八达岭长城游记范文

八达岭长城游记范文第1篇

尊敬的各位游客：

你们好!很高兴我能做上你们的导游，我叫陆炜，你们叫我陆导就行了。这次我们将要游览的就是世界闻名的长城。请大家在游览过程中不要岁的乱扔垃圾，不要在城墙上乱涂乱画，谢谢合作!

现在我们乘坐着缆车来到八达岭脚下，就开始爬长城了。长城随着陡峭的山势，曲曲折折，真像一条有生命的金龙卧在上面。从远处看，它就是在崇山峻岭之间蜿蜒盘旋，让我来告诉你们，这条长城有一万三千多里长，所以又被人们称为万里长城。看看远些，白色的薄雾仿佛给长城披上了一件轻纱，就像一幅充满诗情歌意的画，令我们沉醉在其中。

站在长城上，扶着墙上的条石，踏着脚下方方正正的砖头，我们感受到了修筑长城的劳动人民的辛苦和劳累来，单看这些数不清的条石，一块就有两三千斤重，那时没有任何工具，就靠着无数的手和无数的肩膀抬上来，可想而知，他们是多么辛苦啊!你们会发现，城墙上有一个个正方形的洞，其实是用来射击敌人的。成排的就是垛子，每隔三百多米，就有一个方形城台，是屯兵的堡垒，打仗时可以互相呼应。你们是不是觉得我们在行走的这条路很宽，五六匹马还可以并行呢!

我们爬呀爬，终于爬上了最高峰。我们个个都舒展着双臂，尽情地呼吸着新鲜的空气，游客们都不禁赞叹一句：祖国的山河多么美丽啊!

万里长城是中国劳动人民智慧的结晶，还是中华儿女的魂。让我们一起去保护它、欣赏它。祝大家玩的开心!四年级:1430598221 陆炜

篇一：小学作文：长城导游词

长城导游词

大家好，今天我就是你们的导游：季韩鹏，大家可以叫我季导。今天我带大家游览的地方，想必大家一定都知道，它就是——闻名天下的历史文物万里长城。

万里长城是我国的重点文物，它在1987年12月被列为世界遗产名录这是中华人民共和国的骄傲，是中华人民的自豪。

远看长城，它像一条巨龙，在崇山峻岭之间蜿蜒盘旋。它东起山海关到西到嘉峪关，一共有二万一千一百九十六点一八千米长。长城在古代是一座易守难攻的伟大的工程!它兴建于秦朝，长城有一万三千多米长，据粗略的计算，长城还能绕地球一圈呢!怎么样，够惊人吧!长城是用巨大的条石和城砖筑成的。城墙顶上城墙铺着方砖，十分平整，像很宽的马路，五六匹马可以并行。城墙外沿有两米多高的成排的垛子，垛子上有方形的了望口、射口，供了望和射击用，城墙顶上每隔三百多米就有一座方形的城台，是屯兵的堡垒。打仗的时候，城台之间可以互相呼应。今天的长城虽然没有了军用价值，但是长城还是旅游胜地。长城是中华人民共和国民族的象征，是世界重要的文化遗产。接下来我给大家讲个传说：它的名子叫孟姜女哭长城。从前，有个美丽的姑娘叫孟姜女，她和范喜良成亲之后，范喜良就被抓去修筑长城了，可是范喜良一年之后还是没有回来，孟姜女吃不下饭，睡不着觉千里迢迢来到了长城脚下。到了那里，她才知道自已的丈夫死了。孟姜女一哭就是三天三夜。她的哭声惊天动地长城被她的哭声震得足足塌了800里长。游客朋友们，这是一个多么动人的故事啊!万里长城

真是凝结了千千万万劳动人民的血汗! 现在请大家自由观光，两个小时后集合，请大家注意安全，不要在长城上乱刻乱画。

篇二：人教版四年级上册五单元作文：游览长城导游词

人教版四年级上册五单元作文：游览长城导游词

大家好!我是一位小小导游。今天，我就给出大家介绍一下着名的世界遗产长城。

毛主席曾经说过：不到长城非好汉。今天，你们要登长城做好汉了!祝贺你们!你们知道吗?长城被列入世界遗产的时间是1987年12月。长城是中国的像征，身为中华儿女的我们，又怎么能不骄傲呢?

大家记得古时候有一个传说吗?那是勤劳的孟姜女为了找被官兵捉去建筑长城的丈夫，经过许多艰难困苦，来到长城边。当她四处打听，才知道丈夫被活活地累死了，于是，她在长城哭了三天三夜。突然，只听轰隆一声，长城被哭倒了800里。游客们，这是多么感人的故事啊，可见，万里长城凝结了千万人民的血汗，是中华人民智慧的结晶。

长城总长约6700千米，最有名的八达岭长城随山势起伏，南北两边都有高峰耸立着。大家请跟我来。看，长城主要由关隘、城墙和烽火台三部分组成的。城墙是长城的主要工程，特别坚固，是用巨砖、石条等材料砌成的。关隘就是长城沿线的重要驻兵据点。大家请看看旁边，城顶上有一个垛口，每个垛口上都有一个小口，那就是嘹望口。垛口下面都有一个枪击口。至于烽火台，是有军情时点燃烽火来传递信息的建筑。现在，大家站在长城上远眺，是不是前看不到头，后见不着尾呢?

游客们，我先介绍到这里了，请大家漫步欣赏。大家注意了，在游览时，不要乱丢垃圾，乱涂乱画，爱护长城这一人们用血汗换来的世界遗产。

篇三：长城导游词作文400字

长城导游词作文400字

各位旅客，大家好!我是你们的导游何宜臻，大家可以叫我小何。这次很荣幸能和大家游览长城。

远远望去，长城像一条巨大无比的长龙。近看，长城一眼望不到头。站在长城上看，一座座烽火台屹立在长城上，像一个永远不会倒的不倒翁。 长城还是古代一项重要的防御工程，从燕国开始修建长城，长城现在已经有2000多年历史了!

关于长城还有一个感人的传说。在修建长城的时候，除了60岁以上的老人不用去修建长城，其它的青年都得去修建长城。苏州书生范喜良，为了逃避官府的追捕，不得不四处躲藏。有一次，他逃到了孟家花园，无意中碰到了孟姜女。孟姜女是一个聪明美丽的姑娘，她和父母便一起把范喜良藏了起来。两位老人很喜欢范喜良，就把孟姜女许配给他作了妻子。但是，人有旦夕祸福，天有不测风云，新婚不到三天，范喜良声就被官兵捉走了。后来，孟姜女千里迢迢地来到长城找丈夫。谁知，民工告诉她，范喜良已经死了。她便在长城脚下痛哭，不知哭了多久，只听“轰隆”一声，长城倒了几公里。

旅客们，请不要随地扔垃圾，和在城砖上乱涂乱刻。我们7点在城门集合。

篇二：长城导游词

尊敬的各位游客，你们知道宇航员们

俗话说“不到长城非好汉”，攀登长城要有持之以恒、永不退缩的毅力和决心，不能中途放弃!我们可以一边观赏一边攀登。我先为大家介绍一下长城：长城是由关城、敌楼、烟墩、烽火台、敌台、墙台、宇墙、垛口、望洞、射孔等组成的。烽火台和烟墩是用来传递敌情的。白天在烟墩上燃烟，烟堆的多少代表敌兵的数量。晚上看不见烟，就在烽火台上生火。这种传递信息的方式，在那个时代是最迅速、最有效的，烽火台起到了非常大的作用。

这时，我看到有个小孩子在城墙上爬。我把他抱下来后对大家说：“请注意不能在城墙上爬，这是很危险的。城墙外是险要的山峰，跌落下去可不是好玩的!” 下面，我再给大家讲讲有关长城的故事：从前，有个人叫孟姜女，她去为修长城的丈夫送衣服。她到了长城，却没找到她的丈夫。她连忙问别人，别人说他已被埋在长城里了。她伤心的哭，哭了很多年，最后，她把长城哭倒了，终于看到了她的丈夫。

长城很美丽、很壮观，蜿蜒曲折，欢迎你们细细游赏!

篇五:长城导游词

游客们大家好，今天由我来带领大家参观长城。

瞧，远看长城它像一条长龙，在崇山峻岭之间蜿蜒盘旋。从东头的山海关到西头的嘉峪关，有一万三千多里。

现在我们已来到长城脚下。这一段长城修筑在八达岭上，它高大坚固，是用巨大的条石和城砖筑成的。城墙顶上铺着方砖，十分平整，像很宽的马路，五六匹马可以并行。城墙外沿有两米多高的成排的垛子，垛子上有方形的?望口和射口，供?望和射击用。城墙顶上，每隔三百多米就有一座方形的城台，屯兵的堡垒，打仗的时候，城台之间可以互相呼应。

现在我们站在了长城上，踏着脚下的方砖，扶着墙上的条石，你会很自然地想起古代修筑长城劳动人民来。单着这数不清的条石，一块有两三千斤重，那时候没有火车，汽车，没有起重机这陡峭的岭，就靠着无数的肩膀无数的手，可想当时的劳动人民是多么伟大。

这样气魄雄的工程，世界历史上可是一个伟大的奇迹啊!

难道长城的雄伟壮丽，那莽莽苍苍的雄资不让我们深深陶醉吗?接下来就让大家自己去细细体会吧。

篇六:长城导游词 尊敬的游客朋友： 大家好!我姓窦，叫窦婷婷，大家叫我小窦就好了。今天，由我带领大家到长城游玩，希望大家玩得开心，玩的尽兴玩，玩的满足!

接下来，我给大家介绍一下长城的概况：

长城位于中国北部，东起山海关，西至嘉峪关，全长约6700公里，通称万里长城。中国的长城是世界上修建时间最长，工程量最大的冷兵器战争时代的国家军事性防御工程，凝聚着我们祖先的血海和智慧，是中华民主的象征和骄傲。 游客们，我们已经来到了着名的八达岭长城，你向远处看，可以发现这里的长城分为南、北两峰，蜿蜒山脊上，龙腾虎跃、气象万千，景色十分壮观。往下看是：两个洞和u字形的城墙缎怕谳瓮城。

我们再往下看，在城墙东南侧陈列着一门大炮，名为“这时威大将军”。这门大炮炮身长2。85米，口径105毫米，由于中炮身上又“敕赐神威大将”而得名。

为了尊重古代的劳动人民，我在此题几点要求：

1、果皮等垃圾，不可以随便乱扔。

2、不可以在城墙上乱写乱画。

3、不要破坏建筑物。

今天的观光浏览就要结束了，在长城的这段时光希望成为你北京之旅中的永恒记忆。

篇七:长城导游词

尊敬的女士们，先生们，大家好。我是你们的导游，你们可以叫我许导游。今天我们要去的是万里长城。

下车了，我们来到了长城脚下，你们知道长城怎么建筑的吗?想知道吧，你们就跟我一边走，一边聊吧。我们现在所在的长城是明朝修建的。为了防御外敌入侵，秦朝。汉朝和明朝共修建了一万三千里长城。长城西起嘉峪关，东起山海关。长城被称为世界七大奇迹之一。大家看，长城全部都是用巨大的条石和城砖砌成的。城墙外沿着两米多高的成排垛子。垛子上有方形的望口和射口，都是打仗用的。这一段长城修筑在八达岭上，高大坚固，也是用巨大的条石和城砖砌成的。城墙顶上，每隔三百多米就有一座方形的城台，是屯兵的堡垒。打仗的时候，城台之间可以互相呼应。那时候没有火车。汽车，没有起重机，就靠着无数的肩膀无数的手，一步一步的抬上这雄伟高大的山岭。所有建筑长城的人们是很辛苦的，你们要好好保护着万里长城。

各位游客，听完了这个故事，大家要记得这一句话：不到长城非好汉!就是说只有亲眼目睹的先辈们的伟大创造，才能在人生的道路上成一个真正的好汉! 各位游客，听完了故事，请你们慢慢地欣赏着万里长城吧。

篇八:长城导游词

各位游客们：

大家好!大家叫我周导。今天，我带大家游览闻名中外的万里长城。在游览时，请大家保护文化遗产，不乱涂乱画城墙，不乱垃圾。

毛主席曾说过：“不到长城非好汉。”身为中华儿女的我们怎么不上去游览一番呢?对!现在我们就去当好汉，登上那前不见头，后不见尾的万里长城。 关于万里长城还有一个动人的传说：勤劳聪明的孟姜女，为了寻找被官兵捉去修建长城的丈夫，千里迢迢来到长城脚下。经过多翻打听，却得知自己的丈夫已经活活累死!这个消息如同晴天霹雳，孟姜女在长城脚下哭了三天三夜，“轰隆”一声，长城倒了800里。

现在我们正站在八达岭万里长城上，踏着脚下的方砖，扶着墙上的条石。游客们，单看这数不清的条石，一块就有两三千斤重，那时候没有火车、汽车，没有起重机，就靠着无数的肩膀无数的手，一步一步抬上这陡峭的山岭。看着这些，大家可以想到长城凝结了多少劳动人民的血汗和智慧。

长城的美景说也不说不完，现在就请大家漫步欣赏吧!

篇四：游长城导游词

游长城导游词

亲爱的游客朋友们，大家好!现在您是乘坐着1980号汽车前往北京，观赏世界历史文化遗产之一——长城。我是这次旅游的导游，大家可以叫我艾导游。如果有什么问题，可以请教我。祝大家旅行愉快!

长城是修筑在陡峭的山岭之间的，它从东头的山海关一直修到西头的嘉峪关，全长共有一万三千多里。从远处看就象一条长龙趴在山脉上，所以又叫做：万里长城。

好，现在我们的车子已经停在了八达岭上了，游客们，请看正前方有一块碑，上面刻有“八达岭”几个红字。大家可以把它拍下来，做为一个到过八达岭的留念。

请大家低下头，看看脚下的方砖，它是十分平整的，五六匹马可以并行。左右两旁是两米多高的垛子，每两个垛子之间的是瞭望口，供瞭望。每个垛子下面的是射口，供射击用。打仗时，屯兵们既可以自我保护，还可以保卫国家，真是一举两得。在顶上的是方形的城台，又叫烽火台。它还是战士们的堡垒。士兵们可以在里面居住。如果要告诉另一个堡垒有要紧的事，要保卫国家时，这个城台上就会点燃火焰，邻近的巡逻士兵见了，也会通报上级点火，就这样一个个的传下去。长城上便都点起了火，大家一起准备着作战。

大家看，古代劳动人民是多么的充满智慧啊!可是，这长城的修筑也是饱含了无数的劳动人民的血汗和劳动的呀!大家可能难以置信，其实这一块条石有两三千斤重的，相当于30多个小孩儿那样重。古代没有任何先进的交通工具，只靠着他们辛勤的汗水才得来的，不知有多少人们累到在长城下。 游客们一定知道，其中有一个最著名故事叫孟姜女哭长城，就是体现了古代修筑长城的劳动人民，修筑长城的艰辛。 毛主席笔下曾经写了一首赞扬长城的诗，现在就让我为大家来朗诵一下： 清平乐?六盘山

毛泽东

天高云淡，

望断南飞燕。

不到长城非好汉，

屈指行程二万。

六盘山上高峰，

红旗漫卷西风。

慨长城宏伟的气势而写的。

世界遗产，我们大家可以拍一些照片作为纪念。有时间还来长城，再见!

