价值，进而产生不同的文化体验，推动东西方文化的互动与交流。

一、英美文学的基本功能与特征

不管是中国传统文学还是英美文学，都是文学的重要分支，而文学最为基本的功能与特征就是能够反映出不同历史阶段的文化与现实状态。不过，针对文学的重要功能与作用，也有一些人提出异议，其中最具代表性的就是存在主义学者萨特曾提到过的问题，即对于处于饥寒交迫困境中的人们来讲，文学有什么实用价值呢?文学既不能帮助人们抵御严寒与敌人，也不能让人们填饱肚子;还有伟大学者柏拉图所著的《理想国》，文中就将人们划分成三六九等，其中诗人则位居第六等，由此可见诗人在柏拉图心中的地位也不高。但是，社会是极其复杂的，尽管文学无法解决人们基本的温饱问题，但自古至今谁都无法忽视众人对文学的喜爱、追求与痴迷。在人类社会的现实生活中，诸多从事与文学不相关的人也如同鲁迅一样放弃自己原来的事业选择文学道路，即愈来愈多的人开始大胆尝试自己真正喜欢的事情。

按照马斯洛提出的五等级需求论可知，人类在生理方面的需求，是人类生存发展过程中的基本需求;人类在安全方面的需求，即人类的感受器官、智能器官以及效应器官等都是人类寻求安全的工具;人类在归属感与情感方面的需求，是人类渴望相互理解与照顾的需求;人类在尊重方面的需求，是人类展现个人价值与社会价值的需求。每一个想要实现自己人生理想与抱负的人，都必须做好自己所承担的事情与任务，并使自己从中感受到价值、快乐与幸福。文学作为人类社会日常生活中的阅读活动之一，其主要建立在人类的生理、归属与安全感的需求上，因而人们对文学作品的阅读是以自己的实际需求为基础的。在这一前提下，人们通过阅读有关文学作品，可以明显体会到自己的情感与归属感，尤其是经过一定数量的阅读积累后，所获得的知识与信息，还能进一步帮助人们获得尊重需求。所以，英美文学在人类社会的生存、发展过程中扮演着重要的角色，并发挥着不可替代的价值与意义。

二、英美文学的重要价值

(一)人文主义价值

英美文学历经数千年的发展历程，诞生了数不胜数的优秀文学作品与文学创作者，对世界文学的不断发展与进步产生了深远影响。比如，享誉世界的著名戏剧学家莎士比亚，作为英国文坛最具代表意义的文学创作者，其文学成就可以说是全世界的瑰宝，同时其相当多的文学作品还极大地推广了英语语言。深入探究莎士比亚的一系列文学创作，我们还能发现其诸多文学作品还蕴含有深刻的人文精神――人类思想的解放，即独立的个人应该具备的独立意识与主观意识等人文主义精神，都能在莎士比亚的作品中找到影子。当然，莎士比亚作品中的人文主义思想也有不同程度的阶级束缚性与局限性，但他所提倡的人文精神以及对美好人性的窥探，都是人类文学领域中的巨大进步。与英国文学相比，美国文学受阶级思想的影响较小，美国文学中所彰显出的人文主义精神以个性追求与精神解放为主，如著名作家惠特曼所著的《草名集》，这部作品中的“草”是平凡事物与平凡人类的代表，是作者对民主与自由的期待，其诗中的“自我”是美利坚的代表，其作品颂扬了民主思想、人与人之间的深厚感情等，具有十分重要的人文主义价值。

(二)理性主义价值

著名小说家索尔?贝娄的作品深入探析了人们在追求精神需求与物质需求方面的矛盾心理，以及在此基础上埋下的精神隐患。譬如索尔?贝娄创作的《更多的人死于心碎》，这部作品中的词语“心碎”是当代人们心理世界与精神世界的真实写照，即对在崩溃边缘徘徊的现代人来讲，其内心的折磨要远远大于肉体上的折磨。索尔?贝娄通过对美国工业社会后期的现实状况描写，有力抨击了“以消费为核心”的消费主义。还有索尔?贝娄创作的《赫索格》向世人揭示了物质化的美国工业社会，人们在疯狂追逐名与利的过程中，所导致的人类关系的恶化与异化。因此，纵览英美文学作品可以发现，不少优秀作品都是对人类道德观、社会发展等关键问题的深刻揭露与反思，具有重要的理性主义价值。