八达岭长城游记范文第2篇

所谓长城本体，就是长城的墙体，以及在长城墙体上修筑的各种军防设施。古代的“城”与“墙”同义，都是指墙体而言，故而“城”“墙”常常重叠连用，于是城墙成为人们常用的词语。实际上长城就是长墙，是连续不断的墙垣，长城之名即由墙垣绵长而来。

修筑长城往往以山河拒险。长城沿线地形地貌千变万化，是不尽相同的，有的地段是不利于敌人翻越的高山峻岭，有的地段是便于骑兵飞驰的河川旷野。北方游牧民族的骑兵进犯往往选择最宜突破的交通要道。因而，在修筑长城过程中，往往本着山河拒险的原则，在要害之处增修长城墙体，成为长城的支线或复线。与长城主干相连接，称作长城支线;而不与长城主干相连接与主干相平等的墙体，称作长城复线。长城的支线或复线，最早出现在战国时期，在后来的朝代修筑长城中一起沿用。也往往会被称作“大边”或“次边”“小边”;或称作“外长城”与“内长城”。

出于军事防御的需要，长城墙体必须有一定的高度。但从力学和建筑学的角度看，墙体的高度又与墙基的宽度有关，与墙体的收分有关，只有二者保持一定的比例关系，方可使墙体坚固耐用，不易倒塌。不过，墙体所使用的不同建筑材料也影响着墙体的质量与高度。

现在，保存下来的土墙体高多在1.5—2米左右，但战国齐长城的土墙体高达3—4米，秦长城也有高达6—8米的。长城历经数百年到上千年的歷史，可见当年修筑长城对其质量要求是很高的。如果按长城修筑原状，长城最高可超过10米，最低也在3米以上。当然，也有的土长城因质量差很快被夷为平地的，往往被人们称作“土龙”。

长城分土墙与石墙，历史上受风蚀雨蚀的影响，土长城容易倒塌而变得低矮;石长城抗拒风蚀水蚀的能力较强而基本能保持原状。战国的齐长城以石墙为主，至今保存完好，高度多在2.5—4米。汉代外长城是在戈壁滩上修筑的，缺乏可以利用的大块石料，只能采用两侧石砌，内部夹沙石的构筑办法，故而大部分坍塌，其残高1.5—2.5米，原貌高度也只能在3米。

明长城既有石墙也有土墙，石墙多见于辽东镇、蓟镇，有的石墙后来被改造为砖包石墙，抗御自然破坏的能力更强，在没有遭到人为破坏的地方，至今仍显高大雄伟。如北京的居庸关、八达岭，河北的金山岭等长城。

大同镇长城多为土长城，墙体夹带马面墩台，起加固瞭望传讯多重作用。现在残高仍有5米的墙段，原墙高度多在8米，就戚继光、谭伦所修建在关口上的空心敌台，高度有达17米的(例如左云镇宁空心敌台);也有达22米的，如平鲁的“箭牌楼”与“徐氏楼”，偏关的“九窑十八洞”。墙体高度应在6米左右。

古代游牧民族骑兵的威力，在于快速突击。骑兵一旦下马步行，其威力顿丧。北方游牧民族的战马，属于本地训练的良种马，被称作突厥马或蒙古马，其特点是个头不大，体形不长，但能忍饥耐渴，持久力强，能够快速奔跑跨越障碍物，故而成为北方游牧民族的理想战马。为抵御北方游牧民族，修筑长城也包含了抵御这种马的因素，只要修筑2米以上的墙体，即可阻拦这种马的跳越;如果墙体高度达到3.5米，马上的骑兵也就难以攀登翻越长城了，除非具有云梯之类的攻城设备。攻城云梯最早出现在战国，唐宋得以大量运用，因而唐宋以后的长城普遍增高，明长城的高度要比战国、秦汉长城高出了许多。墙体增高须得考虑其坚固性与稳定性，于是长城墙体随着升高而收分减少了宽度，即自墙基起筑，往上逐渐内收，内侧壁收分较大，形成外壁徒立，内壁斜缓，断面成梯形的墙体。

长城墙体是御敌的主体，虽然有多种设施和附属设施组成元素，但基本由关隘、城墙与楼台、烽火台这三大部分组成。可细化为诸多元素：

1、关隘：整个关隘构造，多由关口的方形或多边形城墙，加城门、城门楼、瓮城(罗城、月城)组成，有的还设有护城河。

2、城墙：长城城墙，一般都很坚固，内外檐墙多用巨砖、条石等包砌，内填黄土、碎石，高度在十米上下，这不仅使攻城的敌人难于攀登，而且可以给人望而生畏的感觉。城墙顶上都有四马并骑的宽度，即有四五米宽，以便作战时部队机动和运送粮草兵器等。城墙还有上下城墙的马道和梯道，在城墙的外檐上筑有瞭望和射箭的垛口，在内檐墙上筑有女墙(宇墙)，起保护人马不至于从墙顶跌落下来的作用。

3、城门：城门是平时进出关口的通道，战时是反击敌人的出口，早期多用水过梁，元朝以后均改用砖或石块砌成拱券形门洞。为了增加稳固性，城门附近的一段台基多采用条石砌筑，不少城门上均镌刻着门的名称，门洞内装设巨大双扇木门，木门外包铁皮，用巨钉嵌镶，门内侧装饰有门栓及锁环，有的还装有机关。城门是城防中的薄弱环节，常常在城门口设置瓮城或小城以作护卫，瓮城与小城又被称作罗城或月城。

4 、水关：长城建在溪流、河谷相交处，为达到水流通过和防御目的而设计的种种通道式结构，比较著名的有九门口长城、八达岭水关、黄崖关长城水门等。

5 、护城河(壕堑)：利用地形挖成深沟灌水代替城墙，一般城关的四周均有护城河，它是在筑城挖掘土方时形成的，再引入河水，形成了关城的又一道防线。在山海关城外就有一道深约二丈，宽五丈的护城河，迫使敌人必须涉水过河才能到达城下，增加了攻城的难度，给守卫在城墙上的士兵创造了射杀敌人的有利时机。

6 、城台：在长城城墙上每隔二三百米就有一座高出城墙顶面一米左右的台子，外墙上砌有垛口，称城台。根据用途城台又分三种：墙台、敌台(敌楼、空心敌楼)和战台。

7、 烽火台：烽火台的形式是一个独立的高台子，台子上有守望楼橹和燃烟放火的设备，台下有士卒居住守卫的房屋、羊马圈(羊马墙)和仓库等建筑。烽火台之间距离，根据地形通常选择易于相互瞭望的高岗、丘阜之上建立。

8 、关与关城：在长城墙体上，尤其在要冲，修筑长城时，必须留有可以出入的豁口;而这种豁口不能只设有城门或关门，相应还建筑一座具有各种军防设施的城堡，被称作关或关城。关与关城其规模大小根据地形视其重要性而定。在极冲隘口，均围绕关口墩台或空心敌台修筑一座关城，以便驻军防守。关城门洞，也被称作贡门，蕴含了和平时期边贸的意义。按照古代沿袭习惯，塞上之门，界上之门均称作关，出入关口必须持有官方印章证件，今日管理进出口货物之场所称海关，飞机场的起飞称出港，是继承了这种说法而引申而来。

明代修筑的支线复线长城，支线上的隘口一般被称作口，而复线上的隘口一般被称作关。利用从居庸关分叉的内外长城，双线延伸到河曲合拢。内长城的隘口均被称作关，例如雁门关、平型关、宁武关等;而外长城的隘口均被称作口，例如杀虎口、张家口、宁鲁口、助马口等。

最著名的关应是紫荆关、倒马关和居庸关，合称内三关。紫荆关在河北易县西北，太行山的紫荆岭上，因山上的紫荆树得名。拒马河，在紫荆岭下大折屈，由东西流改为南北流，是古往今来南北往来的交通要道。紫荆关与拒马河有“紫塞金城”之称。自内蒙古凉城，经大同南下的北方民族骑兵，常常取其此道侵掠京师，故而被称作保卫京师的重要关隘。倒马关在河北唐县西北部的唐河上游峡谷中，“山路险峭，马为之倒”。战国时期这里为中山国地界，曾置关与此，称鸿上关。汉代南北朝继续沿用，称常三关、铁关，明代改称倒马关。倒马关属太行山区，地势险要，交通不便，只有唐河河谷可以通行，北方民族骑兵亦可从大同，经灵丘，通关而直达定州、保定。一关可以控扼四方之旅，其战略地位的重要性由此可见。

除内三关外，雁门关、宁武关和偏头关被称作三关镇，实则为山西镇的外三关。偏头、宁武、雁门，自西迤东三关并列，通向黄河东崖，东抵大同，属山西重镇关口。

雁门关在山西代县西北，以雁门山得名。雁門山古称句注山、西陉山、代山，山势高峻，谷深壁陡，其关穆天子西巡时称“隃子关隥”，有“天下九塞，句注为其中之一”之说。代县在战国时为赵地，李牧驻此，以防匈奴。汉代筑关于此，后世多沿用。隋唐时称西陉关，旋复旧名。明洪武七年(1374年)重建雁门关，长城与关城相接，横断南北交通。

宁武关为今之山西宁武县城，古为楼烦之地，赵国时在此设楼烦关，唐代改称宁武关。明景泰元年(1450年)筑关城，为山西镇副总兵驻地。宁武关在桑干河上游恢河河谷之中，是控制南北往来之交通要道，北方游牧民族，尤其河套游牧民族南下，常走此路。宁武关东则可以护卫雁门关，西则可以应援偏头关，北可以呼应、可扼守大同，亦可居中调度，堪称外三关之首。

偏头关即今之偏关县城，以地势东仰西伏而得名。西濒黄河，东依管涔山，是山西西部南北往来之要冲。五代时设有偏头寨，元代改称偏头关，明洪武二十三年(1390年)筑关城，以防河套蒙古东进。明弘治十四年，驻河套蒙古军凭借地势平坦，步步紧逼偏头关，随入关侵扰往来蹂践，百姓无安宁之日，明王朝遂在此筑关设防，派军重点把守。

明王朝沿长城大镇有九，大同镇最为要冲，而大同镇之安危均会波及到内三关与外三关。

9 、瓮城与月城。城门是城防的要害部位，是城的薄弱之处，敌人攻城主要攻打城门。城门一旦被攻破，敌人便可蜂拥而入，迅占全城。为了加强城门的防御功能，在城门之外往往另筑一座小城，将城门包围起来，而这座小城被称作罗城、瓮城或月城。

瓮城之名来自陶瓮。陶瓮的特点是口径小，腹部大，是盛装粮食、酒水的一种容器。瓮中之物出入比较困难，故有“瓮中捉鳖”的成语。瓮城将城门外围成一个封闭的空间，一旦敌人冲入，城墙上的设防士兵居高临下，环四周围攻，或用箭或用礌石，犹如关起门来打狗，敌人插翅难逃，束手待毙。

瓮城之门，设计巧妙，通常只为一门，与城门不在一条线上，是在城门旁侧瓮城墙上。人们进入瓮城后，须得拐一个90°的直角弯，才能进城，这是出于军事科学的考虑。由于瓮城门与城门方位不对，从瓮城门不能直接看到城门内的军情，使敌人难以侦探到实情，从而可以保证守城的安全。瓮城的平面布局有正方形、长方形和半圆形，因地制宜设计建筑，半圆形的瓮城形如初月，因而又被称作月城。

明长城城关上多有瓮城之设，尤其是八达岭、山海关和嘉峪关，瓮城规模之大，坚固宏伟令世人称奇。而且嘉峪关城设置了东、西两座正方形瓮城，更起到了防守坚固、据险御敌的作用。

10 、马面与暖铺。城墙墙体外部，每隔一段便要修筑一个平台，可以站立守城士兵，射击冲到城墙墙根底下的敌人。如果遇有骑兵，奔跑速度快，霎时间即可到达城下。这时，守在城墙上的士兵，从正面射击出现了死角，如果站在城墙上的侧面射击，便躲开死角，可以有效地杀伤敌人。于是在城墙墙体之外，每隔一定间距构建一个平台，就是出于避免死角的目的。每两个相邻平台的间距，以弓箭有效射程内为准。这种平台也被称作马面。马面即马首，马的两眼是从两侧看的，修筑马面是避免城墙射击死角的最好军事设施。所谓暖铺，是在马面上修筑的遮风避雨的设施。

11、 空心敌台。明代将马面称作敌台，御敌应变，相应出现了空心敌台。空心敌台最早见于赫连勃勃的统万城。到了明代，空心马面(敌台)就相当普遍了。空心马面最早见于榆林镇边墙，为巡抚都御史文贵所筑。他曾向朝廷奏上马面式样，并加说明：由于传统的那种墩台容易坍塌损坏废圯，我有了修造砖墩的想法。砖墩为空心，四面设置箭窗，遇有敌兵近前可以直接射杀。他的建议被朝廷批准，开始修建中空的新式墩台。后来在隆庆年间，又由右都御史兼兵部左侍郎谭纶和其下属戚继光继续修筑空心敌台。戚继光在《练兵实纪·敌台解》中，对空心敌台作了说明：

庚戌之变后朝廷对京北蓟镇的防备更加重视，增兵益饷，增修边墙和敌台。将通人马冲处堵塞。其制高三四丈不等，周围阔十二丈，有十七八丈不等。凡冲处数十步或一百步一台，缓处或百四五十步或二百余步不等者为一台。两台呼应，以资互援，骑墙而立。造台法：下筑基与边墙平，外出一丈四五有余，内出五尺有余。中层空豁，四面箭窗。上层建楼橹，环以垛口，内卫战卒，下发火炮，外击敌贼。贼矢不能及，敌骑不敢近。每台百总一名，专管调度攻打，台头副二名，专管台内军器辎重;两防主客军士三五十名不等。今召到南兵一万，分布各台五名十名不等，常年在台，即以为家，经年再不离台入宿人家。以此台上时刻不致乏人，故此数年不虞。遇敌则击斩全捷。五台一把总，十台一千总，节节而制之，官军得以固守无恐。即大举敌贼犯边，攻必难入亦难出。此修险隘之收效最著者也。

无论是敌台或空心敌台，只能用于记述明长城，不能用于记述明朝以前的古代长城。出现于明代的敌台，在形制上都是骑墙而建，与此前的马面有所不同。为了不至于在概念上相混，后来将高出墙体的骑墙台称“敌台”，将与墙体保持平面的骑墙台称作“马面”。

12、 睥睨、雉堞、女墙、横墙。长城墙体顶部，内外两侧都筑有矮墻，是墙上守卫士兵的安全保护设施，墙体外侧的矮墙，古称短墙，也称睥睨，又作埤堄、俾睨，还称女墙。睥睨的本义是斜视，筑墙御敌从墙孔中观测敌情，常常采用斜视，看敌人是否藏入墙底，故用睥睨来称谓城墙上的矮墙。这种矮墙称墙上之墙。古代有男尊女卑之说，以女喻小，又女子要依附夫男，故尔又称之为女墙，俗称女儿墙，还被称作女头墙。因形制作“山”字样，形成缺口，称为女口;两女头墙之间留女口一个，却像女阴之状，叫女墙也有此意。

睥睨的称呼，早在春秋时期的城墙上就出现了。在古代，又将睥睨称作雉堞。因为远眺长城或城墙，墙上的矮墙为山字形成齿状，与雉堞本意相合。虽女墙上方的缺口像女阴称女口，但如此称呼似乎不雅，故又改称城垛或垛口。

明代长城在外侧女墙上，往往留有观察孔，士兵便于射击敌人和施放滚木礌石，称作礌石孔。礌石孔多在女墙下部，是与墙顶马道比较接近的地方。

所谓“横墙”，是与长城女墙横列垂直而立的墙体，但也有称障墙或立墙的。

13、 马道。最初是指校场(即练兵场)上的跑马道，后来被移用了到城墙上，但这种马道并不能跑马，只能供守城士兵守城行走移动，实则是人行道。马道有两种：一种修建于长城城墙的内侧，是一条较长的斜坡道，也有筑成阶梯状的，便于士兵登城或下城，还便于运送军械武器和食物;另一种马道，是在长城墙体顶部，即内外女墙中间的走道，随地势而起伏平缓易行的墙段用方砖铺设，有陡坡的墙段则用青砖铺砌成阶梯状。

14、 城楼。城楼是战时的观察所和指挥所，也是战斗据点。在汉代就有了。城楼又被称作城门楼，多为汉、唐遗风。巍峨高大的城楼，是城防中重要军事设施。只有掌握敌兵人马数量、距离和装备情况，才能采取正确应对办法。城或长城的要害处便是城门。在城门的上方，有多层建筑物。古代将二层以上的建筑物称作楼，一直沿用至今。城门上的建筑物多在二层以上，为木结构及砖木结构，其屋顶多为方形，因而被称作城楼，整个建筑物内外用油漆彩绘装饰，赋予丰富多彩的艺术形象，增添了尊严威武的气势，以适应战斗的功能和完美的要求。高大多层的城楼使得士兵们站得高望得远，能及时准确地掌握敌情。另外，当敌人逼近城下的时候，高大的城楼距地面较远，减弱了敌箭的杀伤力，成为强弩之末。反之，从城楼向下射箭发石，却有重力势能而增强了杀伤力而威慑敌人。

城上之楼并不限于城门之上，在城之四角亦建有楼台，称作角楼。在城墙马面处，有时也设楼台，称作战棚或敌楼。战棚是敌楼的另一种称谓。战棚比较简单，不及城楼高大雄伟。这种战棚或敌楼还被称作堞楼。

敌楼之名，始于南北朝时期，辽宋仍袭用。到了明代，敌楼之名尚在;但明代所称敌楼，多为空心敌台。

15、 战棚。属于木结构建筑，以长木为骨架，横架于女墙之上，以防止敌人的弓箭射击。战棚可以开合，根据战时需要可随时组装拆卸，便于运输，极似今日工地所使用的临时活动房。战棚属于临时性敌楼，用于城楼被摧毁以后的应急补救措施，绝不是永久性建筑物。战棚还被称作敌团，由于结构简单，防敌作用不如固定的敌楼。

16 、排水沟与吐水嘴。明长城墙体比较宽，顶上的马道随地形地貌延伸起伏。夏秋多雨季节，马道低洼处往往会有积水。如果久积不排就会渗入墙体之中，损坏墙体，引起砖石崩落。为之必须采取排水措施，这便有了排水沟。排水沟设置女墙之旁，然后通过排水嘴排出墙外。这种排水嘴俗称吐水嘴，往往用石雕成龙嘴形状。传说龙治水，可以避免城墙上的水患。

为了防止积水被排出之后危害墙体根基，在吐水嘴的下方还要修筑散水设施。通常是以砖、石铺成斜坡面，使吐水嘴吐出之水很快流掉，不至于积水成灾。

17、 水门、水关、水窦。长城绵延要经过许多山涧河岩，山涧河岩之水对长城墙体，尤其是季节性洪水，构成巨大威胁，如果不加以疏导便会冲毁长城。为此，在长城墙体下方构筑了疏水通道，称作水门或机关水窦。由于山涧河岩大小不同，山的高低水量也不相等;因而，水门的构造也不尽相同，但所筑水洞必须经久耐用。水门大多用大条石构筑，既经得住长城墙体的重压，又能够耐得住水流的冲刷。

18、 暗门、警门。长城墙体绵长，如果只凭关门或关城出入兵马，会影响战事贻误战机。于是，在长城墙体上又设立了许多狭小的便门，且被称作暗门，亦称闇门。“暗”“闇”音同义同，只是写法不同而已。出于满足军事的需要，暗门设置得比较隐蔽，不易被敌人发现，避免敌人作为攻城的突破口。暗门的设置，因战时紧急之时出兵使用，故而又被称作警门。

长城附属设施元素

长城附属设施元素包括烽燧、城堡、天田、羊马墙、榆塞、陷马坑、壕堑、加工厂等。这些设施，看起来不与长城墙体相连接。但从军事防御角度看，却与长城密切相关，具有一定的辅助功能，与长城构成了复杂而严密的科学防御体系。这些元素，既有各自的独立防御功能，又与其他元素遥相呼应，紧密配合，互为依存，是不可或缺的长城军事防御体系的组成部分。一些研究边防体系的专家，便把三位一体的烽燧、城堡、长城称作塞上三绝。

1、烽燧：烽燧是烽火台的总称，亦是烽火台最早的称谓。中国的长城万里长，伴随的便是古城堡、烽火台。

烽火台是是组成长城的重要元素，是用土、砖或石头构筑的高台群墩，多为实心，少数空心，按序线性排列，置于长城内外高地、山头或驿道旁，相邻的前后左右墩台在目力相瞩范围内，是中国古代从边境向内地传达战争警报的重要通讯设施。

烽燧是战争的产物。当时“边防备警急，作高土台，台上作桔皋。桔皋头有兜零，以薪草置其中，常低之，有寇即燃火举之，以相告，曰烽;又多积薪，寇至即焗之，望其烟，曰燧。昼则燔燧，夜乃举烽”(《后汉书·光武帝纪》卷一)。据《辞海》解释，夜里点的火叫烽，白天放的烟叫燧。烟易见于白昼，故昼燔燧;火易见于夜晚，故夜晚举烽。

烽火台的种类很多，反映的内容丰富，其形状各异。分圆形、方形、空心，有圆锥体附斗式的，有砖砌的裸土的，不一而足。圆型基本属汉代，而方型多属明代。就其圆形，唐代杜佑《通典·兵典·拒守法》有详细记载：“烽台，于高山四顾险要之处置之。无山亦弧回平地置。下筑羊马墙，高下任便，常以三五为准。太高五丈，下阔二丈，上闊一丈。形圆，上建圆屋覆之，屋径阔一丈六尺。一面挑出三尺，以板为上覆。下栈屋上置突灶三所。台下亦置三所并以石灰饰其表里，复置柴笼三所，流火绳三条，在台侧近上下，用屈膝梯上收下乘。屋四壁开觑贼孔，及安火筒，置旗一口、鼓一面、弩两张，抛石、垒木、停水瓮、干粮、麻蕴、火钻、火箭、艾蒿、狼粪、牛粪。每晨有夜平安举一火，闻警因举二火，见烟尘举三火，见贼烧柴笼，每晨及夜平安火不来，即烽子为贼所捉。一烽六人，五人烽子，递如更刻，观视动静。一人烽率，知文书符堞，传堞。”

从杜佑的记述中，证明圆型烽燧属于汉代与唐代，然而，根据夯土层观测，明代也有圆形的(明代烽堠夯土为20公分)。这是因为，明代固边修筑烽燧，或许就在汉代圆形烽燧遗迹基础上加高。

沿长城烽火台不仅数量多种类多，一些大型烽火台甚至还有辅助设施，建有高大的坞墙、站台、营房、库房和旅舍。如果观察分析沿长城筑台筑堡规律，川界平地往往筑堡多，烽台适中;如果山地河涧则筑堡少，筑墩多，烽墩硕大。如山西镇偏关一带，圆形烽墩就比大同镇烽墩高大粗壮。论其地形地貌，大同镇多为盆地，而山西镇多为山地。《明实录》载：关于烽燧的修筑规定：“各处烟墩务增筑高厚，上贮五月粮及柴薪药弩墩旁开井，井外围墙与墩平，外望如一。台上建库房，以供兵需。台顶上建铺房，亦称楼橹。”偏关一带山地建堡少，筑台应该按此规定实施的。敌兵来犯，守军在台上，犹如敌兵犯堡，堡门关闭无奈逃离。

无论是史料记载，还是民间口耳相传，烽火台只是一种通俗称谓和普遍概念。如果详细收集，烽火台有着多种的称谓。如烽、燧、亭、障、烽燧、亭障、侯望台、侯台、传烽、行烽、边墩、边冲台、火路墩、接火墩、接火台、烟墩、烟岗、台墩子、圆墩子、马面、腹里接火墩、烟台、烽堠、烽台、墩台、狼烟台、狼烟墩、望火台、骑墙墩、旗墩、燧亭、边台、敌楼、敌台、箭楼、塞上亭、建橹侯望、烽表、举烽、塞障、亭燧、列亭、列燧等40多种。

A 、烽火台有着悠久的历史。《史记》记载，西周最后一位天子周幽王好色，宠爱褒姒。褒姒不爱笑。为了逗褒姒发笑，周幽王想出了一个办法：点燃了那城镐的烽燧，把战鼓擂得震天响。按当时的律令，只有敌人前来侵犯，才能举烽燧报警。各路诸侯看到都城举烽燧，都以为有敌人来犯，迅疾带兵前来救援。“诸侯悉至，至而无寇，褒姒乃大笑。”后来犬戎真的来侵犯，周幽王慌了神，又下令点燃烽燧，各路诸侯都误认为周幽王又在搞恶作剧，戏弄诸侯，谁也不肯前来救援驱敌，“兵莫至，遂杀幽王于骊山下”。于是，西周被犬戎吞灭，该年为公元前771年。说明当时烽燧已用于报警通信。根据“烽火戏诸侯”的推断，烽燧在殷商之末西周之初就有了，起码近3000多年的历史。

到了战国时期，报警烽燧系统更为发达，使用亦普遍。几乎各诸侯国边境都设有烽燧。《史记·魏公子传》载：“公子(无忌)与魏王博，而北境传举烽，言赵寇至，且入界。”反映了当时边境烽燧报警的大致情况。又据《秦新郪虎符》记载，当烽燧报警时，军事长官“虽毋会符”，也可以调动军队。

战国时期的烽燧报警并不局限于边境，在内地守城时也多有使用。如《墨子·号令》记载：“与城上烽燧相望，昼则举烽，夜则举火。”可见烽燧应用于守城。《墨子·杂说》还记载当时曾借助于烽燧的多少来表示军情的紧急程度。

战国时期各国还修筑了亭、障的烽火台，后称汉亭障，用于军事上的守望、警戒。《韩非子·内储说上》“秦有小亭临境”，这就是秦抵临魏境的守望小亭。秦始皇三十二年(公元前215年)，“筑亭障以逐戎人，徙谪，实之初县”。

有关汉代的烽火台，出自长沙马王堆三号汉墓的《驻军图》亦有所表明。汉初，在与南越国接壤的边郡即有烽台之设。汉武帝开发西南夷地时，巴蜀与西南夷的边界上亦置烽燧。《史记·司马相如列传》记载：“告巴蜀太守：蛮夷自擅不讨之日久矣，时侵犯边境……夫边郡之士，闻烽举燧焗，皆摄弓而驰，荷兵而走，流汗相属，唯恐居后。”但自汉兴以来，烽燧的分布就集中在与匈奴邻境的北方边郡，后来则又沿长城扩大到西北和东北地区。《汉书·赵充国传》曾载其奏书曰：“窃见北边自敦煌至辽东万一千五百余里，乘塞燧有吏卒数千人虏数大众攻之而不能害。”西汉之时，有关烽燧的记载也多，《汉书·张骞传》载：“击破姑师，虏楼兰王，列亭障至玉门关。”《汉书·匈奴传》：“建塞障，起亭燧前以罢外城、省亭燧，今载足以谨侯望通烽火而矣。”当时防匈奴南犯，在北疆边塞修筑了不少亭燧或亭障一类的军事设施。近代在西北地区长城沿线曾发现许多汉代烽燧遗迹、遗物，并出土了大批反映当时烽燧制度的简文。