(三)黑色幽默价值

黑色幽默是用笑代替痛苦的感情，用荒诞形式宣泄痛苦情感的一种独特文学艺术。文学创作者通过对个人所受到的社会压迫、荒谬的世界等现象描写，用无奈的嘲讽态度展示出个人与环境之间的不协调，并进一步把这种不协调进行扭曲、放大直至畸形，从而使得这种不协调现象显得更加滑稽可笑与荒诞不经，同时又给人一种苦闷与沉重之感。例如《第22条军规》这部作品的故事情节描写始终采用的都是黑色幽默写法，令读者深深地感受到了“第22条军规”的无奈。作品中的黑色幽默将整部作品衬托的十分荒诞有趣，同时也让故事中的主人翁陷入了极度的绝望泥潭中，文中有关情感的具体描写少之又少，但读者又能通过一系列荒唐可笑的故事情节明确感受到隐藏于无形之中的细微情感，这些情感既不纤细柔和也不澎湃热烈，而是周而复始的、难以自拔的且能够对读者心灵产生巨大冲击的深深的“绝望’。像《第22条军规》这部作品中的黑色幽默一样，英美文学中的黑色幽默随处可见且对世界文学产生了重要影响，具有至关重要的学习价值。

三、英美文学的现实意义

(一)有助于了解与认知西方文化

现实生活是文学的主要来源，从某种程度上讲甚至高于生活，每一部优秀的作品都渗透着作者的人生经历，以及对现实社会的情感态度。对英美文学来讲，其作为西方社会的主要构成部分，描述的主要对象是西方经济社会制度下广大人民群众的真实生活状态。所以，阅读英美文学作品有助于读者了解与认知西方文化。

(二)有助于净化心灵与完善自我

学习与研究英美文学，能够帮助人们净化心灵并完善自我。文学创作者通过作品可以将部分社会现象或者情感进行展现，塑造个性鲜明的角色形象，且通常这些角色形象都具有强烈的感染力与号召力，能够给人正面鼓励，帮助人们确立正确的思想观念。尤其是人们在阅读英美文学作品过程中，往往能够迅速进入故事情节中的情境与氛围，亲身感受英美文学中人物的内心活动与思想，并潜移默化的受到影响，进而不断完善自身的品质与人格。

(三)有助于激发英文学习兴趣与动力

英美文学作品的大量阅读，一方面能够让读者体会到东西方文化之间的差异性，即英美文学作品中蕴含的民主与开放的西方文化，与东方文化的含蓄与内敛形成鲜明对比;另一方面也能使读者积累丰富的英语词汇，英美文学作品中包含有丰富的本土英语与口语英语，可以有效提升读者对英语的感悟能力，进而体会到学习英语的乐趣，最大程度调动读者学习英文的动力。

(四)有助于增强读者的理性思维

英美文学所具有的理性主义价值，使得其作品创作带有鲜明的理性思维模式，无论是故事情节的发展还是人物形象的塑造等，都透露着理性光辉。因此，通过阅读英美文学作品，可以有效引导读者对事物进行理性思考，进而不断强化自身的理性思维。

总而言之，伴随着社会经济的迅速发展，人类社会所受文学的影响正在逐步弱化，因此人类精神文明急需进一步提升。英美文学作为世界文学的主要构成部分，属于强包容性、文化多元性的文学艺术形式，在文学领域具有很高的价值。英美文学无论是在精神价值方面，还是在现实意义方面都有着突出贡献。所以，深入探究英美文学有助于我们不断提升人文素养，以及树立正确的世界观、人生观与价值观。

参考文献：

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[2]赵丹，张焱.解读20世纪美国文学的多元化创作风格――从艾略特等几位文学巨匠谈起[J].辽宁大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2007(4).