东汉之初，经过长期战乱，边塞的“鄣塞破坏，亭队(燧)绝灭”(《史记·秦始皇本纪》卷六)。当时，尽管汉武帝刘秀实行保守的边防政策，但对边防的修复工作仍在进行之中。如建武十二年(36年)，遣杜茂“将众郡施(驰)刑屯北边，筑亭侯，修烽燧”(《后汉书·汉武帝纪》卷一下)。建武十三年(37年)，“诏(王)霸将驰刑徒六千余人，与杜茂沿飞狐道堆石布土，筑起亭障，自代至平城三百余里”(《后汉书·王霸传》卷二十)。建武十四年，马武“屯常山、中山以备北边……又代骠骑大将军杜茂治障塞，自西河至渭桥，河上至安邑，太原至井陉，中山至邺，皆筑堡壁，起烽燧，十里一侯”(后汉书·马成传》卷二十二)。建武二十一年(45年)，“遣中郎将马援、谒者分筑烽燧，保壁稍兴”(《后汉书·郡国五》志第二十三)。由于当时采取这一系列措施，故西北边塞的防御体系基本上得到恢复。自汉武帝之后，边境战事频繁，对亭燧也时有修筑，如顺帝永建元年(126年)，“诏幽、并、凉州刺史……严敕障塞缮设屯备”(《后汉书·顺帝纪》卷六)。

明代是修筑烽火台最兴盛的朝代。当明王朝将蒙元势力赶到草原后，形成边境对峙。为了防止元朝复群势力南下，开始在北部修筑长城与敌台，现留下遗存甚多。明王朝增修边墙亦增筑墩台，多发生在嘉靖年间。兵部尚书翁万达认为：“山川之险，险与彼共。垣堑之险，险为我专。百人之堡，非千人不能攻，以有垣堑可凭也。修边之役，必当再举”。(《明史·翁万达传》卷一百九十八)。翁万达从嘉靖二十一年(1546)二月，到嘉靖二十八年(1549)四月，前后共奏请朝廷修筑烽堠363所。

B、 烽燧的管理。烽火台形状各异、种类较多、称谓不同，但共同的作用是“谨侯望，通烽火”。窥伺塞外敌情，侦探敌方动静，举火为号，以烽示警，传达号令。

在汉代，烽火台为边塞的侯望系统，是以烽燧及其戎戍为主的边防侦察报警体系，也是汉代边塞防御重要组成部分。

侯望早见于《左传》，烽火、烽表、举烽诸词，首见于《墨子》一书。《汉旧仪》云：“边郡太守各将万骑，引障塞烽火追虏。”据此，边塞侯望系统的最高长官，是边郡的太守，侦察敌情并举烽报警，是边郡地方长官防务的责任。由于太守职高繁重，而直接负责侯望系统的长官，是佑助太守掌武事的郡都尉和部都尉。都尉有侯、千长，司马军属官，其所在称城。

作为都尉属官之一的侯，包括军侯、斥侯、关侯，是都尉之下置于塞上警戒防御的一级机构。由于所处位置及任务不同，都尉之下所设侯官的数目也不等。侯秩比六百石，总领约百里边塞的守望诸事，其下有丞、令史、尉史、侯长、士吏等属吏。侯官又指挥官属，侯官所在称障。

汉制，“近塞郡皆置尉，百里一人”，西汉称“塞尉”，秩百石，是侯之属吏，位在士吏、侯长之上。西汉一般以侯官名塞，如居延都尉府所属甲渠候官名为“甲渠塞”或“甲渠侯官塞”。每一侯官治一塞，下置若干侯长，侯长官属称部。侯长负责若干烽燧，同时侯官士吏分驻各部协助侯长，一塞的所置部之多少因侯塞的地位不同而各异，如甲渠侯官塞地处居延中枢，故下置28个部，而与之辖区相连的肩水都尉治下的广地侯却只见3个部。

部下置烽燧，当时烽燧可与亭、燧互称，在一定场合，可称作亭障、列亭、列燧。烽燧是侯望系统最基层的单位，因位置或任务不同，烽燧大小不一，人数各异，最小者只有一二人，最大者则近30人。

侯望系统属于边防军系列，不同于兵书野战部队编制，而是兼有地方行政的某些特征。为有效地实现“侯望”，在亭燧戍所设有各种观察装置和侦迹设施。平时谨慎迹侯，战时举烽报警，为塞防之耳目。

C、 烽火品约。“烽火品約”乃汉简之文，是西汉时期关于烽火的品种、品数及其施放的法律规定，是边塞烽燧举烽报警的准则。除了中央政府颁布有关举烽的律令章程之外，各边郡都有自己的烽火品约，而个别边郡的都尉府又在郡级烽火品约规定的指导下，结合本防区的实际情况，把烽火传递的路线及所辖不同侯塞一一注明，从而形成了都尉府的烽火品约(程喜霖《汉唐烽侯制度研究》，三秦出版社1990年版)。

据汉简所示，西汉时期居延塞的烽火信号分为烽、表、烟、苣火和积薪五类：

烽为白昼使用的信号，其初义大概是草薪燃火为报警信号。汉边塞之烽有布烽和草烽两种：布烽是以缯布、布或绢制作，即在一种被称为“垫”的框架四周蒙上布帛而成;草烽即用草编成一笼形物(兜零)作为烽号。两种烽皆分赤、白两色，布烽不可燃，草烽可燃，置于竖在堠坞的烽架之上，遇到警报则举布烽或燃草烽。按置烽的位置，又分堠(坞)、上烽、旁烽、地烽(皆在坞旁地上)。

表是以布帛蒙在一长方形木架上，其形制如桔槔。表是布烽的一种，以大小不一分大表、小表，置所不一分坞上表、地表，又以用途不同分为亡人赤表、兰入表和诟表。所谓“亡人赤表”是以赤色的表告示烽塞警戒追索逃人;“兰入表”用于敌寇侵犯塞防之时;“诟表”是对烽火滞苗失误的督责信号，表用于白昼。

烟是烽燧白昼与烽、表相配合的烽号。烽燧备有施烟灶，灶在台下，烟囱高出台上堠顶女墙。报警时在灶膛内点燃柴草、粪，烟火、烟囱火光冲天，远远得以望见。汉代施烟多是灶与积薪并举，尤其是在军情紧急之时，多以点燃积薪施烟，其效果甚佳。

苣火是夜间使用的信号，简称火。因其形制、作用不同，苣分大苣、小苣、程苣、角火苣，但都统称烽苣或苣。苣，一般都用芦苇制成。苣火通常是由燧卒手执燃举，或竖于堠顶燃举，还可以置于兜零中燃举。

积薪是烽燧煽燃积薪以浓烟或烈火表示的一种烽号，昼夜皆可用。积薪有大小之别，一般大积薪白昼施烟，小积薪夜间放火。凡积薪一般皆置于距烽燧10米以外，但也有特殊地段，像敦煌汉烽积薪距烽台为50—100米。积薪与烽燧线呈垂直排列，以便侯望应和。

上述五类烽火信号并非各自孤立使用，而是根据敌情组合使用。依据敌人的多寡及远近，可把敌情分为几种。敌情品级不同，烽火的组合品级也就不同，烽号的举放次第及次数也随之而变。例如，敌号1000人以上入塞或500-2000人攻亭障为第三品级，烽火组合为烽与积薪和苣火与积薪，其举放为昼三烽、燔二积薪、夜三苣火、燔二积薪。在都尉府的烽火品级中，依敌入侵方位又制定了一些特殊信号，并规定了不同的举烽方法。

由于烽火传递只依靠燧卒的肉眼观察信号，如遇阴晦风雨，警烽便难以传递，便会发生举烽失误的情况。对此，则采取了遣驿骑驰急告或传檄等措施给予补救。

边塞烽火的传递不仅是定向的，而且也是有次序的，多以前沿始发烽燧而向后一烽接一烽传递，直至本塞应和，再由所属塞将警烽传到都尉府。这种传递，总是从北向南，因为胡人犯塞由北边而来，逐次向南传递直至部、塞、都尉府，都尉府再把警烽通过火路墩传至郡。

长城经过的中东部地区人烟稠密，堡垒的间距较短，往往辅以飞马传信来补充详细军情。西部地区辽阔，人力有所不逮，而采用了连墩，即五至十多墩编组，发布组合编码的复杂信号。宋《武经总要》对烽制有较详细的记载，明代基本与宋一脉相承。如明成化二年(1466年)规定：“领边堠举放烽炮，若见贼一二人或百余人，举放一烽一炮，五百人二烽二炮，千人以上三烽三炮，五千以上四烽四炮，万人以上五烽五炮。”

由于烽火关联紧急军情，所以烽火台接力报警信号所传递的信息包含了入侵者的大致数量、方位与危机程度。烽燧信号互动系统传播速度不仅要求准确，而且还必须迅速。根据史料记载测算，烽火运作的速度每昼夜600-700公里。唐《烽式》规定：“一昼夜须行二千里。”还有明中后期的记载：烽火信号可在三个时辰内传到800公里蓟镇。

D、 对部分烽火台的解读

(1)汉亭障

我国古代烽燧遗存，以汉代和明代居多，汉代烽燧遗存主要分布在西北地区。由于气候干旱居民稀少，许多烽燧得以保存下来，称“汉亭障”或“亭燧”。“亭”为乡亭之引申，汉有“十里一亭”之制。所谓“燧”“鐆”，《说文》曰：“燧，塞上亭，守烽火者也。”“亭”有时和“障”相连，称为“亭障”。汉亭障属大型烽火台，除瞭望报警外，还兼备了障城、驿站、行政管理与司法助民的功能。战时俨然是拒敌的堡垒，和平年代可为行旅、驿卒提供休息场所和给养，接待朝廷命官和草原汗王遣来的使节。

(2)烟岗

烟岗是俗称，顾名思义是空腹空心的，就像一个大烟囱，是诸多烽火台中的一种具有特殊功能的烽火台。

烟岗属明代修筑，做工精细，虽然空心，但历经五百年风吹雨淋，坚固不倒。据说，修筑烟岗采取了特殊的工艺，用土通过蒸或炒高温加工，杀死了土里的微生物和所夹草木的种子，用熬稠的小米粥或黄米粥搅拌夯实垒筑，其黏度增加了黏合力。所以烟岗较之其他种类的烽火台坚固耐久，不易剥蚀倒塌。烟岗主要修筑在塞口或关隘之处高地。

烟岗高耸高台或山岗，并不孤立存在，烟岗下有羊马墙和站房，是驻兵执勤警务的附属设施。烟岗还有通向塞口的马道，塞口一旦发现敌人侵入，就会有士兵骑马沿马道疾驰而至，告其迅速点火。

(3)空心敌台

空心敌台修筑于明代。隆庆元年(1567)八月，明征召谭纶、戚继光升任并相继入京加强设防，主要是修筑敌台和边墙。隆庆三年(1569)正月，議筑空心敌台。谭纶认为，长城防线绵长，守备单薄，鞑靼往往以数十人在人们预想不到的地域攀援而入。守墙军见鞑靼进入，不看人数多少，往往望风而逃，全线崩溃，使鞑靼可以长驱直入，随意拆墙，大规模内犯。如果加宽边墙，两面皆设垛口，隔七八十垛穿一小门，人能曲折而上;修筑墩台，缓者百步，冲者50步或30步建台一座，内可容50人。修筑这样的敌台，无战事士兵可住在上面瞭望，有警时士兵可击聚攻之虏，更便于发挥弗郎机、鸟统等火器的威力，迫使敌人的冷兵器无威力，守兵有险可峙。

修筑事宜确定后，由戚继光主持。戚继光亲自沿长城查看地形，制定建台规则，组织人力修筑。

谭纶和戚继光原计划修建空心敌台3000座，每座需银50两，明廷批准建筑1200座，发银5万两。到隆庆四年(1570)二月，在且修且守的情况下，共建敌台472座。隆庆五年(1571)八月，第一期修台工程又完成1017座，这样长城沿线共修建1489座，台台相应，构成了较严密的长城防线。

第一期修台竣工之后，虽然要冲之处均有敌台，但有的地段敌台尚不足，于是戚继光于万历元年(1573)二月上疏请增建。经朝廷允许，开始了第二期修建工程。到万历三年(1575)二月竣工。两期共建台1799座，大大加强了长城的防卫作用。

(4)火路墩

顾名思义，火路墩是沿路修筑的墩台。当朱元璋将北元残余势力赶到草原后，在军事最具要塞之地的边城——白羊城建立了大同都卫，之后又改山西行都司，是北边长城一线最大的军事集团，曾管辖26个卫所，其守边范围东达居庸关防界，西至黄河老牛湾。如此长线的守边军队，如何将所发现和掌握的敌情及时上报，只能靠烽燧传递信息。于是就将卫所与行都司的通道专门修筑了烽火台，这便是火路墩，以此形成传信的网状结构。遇有军事，从边防到卫所，再从卫所到行都司，得以迅速传信。

在宇宙间，以光的传播速度最快，每秒为30万公里。古代人很早就发现了这个科学道理，故而巧妙地利用烟火之光来传递边防军事信息。在设有电话、电台现代科学信息传递军事情报的年代，中央指挥部要及时掌握边防军事信息或情报，既靠驿马的传递，也靠火路墩的传递，但驿马的传递速度远远不如火路墩传递的速度快，因而火路墩是下情上达必需的指挥线和遥感线。

(5)旗墩

旗墩一般是指长城上的骑墙墩。明代火路墩与接火墩修筑密集，基本代表了旗墩的功能，即预警以举旗或挂灯为号。每当敌人来犯或接近边境时，白天举旗夜间挂灯，根据来犯之敌的数量多少，所举旗子或灯笼的数目与颜色也不同。旗信应由汉代举表演变而来。用旗墩传信避免了刮风下雨难以点火传信的缺陷，而且传递的防御面积大，速度也快。为了固定旗杆便于举旗，旗墩上还镶嵌了特制的旗杆石。

(6)修筑在墓冢上的烽堠

在山西左云、右玉境内，除看到沿长城密集的边墩外，还可看到点缀在长城一线星星点点的烽墩，称接火墩，为明代修筑。这些烽墩多修筑在山包、山梁、丘陵、土台等高地上。这些烽墩的下边，竟然是墓冢，近几年都被盗墓贼挖了盗洞。为何会有这种特殊的接火墩呢?

魏前期，拓跋氏族在大同建都近百年，左云、右玉乃属代西畿内之地，有着广阔的土地面积。这个在大同近百年的王朝，修筑陵墓便成了大事。皇帝驾崩，根据鲜卑拓跋氏族的葬俗，陵寝墓冢均选择高地。皇帝占山为陵毫无疑问，代西大地的阴山余脉是最好的风水宝地，于是一世又一世的皇陵选址修筑在山上，而朝廷大臣只能在川界或丘陵高地上选择墓地。

历史跨越900年，朱元璋为防止元朝残余势力复辟，明开始在边界线上修筑长城堡寨墩台，按防御力量的走向和对抗规则修建军事设施，除长城沿线密集的墩台外，在长城以内的府城周围选高地修筑接火墩，称“腹里接火墩”。而一些高地偏偏是封土高大的北魏墓冢，于是这些墓冢便成了基础，接火墩便修筑其上，为的是利用地形地物，节省开支。

(7)以烽堠命名的村庄

历史上，无论哪种形式的烽堠，都安排士兵守台，少则2人，多则50人。一些重要军事地段的烽堠，多数筑有羊马墙和站房，为的是守台士兵长期居住。后来战事消弭，这些烽堠闲置起来，羊马墙里便住进了居民或移民，居民集聚得多了就形成了村落，村落的名字也许就是这个墩台的称谓。沿长城一线叫墩、台的村落很多，这些村落的名称无疑是根据村中的墩台而叫的。当然，有些被称作墩台的村落，看起来村中并无什么墩台，但村庄的附近肯定有墩台。这样的村庄落成，一方面有附近墩台羊马墙内的居民迁来，一方面是异地移民选择附近墩台作为标志而落居，因而村落的名称也就是附近墩台的名称。

长城是在人文始祖颛顼帝时出现的。长城出现以后，便在长城沿线纷纷修筑烽燧，使烽燧得到了极大发展。一些研究长城和边塞文化的专家学者，调查长城往往沿烽燧寻找长城，这不无一定道理。烽燧作为独立的军事通讯系统，选地位置自有它的科学道理和奥秘，所以在没有长城的地方也会看到烽燧。

烽燧作为古代军事通讯系统设施，已三千余年，给人们留下了深刻的印象，至今人们依然用烽火狼烟作为战争的代名词，也当做新生的革命军事力量来称谓，甚至在文艺作品中时常出现。

明代以前，由于没有比烽燧更先进的通讯技术，烽燧制度比较完善，管理得也严格;到了清代，因电话、电报、电传从西方传入，烽燧逐渐被这些电讯设备所代替，因而失去了它应有的作用和功能，最终退出了历史的舞台。然而，烽燧毕竟是历史产物，是对历史最形象的说明，也是研究历史和边塞文化的活化石活教材。随着社会的发展，烽燧作为一种历史军事遗存，似乎又赋予了它新的而深刻的内涵，如“抗日烽火”之说，又如喻意接替、传递之意;因而人们对它崇敬，也给它赞美。

选自《人民新闻》

八达岭长城游记范文第3篇

长城是中华民族的象征，是古今中外人人皆知的古建筑奇迹。我游览过其它长城，但这次我决定要去其中最为著名的八达岭长城。

出了北京市区后，不久就能望见山的轮廓。连绵不断的山岭披着重重叠叠的苍翠，时而露出如刀砍斧劈出的锋棱。道路两边，崇山峻岭向前延伸，消失在蔚蓝的天边。

终于到达了长城，一眼望去，长城在群山中蜿蜒伸展，在云雾缭绕的山峰中飞腾。再前面是未开放的野长城，极为险要，有的斜坡接近垂直，那长满杂草的断壁残垣，又让人想起金戈铁马的古战场。我抑制不住心中的激动，迫不及待登上了长城。

八达岭长城游记范文第4篇

The Great Wall, like the Pyramids of Egypt, the Taj Mahal(1) in India and the Hanging Garden of Babylon(2), is one of the great wonders of the world. Starting out in the east on the banks of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province, the Wall stretches westwards for 12,700 kilometers to Jiayuguan in the Gobi desert, thus known as the Ten Thousand Li Wall in China. The Wall climbs up and down, twists and turns along the ridges of the Yanshan and Yinshan Mountain Chains through five provinces--Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu--and two autonomous regions--Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, binding the northern China together.

Historical records trace the construction of the origin of the Wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 B.C. during the reign of King Cheng of the States of Chu. Its construction continued throughout the Warring States period in the fifth Century B.C. when ducal states Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Qin were frequently plundered by the nomadic peoples living north of the Yinshan and Yanshan mountain ranges. Walls, then, were built separately by these ducal states to ward off such harassments. Later in 221 B.C., when Qin conquered the other states and unified China, Emperor Qinshihuang ordered the connection of these individual walls and further extensions to form the basis of the present great wall. As a matter of fact, a separate outer wall was constructed north of the Yinshan range in the Han Dynasty(206 BC--1644 BC.), which went to ruin through years of neglect. In the many intervening centuries, succeeding dynasties rebuilt parts of the Wall. The most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the Ming Dynasty (1368--1644) when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks. it is mostly the Ming Dynasty Wall that visitors see today. The Great Wall is divided into two sections, the east and west, with Shanxi Province as the dividing line. The west part is a rammed earth construction, about 5.3 meters high on average. In the eastern part, the core of the Wall is rammed earth as well, but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks. The most imposing and best preserved sections of the Great Wall are at Badaling and Mutianyu, not far from Beijing and both are open to visitors. The Wall of those sections is 7.8 meters high and 6.5 meters wide at its base, narrowing to 5.8 meters on the ramparts, wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast. There are ramparts, embrasures, peep-holes and apertures for archers on the top, besides gutters with gargoyles to drain rain-water off the parapet walk. Two-storied watch-towers are built at approximately 400-meters internals. The top stories of the watch-tower were designed for observing enemy movements, while the first was used for storing grain, fodder, military equipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers. The highest watch-tower at Badaling standing on a hill-top, is reached only after a steep climb, like "climbing a ladder to heaven". The view from the top is rewarding, hoverer. The Wall follows the contour of mountains that rise one behind the other until they finally fade and merge with distant haze. A signal system formerly existed that served to communicate military information to the dynastic capital. This consisted of beacon towers on the Wall itself and on mountain tops within sight of the Wall. At the approach of enemy troops, smoke signals gave the alarm from the beacon towers in the daytime and bonfire did this at night. Emergency signals could be relayed to the capital from distant places within a few hour long before the invention of anything like modern communications. There stand 14 major passes (Guan, in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan. Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing. Known as "Tian Xia Di YI Guan" (The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast. It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (1644-1911) Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the "Strategic pass Under the Heaven" as an important communication center in Chinese history. Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road. Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions. Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too. The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship. It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference. It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one. On each gate sits a tower facing each other. the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each. Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains. The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century. At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba, since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368). At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls. The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship. such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving. The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia. Undoubtedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages. As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world. The Venice charter says: "Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events." The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world. In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site. Notes:1. the Taj Mahal in India 印度的泰姬陵2. the Hanging Garden of Babylon 巴比伦的空中花园3. Sanskrit 梵语4. Uigur 维吾尔语

There stand 14 major passes (Guan, in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan. Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing. Known as "Tian Xia Di YI Guan" (The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast. It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (1644-1911) Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the "Strategic pass Under the Heaven" as an important communication center in Chinese history. Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road. Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions. Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too. The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship. It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference. It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one. On each gate sits a tower facing each other. the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each.

Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains. The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century. At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba, since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368). At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls. The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship. such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving. The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia. Undoubtedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages.

As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world. The Venice charter says: "Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events." The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world. In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site. 故宫 hello, everyone，we are now going to pay a visit to a place of special interest. this scenic spot is located at the center of beijing and is characterized by thousands of palatial architectures and purple walls as well as yellow glazed tile roofs- it is simply a sea of palaces. this is the world – famous wonder – the palace museum.

the palace museum has served as the royal residence during the ming and qing dynasties. it was here that a total of 24 monarchs ascended the throne and wielded power for some 500 years. the palace museum, as the most beautiful spot of interest throughout beijing, is unique for its location: to the northwest is beihai(north sea) park, famous for its white pagoda and rippling lake; to the west is the zhongnahai (central and south sea); to the east lies the the wangfujing shopping street; and to the north id jinshan park. standing in the wanchun (everlasting spring) pavilion at the top of jingshan(charcoal hill) park, you overlook the skyline of the palace museum. at the southern end of the palace is tian` anmen (gate of heavenly peace) and the famous square named after it . this is the symbol of the people` s republic of china. a world-famous historical site, the palace museum is on the world heritage list of unesco and is an embodiment of oriental civilization.

the palace museum is rectangular in shape, 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meters wide from east to west, covering a space of 720,000 square meters of which 150,000 is building area . it has 9000-strong rooms in it . according to legend there are 9999.5 room-units in all .the whole compound is enclosed by a 10-meter-hign wall and is accessed through four entrances, namely, the meridian gate in the south ,the gate of military prowess in the north, donghua(eastern flowery ) gate in the north, donghua ( eastern flowery) gate in the east and xihua(western flowery ) gate in the west. on each corner there is a turret consisted of 9 roof beams, 18 pillars and 72 ridge . encircling the compound there is a 3,800-meter-long and 52 meter-wide moat, making the palace museum a self-defensive city-within-a city.

the palace museum was made a center of rule during the ming dynasty by zhun di, the fourth son of the founding emperor zhuyuanzhang. the whole complex straddles on an 8-kilometers-long central axis that stretches from yongding (forever stable) gate in the south to gulou (drum tower) in the north. prominence was given to the royal power by putting the ―three main front halls‖ and ―three back halls ‖on the axis while arrange other subsidiary structure around them .the construction of the palace museum involved manpower and resources across china. for example, the bricks laid in the halls ,known as ―gold brick, ‖ underwent complex, two –dozen processes. as the final touch ,the fired bricks were dipped in chinese wood oil. involving complicated processes and high cost, these brick are called ―golden bricks.‖ the palace museum serves as a living embodiment of good tradition and styles unique to china` s ancient architecture. it reflects to the full the ingenuity and creativity of the chinese working people. a carefully preserved and complete group of royal residences, the palace museum is a prominent historical and tourist site.

what we are now approaching is the main entrance to the palace museum-the meridian gate, which is characterized by red walls, yellow glazed –tile roofs and upturned eaves. on top of this walls, yellow glazed-tile roofs and upturned eaves. on top of this magnificent building ,there stand five lofty halls with a main hall in the center. the main hall is roofed by multiple eaves and covers a space of 9 room-units. it is flanked by two wings on each side .the wings are square in shape ,complete with multiple and four edged eaves and pinnacles. all of these structures are connected by a colonnade. because these halls resemble a soaring bird, it was also know as wufenglou (five-phoenix tower) . inside the main hall there is a throne. drums and bells were stored in the wings. whenever the emperor presided over grand ceremonies or observed rites in the hall of upreme harmony, drums, bells and gongs would be struck to mark the occasion.

as the legend goes, the meridian gate used to be a place where condemned ranking officials would be executed. this not true. however, flogging was carried out here by the ming emperors ,if a courtier falls afoul of the emperor, he would be stripped of his court dress and flogging with a stick .at one point the punishment became so harsh that a total of 11 people died from fatal wound on a single occasion .on the other hand, this building was also used to observe important occasions like the traditional chinese lantern festival (15th day of the first lunar month). on these occasions, chinese lanterns would be hanged and sumptuous banquets would be given in honour of the whole court of ministers and other ranking officials.

upon entering the meridian gate we began our tour of the palace museum. the river foowing in front of us is known as jin shui he (golden water river) and the five marbles bridges spanning it are known as the inner golden water bridges. the on in the middle was used exclusive by the emperor and its banisters were carved with dragon and phoenix designs. the bridges flanking the imperial one were reserved for princes and other royal members. the rest were used by palatines. aside from decoration, the golden water river was also dug as precaution against fire. most of the structures within the palace museum are made of wood. what is more ,according to ancient chinese cosmology, the south is the abode of fire, so this brook was dug on the southern tip of the palace. in this way, the palace museum reflects traditional chinese culture.

this building is called the gate of supreme harmony .in the foreground stand two bronze lions. can anybody tell which is male and which is female? the one on the east playing with a ball is male, symbolizing power and universal unity. the other on the west with a cub cuddling underneath its claw is female? the one on the east playing with a ball is male, symbolizing power and universal unity. the other on the west with a cub cuddling underneath its claw is female, representing prosperity the endless succession. a layout of the palace museum is posted by the entrance . from it ,you can see that the palace museum has two main parts: the forecourt and the inner court. the three main halls constitute the mainstay of the forecourt, and it was here that the emperor announced decisions and observed rites. behind the forecourt there is the inner court, consisting of major halls and the imperial garden .it was where the emperor attended state affairs, lived and enjoyed his luxurious life. the exhibition system of the palace museum involves historical court relics and articles of ancient art and culture. the palace museum houses nearly one million articles of rare treasure, or one sixth of the total number in all of china `s museums. there are the three main halls of the palace museum, built on a triple marble terrace . since most of china `s architecture is made of wood, the buildings cannot be too tall. to gain the height of the architecture, ingenious ancient artisans built the hall on a gigantic stone terrace .it is also to this end that not a single plant was grown in the square. on stairways of triple marble terrace there are 18 bronze tripods .the verandah is flanked by bronze tortoises and cranes, which served as symbols of longevity .on the east is a sundial, an ancient timepiece. on the west there is a grain measure suggesting that the emperor was just and equitable.

in the front and on each flank ,there is a pair of gilt bronze vats (caldrons ) molded during the reign of emperor qianlong of the qing dynasty .each of these weights 2 tons and is filled with water as a precaution in the event of a fire .the structure in the very middle is the hall of supreme harmony ,also known as the throne hall. it is 64 meters in width and is 38 meters from entrance to rear. with terrace exclusive ,the hall is 26.92 meters in height and is 35.03 meters in all .covering and areaof 2,377 square meters, the hall of supreme harmony is china` s largest exiting wooden structure. the hall is supported by 6 thick ,round pillars carved in a design of coiling dragons. as the holiest place in the hall, the ceiling and colored patterns were made of the finest material available at that time. the throne was placed on a terrace and is flanked by statues of elephants, luduan (a unicorn which could travel 18,000 kilometers a day and understand all languages), cranes and incense barrels .over the throne there is the caisson ,or covered ceiling ,which consists of a coiling dragon playing with a ball in its mouth .this ball is known as xuanyuan mirror ,and was supposedly made by a chinese emperor of remote times to serve as a reminder that thee rulers to follow were his hereditary heirs. the throne is made of nanmu and painted in gold .magnificently built and luxuriously decorated ,this hall did not serve as a place in which the emperor attended to daily affairs. he used his hall for major events such as his birthday, conferral of title of empress or dispatch of generals to war.