[3]钟俊，张丽.梅尔维尔对超验主义的挑战[J].辽宁经济职业技术学院(辽宁经济管理干部学院学报)，2008(3).

[4]丁礼兵.从莎士比亚悲剧浅析当时社会不公平现象――以《罗密欧与朱丽叶》为例[J].群文天地，2011(22).

On the Value and Practical Significance of British and American Literature

GUO Jun-xia

(College of Foreign Languages， Kaifeng University， Kaifeng Henan 475000， China)

Abstract： With the rapid development of global integration， communication among the countries in the field of economy， politics， culture， military and others is more and more frequent， and comprehensively promote the rapid development of these areas. Compared with Chinese literature， the majority of people are relatively weak in the understanding of British and American literature. Based on this， this paper analyzes the value of humanism， rationalism and value of black humor value and explores realistic significance of American literature from the literature the basic features and functions of English and American literature as to provide valuable reference for the related research of British and American literature.

Key words： British and American literature; value; practical significance; literature

(责任编辑：桂杉杉)

第二篇：英美文学。

一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America

1.船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith

《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》

“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”

《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》

“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”

《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”

2.威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford and John Winthrop

《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”

3.约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop

《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”

4.罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams

《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”

或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》

Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”

5.安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet

《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》

”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America

二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution

1。本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin

※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”

《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”

2。托马斯•佩因Thomas Paine

※《美国危机》“The American Crisis”

《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”

《常识》“Common Sense”

《人权》“Rights of Man”

《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”

《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”

3。托马斯•杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson

※《独立宣言》

4。菲利浦•弗瑞诺Philip Freneau

※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle”

※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground”

※《致凯提•迪德》“To a Caty-Did”

《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy”

《夜屋》“The House of Night”

《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”

《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》

“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”

《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”

第三篇：英美文学

英国文学知识点梳理：

1.Renaissance: ( from 14th century to 17th century)

Definition: Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in Western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. An age of drama and poetry.

Reasons:the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astronomy, the religious reformation and economic expansion

Significance: a reflection of the class struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology.

William Caxton—the first person who introduced printing into England.

Sonnet: originated in Italy, sonnet is a fourteen-line poem with a distinctiverhyme scheme and metrical pattern. It was introduced to England by Sir Wyatt in the early stage of English Renaissance and then further cultivated by Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare so as to produce respectively the Spenserian stanza and

Shakespearian stanza, both of which exerted great influence on the successing poets.Shakespearian Stanza: Shakespearean Sonnet is made up of three quatrains(四行诗节) with different rhymes, followed by a couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. Spenserian Stanza: invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of 9 lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步& the last line in iambic hexameter抑扬格六音步, rhyming ababbcbcc.

blank verse—is unrhymed poetry with each line written in iambic pentamet Metaphysical Poetry:

 Definition:The term is commonly used to name the work in the 17th century written by the writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.Representatives: John Donne & George Herbert

Technique: Peculiar/Metaphysical conceits(奇喻)

 General Features: a. The diction is simple and echoes the words and cadence of

common speech.The imagery is drawn from the actual life yet subtle, the extended metaphors for such images are typically called “metaphysical/peculiar

conceits”. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s loved, with God, or with himself.

2.Neo-classic Period:

1)The Enlightenment Movement—The Age of Reason

Definition: The Enlightenment refers to a progressive intellectual movement

throughout Western Europe that spans approximately one hundred years from

1680s to 1789.

Purpose: to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and

artistic ideas.

2) Neoclassicism: (Main literary form—English Novels)

Definition: In literary criticism, this term refers to the revival of the attitudes and

styles of expression of classical literature. It is generally used to describe a period in

European history beginning in the late seventeenth century and lasting until about

1800.