behind the hall of supreme harmony ,there sits the hall of complete harmony. this structure is square in shape .each side is 24.15 meters. this was the place where the emperor relaxed and greeted his courtiers before proceeding to the hall of supreme harmony to observe rites. this was also the place where the emperor prepared prayers or examined seeds and sowers before he attended ancestral sacrifices or participated in snowing ceremonies. a grand ceremony was also held here once every 10 years for the emperor to genealogize the royal blood. there are two sedan chairs on display in the hall. behind the hall of complete harmony ,you will see the hall of preserving harmony, which was used as a place where imperial examinations were held. the imperial examination was the hignest level of competing for meritorious appointment under the feudal system dating back to the sui dynasty. china` s last imperial examination was held in 1904 during the reign of emperor guangxu of the qing dynasty. to the rear of hall there is a marble ramp carved with cloud and dragon designs, the largest of its kind in the whole country . it is 16.57 meters in length, 3.07 meters in width, 1.7 meters thick and weighs 250 tons. it was quarried in fangshan county in suburban beijing. to bring this giant piece of stone to beijing people poured water onto the road and applied rolling blocks during the process.

we are now standing before the square of the hall of heaven purity. it served as a divide separating the forecourt from the inner court .this building is known as the gate of heavenly purity. emperor qianlong held court here. proceeding further north ,you can find three main rear halls ,i.e. the hall of heavenly purity. the hall of union and peace and palace of earthly tranquility. the hall of heavenly purity if flanked on either side by two gates named after the sun and moon .inside the enclosure there are 12 palaces and halls symbolizing constellations. all of the other buildings are centered around the palace of heavenly purity , which was meant to suggest that the monarch` s power was endowed by heaven. the empress and concubines lived in the inner court.

the hall of heavenly purity was where the emperor lived and attended to daily affairs. later the emperor moved to live in the palace of mental cultivation. looking up you can see a plaque bearing the chinese inscription ―be open and above-board,‖ a manifesto to court struggle .behind the plaque a strongbox was stored containing a will bearing the name of the would –be royal successor. this approach of secretly selecting the next emperor was adopted by emperor yongzheng of the qing dynasty. two copies of the will were prepared .one was stashed by the emperor in person ,the other was placed inside the strong box behind the plaque. after the death of the emperor, the two copies would be compared and successor would be announced. it was in this way that emperor qianglong and others have ascended the throne.

behind the hall of heavenly purity you will see the hall of union and peace , which is indentical to the hall of complete harmony. it was there that the emperor received congratulations and tributes from imperial officials on major calender occasions , a total of 25 imperial seals are stored there. in the hall, you will see a plaque with the handwritten inscription of ―we wei,‖ exhorting taoist doctrines.

further northward is the palace of earthly tranquillity, which once served as the living room of the empresses` . the hall was later converted into a sacrificial place .through the windowpanes on the eastern wall you can see the royal bed decorated with dragon and phoenix designs. this hall has also served as the bridal chamber of monarchs.

the gate of earthly tranquilliity leads to the imperial garden (known to westerners as qianlong` s garden ),which was used by the emperor ,the empress, and the concubines. a magnificent structure stands in the middle. it is called the qin `s an (imperial peace) hall. it is the only building in the palace museum that was built in taoist style. it served as a shrine to the taoist deity. the garden covers a space of 12,000 square meters ,and is 130 meters from east to the west and some 90 meters from north to the south. there are a dozen halls, verandahs, pavilions and waterside houses in the garden . on each of the fur corner there is a pavilion dedicated to the four seasons which is different in construction style and shape. the garden also features an imperial landscape. with rare trees and exotic rockery, the imperial garden served as a model for china` s imperial parks .in all ,a total of 10-strong building styles were applied.

the tall building we are now passing is the gate of military prowess, the back door of the palace museum. our visit is now drawing to a conclusion but the architectures of the palace are not . on the other side of the road is the 43-meter-hign charcoal hill , providing natural protection for the forbidden city. this was also an embodiment of china` s construction style-putting a pool in the front and a hill in the rear. now let` s climb up to wanchun (everlasting springs ) pavillion where we` ll have a great view of the palace museum. 颐和园 the tour will take 4-6 hours. the route is as follows: out side the east gate-side the east gate –in front of the hall of benevolence and longevity- in front of garden of virtuous harmony-in front of the grand theater building- a lakeside walk from the garden of virtuous harmony to the hall o jade ripples- in front of the o jade ripples- in front of the yiyunguan (chamber of mortal being)-hall of happiness and longevity- in front of the yaoyue (chamber of mortal beings)-hall of happiness and longevity-in front of the yaoyue(inviting the moon ) gate of the long corridor- strolling along the long corridor- visiting an exhibition of cultural relics- in front of the hall of dispelling clouds- inside the hall of dispelling clouds- atop the tower of buddhist incense- on a hilltop leading from the back door of the tower of buddhist incense- on a hilltop leading from the back door of the tower of buddhist incense- inside the garden of harmonious interest –outside the south gate to suzhou shopping street- atop the stone bridge inside the suzhou shopping street –on the road from the south gate of suzhou shopping street- on the road form the south gate of suzhou shopping street to the marble boat- in front of the ruins of the garden of complete spring –along the lakeside by the marble boat-boating on the kunming lake-leaving out through the east gate.

(out side the east gate)

ladies and gentlemen: welcome to the summer palace. (after the self-introduction of the guide -interpreter) i hope this will be an interesting and enjoyable day for you . during our tour, you will be introduced to time honored historical and cultural traditions, as well as picturesque views and landscapes. the construction of the summer palace first started in 1750. at that time, the qing dynasty was in its heyday and china was a powerful asian country with vast territories. the monarch in power then was emperor qianlong. with supreme power and large sums of money, he summoned skillful and ingenious artisans from all over the country to carry out this construction work in honor of his mother `s birthday. after 15 years and one seventh of the nation` s annual revenue spent, the garden of clear ripples was completed and served as a testimony to china` s scientific and technological achievements. in 1860, this vast royal garden was burnt down along with the yuanming yuan (garden of perfection and brightness) by angol-french allied forces. in 1888, empress dowager cixi reconstructed the garden on the same site and renamed it the garden of nurtured harmony (summer palace). characterized by its vast scope and rich cultural embodiments, the summer palace has become one of the most famous tourist sites in the world. this is the main entrance to the summer palace-the east gate on top of the eaves of the door there is a plaque bearing a chinese inscription which means ―garden of nurtured harmony‖ , whose calligrapher was emperor guangxu. the gate that you are now entering was used exclusively by the emperor, the empress and the queer mother. all others used the side doors. (inside the east gate)

the summer palace can be divided into two parts: longevity hill and kunming lake .the whole garden covers an area of 290 hectares, of whih three- fourths consists of a lake and rivers .this imperial garden features 3,000 room-units and covers an expanse of 70,000 square meters with more than 100 picturesque spots of interest. the layout of the summer palace includes three groups of architectures: palaces where the emperor attended to state affairs, resting palaces of the emperor and empress, and sightseeing areas. entering the east gate we will come the the office quarters. entering the east gate we will come to the office quarters. the annex halls on both sides were used for officials on duty. this is the gate of benevolence and longevity. above the door there is a plaque bearing the same name in both chinese and manchurian characters. the gigantic rock in the foreground is known as taihu rock, or eroded limestone, quarried in jiangsu province and placed here to decorated the garden. on the marble terrace sits a bronze mythical beast, known as qilin or xuanni . it was said to the one of the nine sons of dragon king. a point of peculiar interest is that it has the head of a dragon, antlers of a deer, the tail of a lion and hooves of a ox, and is covered with a unique skin. it was considered an auspicious creature that brought peace and prosperity. this grand hall is the hall of benevolence and longevity. it was built in 1750 , and was known as the hall of industrious government. emperor qianlong ruled that the halls where monarchs attended to state affairs would be named after them . after the rebuilding of the summer palace, the hall was renamed, suggesting that benevolent rulers would enjoy long lives.

the arrangement of the hall has been left untouched. in the middle of the hall stands a throne made of sandalwood and carved with beautiful designs. in the background there is a screen carved with nine frolicking dragons. on either side of the throne there are two big fans made of peacock feathers, two column-shaped incense burners, crane-shaped lanterns and an incense burner assuming the form of luduan, a mythological animal which was suppose to have the power to prevent fire. the small chambers on eight side were where the emperor qianlong and empress dowager cixi rested and met officials on formal occasions. on the verandah in the foreground of the hall there are bronze statues of dragon and phoenixes which served as incense burners on major occasions. they are hollow and smoke comes through holes on their backs. also on the veranda are tai ping (peace) bronze water vats made during the reign of emperor qianlong. as a precaution in case of fire, a fire was lit underneath the vats in the winter to keep the water in them from freezing. (at the entrance of garden of virtuous harmony)

we are now visiting the garden of virtuous harmony, where emperor qianlong and empress dowager cixi were entertained with beijing opera performances. it mainly consists of the dressing house, the grand theater building and the hall of pleasure smiles. the grand theater building known as the ―cradle of beijing opera‖ was uniquely laid out and magnificently decorated. on september 10, 1984, the garden of virtuous harmony opened its doors to visitors. there are also 7 exhibition halls with articles of daily use on display here. the staff here put up court dresses of qing dynasty in order to give the visitor a more vivid impression. (in front of the grand theater building)

this building is 21 meters in height and 17 meters in width and features three tiers of tilted eaves and stages. all of the stages are connected to a raise ,and a winch is installed at the top. a well and 5 ponds were sunk under the ground stage. there are trapdoors in the ceiling for fairies to descend, as well as on the floor for demons to surface. the underground passages also served as a means of improving resonance and making the performers` voices more audible .of the three main theater building of the qing dynasty, the grand theater building is the tallest and the largest. the other two are changyin (fluent voice ) pavilion in chengde, an imperial summer resort. the building played a major part in fostering the birth and development of beijing opera: since the completion of the grand theater building, many performances were held in it in honor of the empress dowager cixi. (a lakeside walk from the garden of virtuous harmony to the hall of jade ripples)

we are now standing in the middle of a rockery behind the hall of benevolent and longevity. it appears that there` s nothing special ahead. however, after we clear the rockery, we will reach kunming lake. this is a application of a specific style of chinese gardening. not far away in the lake there is a islet. it is filled with peach and weeping willow trees and serves as a ideal place to appreciate the scenery. the pavilion on the islet is called zhichun (understanding spring) pavilion and is chardcterized by four- edged, multiple eaved roofs. (in front of the hall of jade ripples)

this group of special and quiet courtyard dwelling is the hall of jade ripples. it was first used by emperor qianlong to attend to state affairs. it was also where emperor guangxu of the late qing dynasty was kept under house arrest.

this hall is a hallmark of the reform movement of 1898, emperor guanxu was empress dowager cixi` s nephew. after emperor tongzhi died, empress dowager cixi made her nephew, who was at that time four years old a successor in order to continue her wielding of power behind the scenes. when emperor guanxu was 19 years old ,empress dowager cixi relinquished power to him but continued to exert considerable influence. in 1898, the reform movement took place with the aim of sustaining the corn principles of the qing dynasty while reforming outdated laws. the movement lasted for 103 days until it was suppressed by empress dowager cixi. the emperor` s six earnest reformists were beheaded and emperor guangxu was placed under house arrest which lasted for 10 years .all the back doors were sealed and a brick was was put up behind the wooden partition on each side of the two annexes of the courtyard. emperor guangxu was closely watched by eunuchs. the wall remains intact for tourists to see.. dynasty while reforming outdated laws. the movement lasted for 103 days until it was suppressed by empress dowager cixi. the emperor` s six earnest reformists were beheaded and emperor guangxu was placed under house arrest which lasted for 10 years .all the back doors were sealed and a brick was was put up behind the wooden partition on each side of the two annexes of the courtyard. emperor guangxu was closely watched by eunuchs. the wall remains intact for tourists to see. (in front of yiyunguan (chamber of mortal beings)

this was where empress and empress dowager of china` s feudal system. however, emperor guanxu was not the last emperor of the qing dynasty. the last in the line was emperor puyi, who ascended the throne in 1908 at the age of three, too young to be married . in 1912, he was forced to abdicate. during the short reign of emperor puyi. empress longyu handled state affairs on his behalf in the name of empress dowager. in 1911, a revolution led by dr. sun yat-sun succeeded, and the year after, empress longyu announced the abdication of the last emperor of china. (in the hall of happiness and longevity) the aged empress dowager cixi was so fond of the summer palace that she decided to live here from april through october of every year. this group of buildings served as her residence.