Characteristics of Neoclassical Literature: fixed laws and rules for almost every

genre of literature. Prose: lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, each class

guided by its own principles. Drama: in Heroic Couplet; strictly observation of the 3

unity of time, space andaction; regularity in construction; type characters

rather than individuals. Mainstream of literature: realism—writers described the

social realities.

3.Romantic Period: (an age of poetry)

1) Romanticism

English Romanticism is said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of

Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with

Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the

Parliament.

2) Characteristics of the Age

 The Romantic Age is emphatically an age of poetry.Women novelists appeared in this age. It was during this period that women assumed, for the first time, an important place in English literature. (Jane Austen)The greatest historical novelists Walter Scott belongs to this period. His

historical novels combines a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of

historical background and common people’s life. Scott marked the transition

from romanticism to the period of realism that followed it.

4.The Victorian Period:

1) Victorian Literature

 The novel became the most widely read and most vital and challenging

expression of progressive thought.

 The Victorian age was also a great one for non-fictional prose.The poets of this period were mainly characterized by their experiment with

new styles and new ways of expression.

2) Critical Realism

 English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 1840s and early 1850s.It found its expression mainly in the writing of novels and the greatest

English critical realist of the time was Charles Dickens—a humorist and

satirist, a great bourgoisie intellect who could not overstep the limits of

 his class.The English critical realism of the 19th century not only gave a satirical

portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed

profound sympathy for the common people.

5.The Modern Period—marked by the publification of T. S. Eliot’s The Wast

Land: (Prevailing Genre: Fictions)

1) Cultural Background

Darwin’s Origin of Species and social Darwinism;Einstein’s theory of relativity; Freud’s

analytical psychology; irrational philosophers including Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and

Bergson.

2) The Differences Between Realism and Modernism:

Realism: Theoratical Base ---Rational PhilosophyFunction of Literature--- Educate

People and Criticize Social EvilsSubject--- Public, Exterior WorldConception of

Time &Space--- Clock Time, Geographic spaceForms and Techniques--- Hero, Plot

Tone--- Optimistic

Modernism: Theoratical Base --- Irrational PhilosophyFunction of Literature---

Expression of "Self"Subject--- Private, Interior World

Conception ofTime &Space--- Psychological Time &SpaceForms and Techniques---

Anti-hero, Anti-plot

Tone--- Pessimistic

Modernism is , in many aspects, a reaction against rationalism, it rose out of

skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The Major theme of Modernism:

distoreted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society,

man and man, and man and himself.

Literary Trends: expressionism, surrealism(超现实主义), futurism, imagism and stream

of consciousness, existentialsm.

美国文学

1. Literature of Colonial Period

a. Indian tribes had a rich store of oral literature in the forms of songs, spells, charms,

omens ,riddles and stories.

b. Three stages: Traditional literature, Transitional Literature, Modern Literaturec. The first permanent English settlement was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.

d. Puritanism :Origin of Puritan

Doctrines:based on Calvinism1)predestination2)original sin and total depravity

3)limited atonement4)theocracy

Influence on American Literature 1)Its optimism has exerted a great influence on

American literature2)Puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception changed

gradually into a literary symbolism

e. Literature of Colonial Settlement: Forms: histories, travel account, biographies,

diaries, letters, autobiographies, sermons and poems. Characteristics:1) American

colonial literature is neither real literature nor American. 2) Their writings served either

God or colonial expansion

2. The Literature of the Revolutionary Period:

a. The Age of Reason: Definition:A rational society is that “reforms the mind,

sweetens the temper, cheers the spirits, and promotes health”(by Thomas

Jefferson).

b. The forms of literature: ballads, skits, broadsides, newspaper poems, editorials,

essays, private and public letters, satires, pamphlets

3. The Literature of the Romantic Period

1) American Romanticism: an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe

in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on

the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and

forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

native factors: It is a period following American independence.(Political independence,

economic development and territorial expansion contributed much to literature.

foreign influence: Romanticism emerged from England and it added impetusto the

growthof Romanticism in America.

2) Distinct Features of American Romanticism

a. It was in essence the expression of a real new experience

b. American Puritanism served as a cultural heritage in American literature. c. American new ideals were strong enough to inspire Romantic spirit

d. both imitative & independent

4.The Literature of the Realistic Period:

a. Realism:is a term applied to literary composition that aims at an prejudice, idealism, or romantic color.

b. Time:Realism flourished from the Civil War to the turn of the century.

c. Features: (1) It stresses truthful treatment of material. (2) Characterization is the center of the story. (3) Open ending is a good example of the truthful treatment of material. (4) Realism focuses on common characters and everyday events. (5) Realism emphasizes objectivity. (6) Realism presents moral vision.

d. Two Literary Trends:

1)Local Color(or Local Corlorism/Regionalism etc.)

a. Local Color is a term applied to literature which, asthat have escaped standardizing cultural influences

b. Features: Presenting a locale which is distinguished from the outside world; Describing the exotic and the picturesque; Nostalgia; Showing things as they are; The influence of setting on character(environmental determinism)

2) Naturalism:

a. Background: 1) Darwinism’s key points: the struggle for existence or evolution, the survival of the fittest, natural selection. 2) SocialDarwinism: the weak and stupid would fall victim in the natural course of events to economic forces.

b. Definition: Naturalism is a critical term applied to the method of literary

composition

c. Features:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment. The universe is cold, godless, indifferent, and hostile to human desires.

The literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists. (Violent, sensational, sordid, unpleasant and ugly vs. genteel)

5. The Literature of the Modernist Period:

1). Modernism:

Cultural Background: Darwin’s Origin of Species; Freud’s analytical psychology(libido, id, ego, superego); Irrational Philosophers: Schopenhauer & Nietzsche

Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions.

2) Imagism:(Leaders: Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell)

Definition: Imagism is the doctrine and poetic practice of a small but influential group of American and British poets calling themselves imagists between 1912 and 1917. Aiming at a new clarity and exactness in the short lyric poem, the imagists cultivated concision and directness, building their short poems around single images; they also preferred looser cadences to traditional regular rhythms.

Features: Free choice of subject matter, Free verse, Image Without interpretation or comment

Influences: a. The imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as possible. This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry. b. The second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse. There are no metrical rules. There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself. That is art of the poem. (The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clusters.)

2)The Lost Generation:

.first used by Gertrude Stein, an American woman writer, who was one of the leaders of the group,the term defines a sense of moral loss or aimlessness. The WWI destroyed the innocent ideas, many good young men went to the war and died, or

returned damaged, both physically and mentally; their moral faith were no longer valid--- they were “Lost.”

In the Narrow Sense: a group ofAmerican writers, including Hemingway,

F.S.Fitzgerald, J.Dos Passos, E.E.Cummings, Sherwood Anderson, and Hart Crane, etc.

In the Broad Sense: the entire post WWI American young generation

Main Characteristics: Suffering from the war, losing beliefs, being cut off from life, indulged in drinking and partying.

第四篇：英美文学

A summery of first two lessons

From the previous classes, we've essentially get an brief idea of some basic knowledge about the United Kingdom. The main knowledge points can be concluded as follows:

The full name of the complicated country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Britain is no longer an imperial country, though its past has huge effects. The two main effects respectively lie in Britain'international relationships and the make-up of the British population.

UK, as a multiracial society, has the remarkable class regional and economic differences.

London, the capital and the largest city, is dominant in the UK in all fields. England, the largest in geography and population of the four nations, dominant in culture and economy.

A British invasions history which experiences from stages.

Scotland, the most confident of its own identity, has spent a history as a unified state independent of the UK.

Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliament.

A brief introduction to Wales.

Northern Ireland has an active cultural life but has its problems because of the conflicts and the influence of UK.

Irish desires for an indepent Irish state all the time, therefore issues accurred in frequent succession. The Home Rule Bill, the East Rising of 1916 and the Sinn Fein Party made Irish independent.

There exists religious conflicts between the Irish and the British because of the ethnical distinction.