this group of courtyard dwellings consists of a forecourt and a backyard with annex courts on each side .the whole compound was basically made of wood, which is ideal for ventilation and lighting . with its quiet and tasteful layout, the hall of happiness and longevity made life very easy and convenient. no wonder one of empress dowager cixi` s pleasure boat. on the pier there is a tall lantern post. flanking the staircase leading to the main entrance of the hall, there are bronze cranes, deer and vases, symbolizing universal peace. the interior layout is the same as the imperial court, with throne, a large table and incense burners placed in the middle. at mealtime, eunuchs-in –waiting would make a gigantic table out of this table and empress dowager cixi would dine on 128 courses. because of this more than 1,800 tales of silver would be spent each month on meals. on the east side of the living room is the cloak room. the bedroom in on its west. in front of the yaoyue (inviting the moon ) gate of the long corridor

the famed long corridor is ahead. facing kunming lake and in the foreground of longevity hill, the long corridor stretches from yaoyue (inviting the moon ) gate to shizhang (stony old man) pavilion. it is 728 meters in length and consist of 273 sections and connects four octagonal pavilions. in 1990 ,it was listed in guinness book of world records. (strolling along the long corridor)

the long corridor is one of the major structures of the summer palace .since the corridor was designed to follow the physical features of the southern slope of longevity hill , four multiple-eaved, octagonal pavilions (beauty-retaining pavilion, enjoy-the ripples pavilion, autumn water pavilion and clarity distance pavilion) were placed at bends and undulation. thus sightseers will hardly notice the rise and fall of the terrain. as a major part of the architectural style of the summer palace, the long corridor serves as an ingenious connector between the lake and the hill. scattered buildings on the southern slope were linked to creat a unified complex. this corridor can also be called a ―corridor of paintings ‖: there are more than 14,000 paintings on its beams. some of them are of birds, flowers and landscapes of the west lake in hangzhou, zhejian province. others present scenes from literary classics. the majority of the landscape painting were done under the order of emperor qianlong, who preperred the scenery of south china. (by the door leading to the exhibition of cultural relics) this group of temple-shaped structures are known as qinghua (clarified china) hall ,also known as arhat hall during the reign of emperor qianlong. the original hall burned down in 1860. after it was reconstructed, it was renamed. qinghua hall is now used as a exhibition hall displaying rare cultural relics collected in the summer palace. the hall consists of 6 exhibition rooms with tens of thousands of articles of treasure on display in turn. among the exhibits there are bronze ware, porcelain, jade assemblages from the ming and qing dynasties, and rare and paintings. there is also a gigantic stone slab, which is more than 3 meters in height and width. it bears the handwritten inscriptions of emperor qianlong is commemoration of the suppression of a rebellion in the xinjiang region. only this slab survived when the angle-french allied forces set fire to the summer palace. (in front of the gate of dispelling clouds)

now we are approaching the central part of the structures on the lakeside slope, the tower of buddhist incense within the hall of dispelling clouds. the hall of dispelling clouds was where numerous palatines kowtowed to empress dowager cixi. it was surrounded by galleries and flanked by annex halls. in the forecourt there is a pool and marble bridges . starting from the lakeside, there lies in succession a memorial archway, the gate of dispelling clouds, the hall of dispelling clouds and the tower of buddhist incense. all of these structures are built on a central axis and each is taller than its predecessor. this was designed to give prominence to the last structure, the tower of buddhist incense, which was a symbol of imperial power. the layout of this group of architectures was based on scenes described in buddhist sutras. this group of structure are among the most magnificently constructed here in the summer palace. (inside the hall of dispelling clouds) the original buildings on this site were burned down by the anglo-french allied forces in 1860. a new set of structures was built during the reign of emperor guanxu, and was called the hall of dispelling clouds, suggesting that it was a fairyland. the hall was built on a high terrace, and has 21 room. inside the hall are a throne, screens, tripods and mandarin fans. on a platform you will see bronze dragons, phoenixes and tripods. at the foot of the platform there are four bronze water vats, the ancient form of fire extinguishers. the 10th day of lunar october was ,empress dowager cixi` s birthday. on that day ,she sat on the throne here to receive congratulations and gifts.

now we are going to pay a visit to the highlight of the summer palace- the tower of buddhist incense. what we are now standing on is a stone terrace which is 20 meters in height. it has a semi housed stairway of 100 steps, you will live for 100 years. so, let` s go ! (in the front of the tower of buddhist incense) an octagonal structure with three storeys and quadruple eaves, the tower of buddhist incense is the very center of the summer palace, and is one of the masterpieces of ancient chinese architecture. the tower is 41 meters in height, and is buttressed by 8 solid pillars made of lignumvitae logs. with its complex structure, ingenious layout, towering terrace and convincing grandeur, the tower of buddhist incense was artfully set out by the imperial gardens and beautiful scenery surrounding it .the tower overlooks kunming lake and other picturesque spots within an area of tens of kilometers .on the west side of the tower stands baoyunge (precious cloud pavilion). it is made of bronze and is7.5 meters in height and 270 tons in weight. it resembles its wooden counterparts in every detail. it is one of the largest and most exquisite bronze pavilions still on existence in china. lamas prayed here during the reign of emperor qianlong in honor of the monarchs and their families. at the turn of the century 10 bronze windows were spirited abroad. in 1992 an american company bought the windows and returned them intact to china. (on a hilltop leading from the back door of tower of buddhist incense)

now we can see the long and snaking western causeway and a shorter dike that divides kunming lake into three areas that contain south lake island, seaweed-viewing island and circle city island. the three island represent three mountain in ancient chinese mythology, i. e. penglai, fangzhang and yingzhou. this peculiar method of incorporating a lake a three mountains within a single garden was a brainchild of emperor wudi of the han dynasty more than 2,000 years ago, bearing testimony to feudal monarchs` s longing for longevity. as the legend goes many heavenly elixirs grew on the three mythical islands. using artificial building techniques, the ancient chinese built this masterpiece based on the myth to make the mythical on appear to be accessible to humans. (inside the garden of harmonious interest) setting a garden within a larger garden has been one of china traditional architectural styles. the garden of harmonious interest serves as a fine example of this. this garden was built under the order of emperor qianlong and modeled after the jichang garden (garden of ease of mind )at the foot of mount huishan, jiansu province. it was renamed by his son emperor jiaqing in 1811. the existing garden was rebuilt by emperor or guangxu. empress dowager cixi used to go fishing here. the garden features 10 waterfront platforms, pavilions and halls as well as hundreds of galleries with all of its structures facing the lake and pools, the garden of harmonious interest is basically a garden of waterscape. spanning the vast expanse of the lake and pools are five bridges, each quite different from the others. the most famous of them is the bridge known as ―knowing –the fishing-bridge.‖ it is said that more than 2,500 years ago during the warring states period, two philosophere named zhuang zi had an interesting argument by the side of a pond.

zhang said, ‖fish swim to and fro in the water. what happy fish!‖ hui asked , ‖you are not a fish. how do you know they are happy? ‖ zhuang replied, ―you are not me .how do you know i don’t know? ‖ hui signed, ―i am not you ,therefore, i don’t know you . and you are not a fish ,so how

do you know that fish are happy? ‖ zhang said, ―you ask me how i know fish are happy, why do you keeping me the same question?‖ although the garden of harmonious interest was designed after jichang garden, it not only absorbed the original designs, but exceeded it . (outside the south entrance to suzhou shopping street) now lets have a look at longevity hill. on the back slope of the hill stands a group of architectures. the centerpiece of structures there are known as the four continents and are dedicated to buddhism. this group was laid out and arranged in accordance with buddhist cosmology. aside from a main shrine and structures embodying the four continents, there are eight towers representing minor continents. the shrine is surrounded by four lamaist pagodas and between the major and minor continents, there two platforms representing the sun and the moon. the qing authority attached great importance to buddhism. to further strengthen ties with the ethnic minorities who practiced buddhism, the monarchs incorporated both han and tibetan styles of architecture into this group of temples. further north at the foot of the four major continent lies the suzhou shopping street. built along the back lake of the summer palace, this street stretches about 300 meters and features more than 60 stores. it includes restaurants, teahouses, pawnshops banks, drugstores dye houses and publishing houses. in order to recreate the atmosphere of ancient times, visitors will have the chance to exchange their money to ancient style chinese coins for use here. storefronts are trimmed with traditional signboards and ornaments. the commercial culture of the mid-18th century has thus been recreated. (atop the stone bridge inside the suzhou shopping street) visitors may be surprise to see that this shopping street is almost the same as that in south china. as a matter of fact, this street was designed after the shops along the canals in suhzhou. originally known as emperor` s shopping street, it was built during the reign of emperor qianlong. after making several inspection tours to south china and being duly impressed by its commercial prosperity, emperor qianlong ordered the construction of this street. the imperial shopping street was burnt down by anglo-french allied forces in 1860. the site remained desolated until 1987, when reconstruction began. it was opened to the public in september 1990. with commercial culture as its hallmark, the suzhou shopping street is a vivid representation of china` s traditional cultures. (on the road from the south fate of the suzhou shopping street to the marble boat) this is the hall of pines. from it to the west we can walk to the marble boat. the path we aree taking stretches between longevity hill and back lake. monarchs and their cohorts used to stroll along it .hence it was named central imperial path. along this path you will see lilacs all around. hence, this road is also known as the path of lilac. (in front of the ruins of the garden of complete spring) quite a few unique structures were burnt down during the reign of emperor qianlong, among which the garden of complete spring was one of the most famous. the ruined and desolate courtyard by the roadside was its original site, it remains to be restored.

this group of structures cover an area of 4,000 square meters and features a number of halls built on three different levels. all of the structures were connected with galleries and stone staircases. with its natural and ingenious combination of pavilions, a hall, galleries and rooms, the garden of complete spring serves as a fine model for other gardens.

emperor qianlong frequently visited this compound. (along the lakeside by the marble boat) now we have returned from the back of longevity hill to the front. there is the famous marble boat. this structure is 36 meters in length and its body was made of marble. on top of it is a two storeyed structure. the floor was paved with colored bricks. all of the windows are inlaid with multi-colored glass and the ceiling was decorated with carved bricks. the drainage system channels rain water down through four hollow concrete pillars and into the lake through the mouth of dragon heads. according to a book written by emperor qianlong, the boat was used for enjoying the scenery and was supposed to be symbolic of the stability of the qing dynasty. halfway up the slope there stands the hall for listening to orioles . the ancient chinese liken the warble of an oriole to beautiful songs and melodies, hence the name of the hall which used to be a theater. now the hall is one of the most famous restaurants in china, featuring imperial dishes and desserts. it is a must for many foreign visitors to have lunch here when then come to beijing. more than one hundred heads of state worldwide have dined here and the late premier zhou enlai has held banquets here in honor of state guests. (sightseers who want to try the restaurant can go boating after they eat. those who do not can go abroad right away. those who do not feel like taking the boat can stoll along the long corridor to the outside of the east gate). (boating on kunmin lake) we are now going to enjoy the lakeside scenery from a pleasure boat.

as a main part of the summer palace, kunming lake covers an area of 220 hectares, or three fourths of the combined space of this summer resort. this natural lake is more than 3500 years old.

this lake was originally called wengshan lake. in 1749 emperor qianlong ordered the construction of qingyi garden, the predecessor of the summer palace. involving nearly 10,000 laborers, the lake was expanded and turned into a peach-shaped reservoir, the first of its kind for beijing.

from 1990 to 1991, the beijing municipal government ordered the first dredging of the lake in 240 years .involving 200,000 men and hundreds of dredgers and other tools, a total of 625,600 cubic meters of sludge was dredged and 205 bombs dropped by the japanese during the anti-japanese war were removed. the summer palace set a precedent for sightseeing by boat. there used to be a large imperial flotilla, of which the ―kunming merry dragon‖ was the most famous. it was destroyed by the anglo-french allied forces in 1860. to make the tour of the summer palace a more pleasant one, a large pleasure boat ―tai he ‖ (supreme harmony )was built. this double –decked boat is 37.09 meters long,8,59 meters wide and 10.49 meters high. it can travel at a speed of 9 kilometer per hour. small pleasure boats are also available to tourist. another major spot of interest on the western causeway is jingming (bright view ) hall. both its front and rear face the lake. this structure also features three two- storeyed halls of varying heights. our tour is drawing to a close as we approach the shore. today we only visited the major scenic areas of the summer palace. i have left other spot of interest for your next visit. i will show you out through the east gate. i hope you enjoyed today` s tour. thank you .good-bye and good luck. 天安门

Tian’anmen Rostrum

Tian’anmen( the Gate of Heavenly Peace), is located in the center of Beijing. It was first built in 1417 and named Chengtianmen( the Gate of Heavenly Succession). At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was seriously damaged by war. When it was rebuilt under the Qing in 1651, it was renamed Tian’anmen, and served as the main entrance to the Imperial City, the administrative and residential quarters for court officials and retainers. The southern sections of the Imperial City wall still stand on both sides of the Gate. The tower at the top of the gate is nine-room wide and five –room deep. According to the Book of Changes, the two numbers nine and five, when combined, symbolize the supreme status of a sovereign. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Tian’anmen was the place where state ceremonies took place. The most important one of them was the issuing of imperial edicts, which followed these steps:

1) The Minister of Rites would receive the edict in Taihedian( Hall of Supreme Harmony), where the Emperor was holding his court. The minister would then carry the decree on a yunpan( tray of cloud), and withdraw from the hall via Taihemen( Gate of supreme Harmony) 2) The Minister would put the tray in a miniature longting( dragon pavilion). Beneath a yellow umbrella and carry it via Wumen( Meridian Gate), to Tian’anmen Gate tower.

3) A courtier would be invested to proclaim the edict. The civil and military officials lining both sides of the gateway beneath the tower would prostrate themselves in the direction of the emperor in waiting for the decree to the proclaimed. 4) The courtier would then put the edict in a phoenix-shaped wooden box and lower it from the tower by means of a silk cord. The document would finally be carried in a similar tray of cloud under a yellow umbrella to the Ministry of Rites. 5) The edict, copied on yellow paper, would be made known to the whole country. Such a process was historically recorded as ― Imperial Edict Issued by Golden Phoenix‖.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties Tian’anmen was the most important passage. It was this gate that the Emperor and his retinue would go through on their way to the altars for ritual and religious activities.

On the Westside of Tian’anmen stands ZhongshanPark( Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Park), and on the east side, the Working People’s Cultural Palave. The Park was formerly called Shejitan( Altar of Land and Grain), built in 1420 for offering sacrificial items to the God of Land. It was opened to the public as a park in 1914 and its name was changed in 1928 to the present one in memory of the great pioneer of the Chinese Democratic Revolution. The Working People’s Cultural Palace used to be Taimiao( the Supreme Ancestral Temple), where tablets of the deceased dynastic rulers were kept. The stream in front of Tian’anmen is called Waijinshuihe( Outer Golden River),with seven marble bridges spanning over it . Of these seven bridges,historical records say the middle one was for the exclusive use of the emperor and was accordingly called Yuluqiao( Imperial Bridge). The bridges flanking it on either side were meant for the members of the royal family and were therefore called Wanggongqiao( Royal’s Bridges). Farther away on each side of the two were bridges for officials ranking above the third order and were named Pinjiqiao( ministerial Bridges). The remaining two bridges were for the use by the retinue below the third order and wre called Gongshengqiao( common Bridges). They anr the one in front of the Supreme Ancestral Temple to the east and the one in front of the Altar of land and Grain to the west. The two stone lions by the Gate of Tian’anmen, one on each side were meant as sentries. They gaze toward the middle axis, guarding the emperor’s walkway. In front of the gate stands a pair of marble columns called Huabiao. They are elaborately cut in bas-relief following the pattern of a legendary dragon. Behind the gate stands another pair of similar columns. The story of Huabiao may be traced to a couple of sources. One of the versions accredits its invention to one of the Chinese sage kings named Yao, who was said to have set up a wooden pillar in order to allow the ordinary people to expose evil-doers, hence it was originally called a slander pillar. Later it ws reduced to a signpost, and now it serves as an ornament. The beast sitting on the top of the column is called‖ hou‖, a legendary animal, which is said to have been a watcher of an emperor’s behaviour. He was doing such duties as warning the emperor against staying too long outside the palace or indulging in pleasure and urging him to go to the people for their complaints or return in due time. Therefore, the two pairs of beasts were given the names‖ Wangjunhui‖( Expecting the emperor’s coming back) and ― wangjunchu‖( Expecting the emperor’s going out) respectinvely.