British government organised a partition of Ireland as a compromise.

More violent campaign, IRA's violence and Bloody Sunday.

In order to halt the terrible conflicts, Ireland and Great Britain aim to cooperate with each other and arrive at a resolution. Finally, the Good Friday Agreement was emerged.

Learning first two lessons has laid a good foundation for our further study on the following lessons. I'm looking forward to comprehend more knowledge about British politics, economy, culture and foreign relations and so on.

第五篇：英美文学简史

新词

Chapter 1 the making of England

第一页

Primitive原始社会的

Clustering 丛 团

Hut茅草屋

Vitality生命力

Invade侵入

Occupy占有

Chieftain首领

Subjugate征服

Refinement改良

Christianity基督教christian 基督教的 第二页

Swarm大群人

Pirate海盗

Dialect方言

Kinship王权

Compose1写、创作(乐曲、歌剧等)2组成Booty战利品

Amusement娱乐

Democracy民主

Incompatible合不来的

Gemtile非犹太的

Territory领土

Feudalism封建制

Heathen不信教的、异教徒

第三页

Monastery修道院

Monk修士、僧侣

Chapter2

Relic遗风

Preserve保护

Minstrel(中世纪)游方诗歌演唱者 Fragmentv、n 碎片 片段

Devour吞食

Grapple (with)扭住(对手)扭打格斗 Avail(against sb) 抵挡

Combat格斗 搏斗 战斗

Retreat撤退 退却

Rejoice高兴

Avenge伸冤

Counseller顾问

Plunge猛进入38个单词1

第四页

Trophy奖品 战利品

Den穴

Belche喷(火) forth its fire

Bid说=say

Envelope包围 包住

Impenetrable不可穿越的forest

Marsh沼泽

Superstitious迷信的

Marvellous

第五页

Alliteration

Consonant

Metaphor

Attendant

Condemn

Tinge

Permanent

Chapter3

viking

plunder

prose

第六页

confescate

bestow

patch

baron

vassal

oath

secure

property

manifestation

supremacy

chronicle

prominent

dominent

intermingle

tend

bishop

archbishop

abbot

toil

第七页

sustain奇妙的 头韵 辅音 隐喻 侍者 责备 淡的色调或痕迹a tinge of 永久的 北欧海盗掠夺散文没收赠与小块土地男爵封臣誓言保护资产显示至高无上编年史的 突出的最突出的、占支配地位的混合照管主教大主教 男修道院长辛苦工作 支撑41个单词

2courageous勇敢的heretics犯异端罪的人perish毁灭

plague瘟疫

poll-tax人头税

impose对()课税

pauperize贫穷

slogan口号 格言】

sermon讲道

bondage

velvet

stuff

ornament

ermine

spices

rye

manor

pomp

sovereign

第八页

remonstate

oppressor

treacherously

apeal

prevail

verse

tournament

code

moral

chivalry

apprenticeship

solemn

cycle

第九页

rim

culmination

collapse

patronize

charge

fabricate

illicit

convert

第十页

Masterpiece奴役天鹅绒布料 装饰 貂皮 貂香料黑麦庄园浮华最高统治者抗议。报复受压迫的背叛的 不忠的恳求 呼吁流行的诗体比赛、武士骑马比赛密码。道德标准道德的骑士精神学徒身份1表情严肃的2庄重的3隆重的正式的1循环周期2系列(如组歌或组诗)边缘结局 结果倒塌赞助 支持控告编造不正当的改变形式或用途名著 杰作41单词

3Vivid鲜明的

Amuse是某人消遣 第十一页

Chapter4

Amid在()当中 Barren贫瘠的 Scanty不足的 Industriously勤劳的 Plough耕田 Idler

Exposure

Parasite

Deacon

Preach

Flock

Leap

Clerk

Despoil

Cardinal

Virtues

Friar

Hermit

Altar

Roamer

Manor

Hood

Plead

Mete

Mist

Mutter

Aught=anything

Sum up

Confer

Sternly

Counsel

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