In the old days, Tian’anmen, as a part of the Imperial City, was meant for important occasions. The two rows of chaofang( antechamber), on the sides behind the main gate, wre reserved for civil and military members of the government waiting for imperial audience and in front of the gate, were offices of imperial administration. On October 1, 1949, chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed on Tian’anmen Rostrum the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Since then Tian’anmen has been the symbol of New Chinea. Chairman Mao’s portrait is hung above the central entrance, flanked by two slogans:‖ Long Live the Great Unity of the Peoples of the World‖. Today , the splendour of Tian’anmen attracts million of visitors from all over the world. The Rostrum on its top was opened in 1988 to the public for the first time in its history. It offers a panoramic view of the Square and the city proper. Tian’anmen Square Situated due south of Tian’anmen, the Square has an area of 44 hectares( 109 acres) that can accommodate as many as one million people for public gatherings. It has witnessed may historical events in China’s modern history and is a place for celebrations on such festive days as international Labour Day on May 1st and national Day on October 1st. Around the Square are several famous buildings: 1 The Great Hall of the People This is one of the largest congressional buildings in the world. Built in 1959, the hall consists of three parts: a 10,000-seat auditorium in the center, a banquet hall in the north wing facing Chang’an Street, with a seating capacity of 5,000, and offices for the Standing Committee of the National Peoples’ Congress of China in the south. In addition, thirty-four reception chambers are named after various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly unde the Central Government, plus Hong Kong and Macao. Each is different from the other in decoration and furnishings to stress their local features. 2 The Museum of Chinese History and the Museum of the Chinese Revolution These two museums were also built in 1959. the museum of Chinese History houses a permanent exhibition in four parts, covering the entire process of Chinese history spanning from 1.7 million years ago to 1919: 1) The Primitive Society( 1.7 million years ago to the 21st century BC); 2) The Slave Society(21st century BC to 476 BC.); 3) The Feudal Society(475 BC. To 1840 AD.); 4) The Semi-Colonial and Semi- Fedual Society(1840 to 1919.) The Museum of the Chinese Revolution covers the period from 1919 to 1949. 3 The Monument to the People’s Heroes the monument was built in memory of thousands of martyrs who died for the revolutionary cause of the Chinese people. Its construction began on August 1, 1952 and was not completed until 1958. in the form of an obelisk, the Monument as made of more than 17,000 pieces of tranite and white marble. The purple piece inlaid in the front of the Monument was brought from Qingdao, Shandong Province. It is 38 meters(124ft 8 in) high, the loftiest of its kind ever seen in the country. Not only is it an historic memorial for immortal heroes, but also it is an artistic work of excellent architectural value.

On the front side of the Monument is an engraved inscription in Chinese characters written by Chairman Mao Zedong, which reads‖ Eternal Glory to the People’s Heroes!‖. On the back of the Monument is an article written by Chairman Mao, but in Chinese calligraphy by the late Premier Zhou Enlai.

At the top of the Monument are eight gigantic carved wreathes of such flowers as peony, lotus and chrysanthemum, symbolizing nobility, purity, and fortitude. At the base of the monument are eight marble reliefs depicting the Chinese historic events since 1840. They are:

1) The Burning of Opium in 1840: 2) The uprising of 1851 in Jintian, Guangxi; 3) The Revolution of 1911; 4) The May Fourth Movement of 1919; 5) The May 30th Movement of 1925; 6) The Uprising of 1927 in Nanchang, Jiangxi; 7) The War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression from 1937 to 1945; 8) The Victorious Crossing over the Yangtze River by the Peoples’s Liberation Army in 1949. This relief is flanked by two smaller ones—― Supplying the Front‖ and ― Greeting the P.L.A.‖.

4 Chairman Mao’s Mausoleum Chairman Mao Zedong, the founder of the People’s Pepublic of China, passed away on Sepember 9, 197 6. In commemoration of this great man, a mausoleum began to be constructed in November 1976, and was completes in August the following year. The Mausoleum was officially opened on September 9, 1977.

The mausoleum is surrounded by four groups of sculpture. East of the northern entrance is the sculpture depicting the period of the New Democratic Revolution( 1919-1949), and west of it is the one signifying the great achievements of the Chinese people during the period of slcialist revolution and construction since 1949. The sculptures in front of the southern gate are figures of workers, peasants soldiers, intellectuals, technicians and children.

Inside the Mausoleum are three main sections: A white marble statue of Chairman Mao is mounted on a platform in the front lobby. On the wall behind the statue is a 24-metre-long( 79-foot-long) tapestry, a fine needlepoint work with beautiful landscapes of the country. In the main hall there is a crystal coffin, in which Chairman Mao’s body lies stately with the Communist Party’s flag covering over him.

On the wall of the southern lobby, a poem by Chairman Mao and in his own calligraphy is inscribed in gold inlay. It expresses his full great expectations for the country.

Tian’ anmen Square has now completed its renovation after eight months’ hard work to welcome the 50th anniversary of the People’s Republic in 1999. 天坛

八达岭长城游记范文第5篇

健康、快乐、成功、真实、简单、自然

思八达介绍：

思八达2002年由刘一秒老师发起创立的，以智慧类培训为主，旨在通过放大老板格局，提升老板境界来更轻松的经营企业，经营人生。通过形成属于自己的一套思维意识系统去生发适合自己公司的方法，模式。

思八达总部在上海。河南省总部就是现在紫荆山商城路裕鸿国际A座1305.另外在郑州另外一个分公司在东风路文化路。现在河南总部共员工180人。我们分一公司、二公司，没有像划分区域的意思，只是为了让各个公司在竞争中发展。可能一个客户一公司有人跟，二公司也有人跟。甚至同一个公司内也有两个人跟进相同的客户。这样也是有好处的，就是看谁的服务好。客户认可谁。

河南省内洛阳、焦作、南阳、新乡、上街、驻马店等地是我们的直营公司。安阳、濮阳开封等地属于我们的加盟公司。

思八达课程：

思八达课程有《运营智慧》、《影响智慧》、《领袖演说智慧》、《宗教智慧》、《三弦智慧》、《禅智慧》、《财智丽》、《90销售系统总裁版》、《90销售系统员工版》

《运营智慧》主讲企业家怎样更好地运用“势”经营好企业运营过程中各种“事”的问题。是引导企业家怎样更好的做事，挣钱和发展的课程。里面四个板块：“机制”、“势”、“印象”、“纲领”。总结一句话就是：“一群有纲领的人组合在一起建立合适的机制把握好势向外传递一个很好的印象”。

《影响智慧》主讲企业家怎样媒介在内心生发“八大爱”去经营“人”的动力和阻力。是引导企业家用爱经营团队动力和凝聚人心的课程。

《宗教智慧》上升到洞悉人性，经营人精神境界的层面。通过剖析宗教如何千年不倒。然后对接到企业中该如何去做。帮企业找魂，找到生生不息的动力源泉。

《三弦智慧》专注于人与自然，人与世间万物同生共存的体验，通过内心的删除和放下让能量在释放中回流，在平静欣喜和内在饱满中感悟人生舍得之美。《三弦智慧》可以无限拉高企业领袖做事的格局。

《领袖演说智慧》旨在教会老板，如何在对的时机讲“有用的话”的智慧。讲对别人有用的话，是演说的本质，而讲有用的话对老板来说其企业起步、发展、壮大的根本智慧。可以实现从内心、思维到表达的质的变化。为成为更卓越企业家注入最本源最重要的演说基因。思八达其它课程是让企业家具

郑州思八达企业管理咨询有限公司 智慧助理：程大明 联系电话：15237118564 传真：0371-60308001 公司地址：郑州市紫荆山路商城路裕鸿国际A座1305-1309 公司网址：

郑州思八达企业管理咨询有限公司

健康、快乐、成功、真实、简单、自然

有了本事，而《领袖演说智慧》是让企业家有发挥本事的本事。也是最受广大企业家欢迎的课程。

《禅智慧》是由思八达集团北京系统副总裁付开虎先生和少林寺方丈释永信共同讲的一个课程，通过七天的体验式课程。让企业家无限获得内心的宁静和开阔。

《财智丽》是思八达集团和财智丽上海发展有限公司共同推出的一个课程。旨在影响中国1亿女性，让女性集财富，智慧，美丽于一身。五大板块：女性事业智慧、女性魅力智慧、母亲智慧、健康智慧、情感智慧。

《90销售系统》是思八达和90互生投资有限公司共同推出的一个课程。总裁版通过三天建立适合咱们适合自己的薪酬、晋升、培训等体系。员工版通过90天时间内打造一支上下同欲，业绩倍增的团队。

思八达企业家讲师：

刘 军：唐山光大银河工贸有限公司董事长(美国通用电气公司(GE)战略合作伙伴)《运营智慧》讲师; 缘 起：河南新时代电子集团董事长 大浪淘沙集团董事 《影响智慧》讲师

刘一秒：思八达董事局主席《领袖演说智慧》《宗教智慧》《三弦智慧》《财智丽-女性事业智慧》讲师 林姝宏：思八达北京系统董事长。《90销售系统总裁版》讲师

张东虎：思八达最年轻的唯一一位任两家思八达公司掌门人。《90销售系统员工版》讲师 张超全：河南90互生有限公司掌门人。《90销售系统员工版》讲师

思八达在咱们河南当地平时会开一些服务课，都是许多企业家在听完刘一秒老师所有的课后企业自动化运转了。也致力于成为讲师，也想帮助更多企业家获得解脱。就出来分享他们成功的心得。包括现在的大课讲师刘军、袁明老师也是从讲服务课开始到现在讲大课。

八达岭长城游记范文第6篇

2009年我第一次接触思八达，这几年下来，思维意识应该说变化很大，对事情的认识上、对事物的判断上都和过去不一样，原来看问题也许是两个角度，现在看问题则是八个角度;过去也许说这个问题只有一个解决办法，现在能找出好几个解决办法。这些都是在参加研讨会当中慢慢受到的启发和影响。参加完《三弦智慧》之后，让我看懂很多东西，看明白很多东西。以前看事情都是看表面上的东西，但是上完这个以后，对自己生命的价值、对生命的认识、对事物的了解和判断能力上，从境界上、从思路上和思维结构上应该是发生很大改变的。

智慧点一：让员工获得更多利益

思八达的智慧在我们企业用的很多，比如《领袖宗教智慧》里的三道文化，天道、师道、孝道。就说孝道，原来的时候我们也鼓励员工孝顺，但是没有具体的措施和办法。参加《领袖宗教智慧》回去以后我们就出台了一些政策，比如说我们给在公司工作五年以上员工的父母体检，十年以上的员工父母和丈母娘体检。第二个就是说我们公司的员工很多都是外地的，父母很多都没出过国，那我们让那些十年员工的父母出去旅游，不是国内，是国外，新、马、泰等等，还包括香港、澳门，然后九年的员工陪同，一年两次旅游，这是在孝道上。另外我们在员工关爱和客户关爱上，我们也是尽力出台一些政策，比如我们对一些大的加盟商，针对他们成立了特殊的管理系统、服务系统我们进行专门服务。

在《领袖运营智慧》方面，我们更多的是用了分配机制。我刚参加《领袖运营智慧》的时候，我们公司恰好正处于上市阶段，我们马上在股改方案上，重新对原来的方案进行了股份制改造，把员工和加盟商也考虑进去了，让我们的员工和加盟商能因为公司获得更多的利益。这也是一秒老师说的企业要成就员工的理念。

智慧点二：全员生发推动企业变革

2013年6月18日，我们公司很隆重召开了“全员生发智慧系统”落地启动。全员生发在公司开展以来，发改委组织召开了多次会议，生发各项机制，带领公司各个部门组织晨会、组织PK，并针对公司的组织架构进行了重新划分，打破原有的组织架构，横纵上下重新建立发改委分委的新架构，有利于公司业务的方便快捷，并且对分委明确了业绩目标。在全员生发落地的过程中，发改委在全公司员工中展开企业核心问题的征集，在为期20天的征集当中共收回问题将近2000条。在主管、内训师和部长组成的评审团5次的筛选之后，共选出企业核心问题10条。公司针对这10条核心问题一一落到实处，将全员生发的内容在公司进行落实贯通。全员生发落地之后，对我们内部的变革很大。我们团队自主性很强，员工自己制定了几十个机制。

全员生发从多个方面发挥作用。第一个是培养了员工，不仅有了主动性，对工作也有了新的认识，知道了工资不是老板发的，而是市场发的，我想这个认识对员工的影响比较大。第二个就是进行了内部组织机构的变革，我们原来公司混合的一千多家店，分成了几个大区，内部进行一些PK，然后大区之间调整也比较大一点了。第三个就是我们员工优化上，尤其是我们学习和借鉴了思八达同学企业的做法，采取新的措施和办法，这段时间正在向前推进。

智慧点三：中高层岗位全部重新PK 全员生发的精髓就是“市场化、自主化、合作化、契约化”。公司在去年八月份的时候，除了五个高管不能随便变动，因为我们是上市公司，五个高管是发过公告、备过案的，其它的职位我们进行市场化的改造。我们把原来的市场分成几个大区，然后全部部长、经理一类中高层的主管全都下岗了，全部重新市场化PK，重新应聘上岗，以前都是我任命的，现在都进行PK，让他们对自己岗位的价值发生根本性的认识。从去年8月中旬开始，95名员工报名参与了中高层主管的岗位竞聘，经历了16天的激烈PK，最终PK出17名部门副总监，以及44名部长以及分公司、子公司经理。这次是我们一次非常大的组织机构的变革。这次岗位竞聘是《全员生发智慧系统》在百圆落地之后，如果说之前员工对“四化“感受还不明显的话，这次岗位PK的进行，就可以说是一次大的体验。