乔布斯2005年在斯坦福大学的演讲稿(中英文)

乔布斯2005年在斯坦福大学的演讲稿(中英文)（精选6篇）

乔布斯2005年在斯坦福大学的演讲稿(中英文) 第1篇

Steve Jobs’ Outstanding Stanford Commencement Speech in 2005 I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world.Truth be told, I never graduated from college.this is the closest I’ve ever gotten to a college graduation.Today I want to tell you three stories from my life.That’s it.No big deal.Just three stories.The first story is about connecting the dots.I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit.So why did I drop out? It started before I was born.My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption.She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife.Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl.So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: “We have an unexpected baby boy;do you want him?” They said: “Of course.” My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school.She refused to sign the final adoption papers.She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.And 17 years later I did go to college.But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents’ savings were being spent on my college tuition.After six months, I couldn’t see the value in it.I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out.And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life.So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK.It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made.The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn’t interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked far more interesting.It wasn’t all romantic.I didn’t have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple.I loved it.And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on.Let me give you one example: Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country.Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed.Because I had dropped out and didn’t have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this.I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great.It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can’t capture, and I found it fascinating.None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life.But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me.And we designed it all into the Mac.It was the first computer with beautiful typography.If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them.If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do.Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college.But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.Again, you can’t connect the dots looking forward;you can only connect them looking backwards.So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future.You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever.This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.My second story is about love and loss.I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life.Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20.We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees.We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30.And then I got fired.How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well.But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out.When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him.So at 30 I was out.And very publicly out.What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.I really didn’t know what to do for a few months.I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down – that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me.I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly.I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley.But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did.The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit.I had been rejected, but I was still in love.And so I decided to start over.I didn’t see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me.The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything.It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife.Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world.In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple’s current renaissance.And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.I’m pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn’t been fired from Apple.It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it.Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick.Don’t lose faith.I’m convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did.You’ve got to find what you love.And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers.Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work.And the only way to do great work is to love what you do.If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking.Don’t settle.As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it.And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on.So keep looking.Don’t settle.My third story is about death.When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: “If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you’ll most certainly be right.” It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: “If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?” And whenever the answer has been “No” for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.Remembering that I’ll be dead soon is the most important tool I’ve ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life.Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure – these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important.Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose.You are already naked.There is no reason not to follow your heart.About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer.I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas.I didn’t even know what a pancreas was.The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months.My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor’s code for prepare to die.It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you’d have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months.It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family.It means to say your goodbyes.I lived with that diagnosis all day.Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor.I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery.I had the surgery and thankfully I’m fine now.This was the closest I’ve been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades.Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: No one wants to die.Even people who want to go to heaven don’t want to die to get there.And yet death is the destination we all share.No one has ever escaped it.And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life.It is Life’s change agent.It clears out the old to make way for the new.Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away.Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life.Don’t be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people’s thinking.Don’t let the noise of others’ opinions drown out your own inner voice.And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.They somehow already know what you truly want to become.Everything else is secondary.When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation.It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch.This was in the late 1960′s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and Polaroid cameras.It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue.It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age.On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous.Beneath it were the words: “Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off.Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.And I have always wished that for myself.And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.Thank you all very much.

乔布斯2005年在斯坦福大学的演讲稿(中英文) 第2篇

[2009-12-18]

坚信、坚持、坚定----生命中的三个故事 编者按：

2005年6月12日，在美国斯坦福大学毕业典礼上，苹果公司CEO乔布斯发表了精彩演讲。已被确诊身患癌症的乔布斯对在场学子讲述了自己经历的三个故事，与学子们分享自己的创业心得，并以此激励年轻一代勇敢、积极、快乐地面对人生。乔布斯朴实而真诚的演讲不但赢得了全场数次热烈鼓掌和尖叫，也成为近年美国毕业典礼演讲中最具影响力的一篇。时至今日，这一演讲仍然对广大学子和创业者产生着深远影响。以下为乔布斯在斯坦福大学毕业典礼上的演讲全文：

一、关于信仰：坚信 “你要坚信，你现在所经历的，将在你未来的生命中串联起来。正是这种信仰让我没有失去希望，它使我的人生与众不同”

很荣幸今天能和你们一起参加毕业典礼，斯坦福大学是世界上最好的大学之一，而我从来没拿过大学毕业证。说实话，在我的生命中，今天也许是我距离大学毕业最近的一天了。我想向你们讲述我生活中的三个故事，不是什么大不了的事，只是三个故事而已。

第一个故事是关于如何把生命中的点滴串连起来。

我在里德大学读了六个月之后就退学了，但是在十八个月以后——我真正作出退学决定之前，我还经常去学校。我为什么要退学呢？

故事得从我出生时讲起。我的生母是一个年轻的、未婚的大学毕业生。她决定让别人收养我，她非常希望我被受过高等教育的人收养。所以在我出生的时候，她已经做好了一切准备工作，使我得以被一个律师和他的妻子所收养。让她意外的是，当我出生之后，律师夫妇突然决定生个女孩。所以我的养父母（他们还在我亲生父母的观察名单上）突然在半夜接到了一个电话:“我们现在这儿有一个不小心生出来的男婴，你们想要吗？”他们回答道:“当然！”但是我的生母随后发现，我的养母从来没有上过大学，我的养父甚至没读过高中。她拒绝签收养合同。直到几个月以后，我的养父母答应她一定会让我上大学，她才同意。

在十七岁那年，我真的上了大学。但是我很愚蠢地选择了一个几乎和斯坦福大学一样昂贵的学校，我的养父母是工人，他们几乎把所有积蓄都花在了我的学费上。六个月后，我已经看不到其中的价值所在。我不知道我想做什么，也不知道大学能帮我找到怎样的答案，而我却几乎花光了养父母一生的积蓄。所以我决定退学，我觉得这是个正确的决定。不能否认，我当时确实非常害怕，但是现在回头看看，那的确是我这一生中最棒的决定。在我决定退学的那一刻，我终于可以不必去读那些毫无兴趣的课程了，可以去学那些看起来有点意思的课程。但这并不怎么浪漫。由于没有宿舍可住，我只能睡在朋友房间的地板上；为了有钱填饱肚子，我去捡5美分的可乐瓶子来卖；在星期天的晚上，我要走七英里的路，穿过这个城市到Hare Krishna教堂，只是为了能吃上饭——这个星期唯一一顿好点的饭。但我喜欢这样，我跟随好奇心和直觉所做的事，后来被证明基本都是极其珍贵的经验。我举几个例子：

那时候，里德大学提供了全美国最好的书法教育。整个校园里的每一张海报、每一个抽屉上的标签，都是漂亮的手写体。由于已经退学，不用再去上那些常规的课程，于是我选择了一个书法班，想学学怎么写出一手漂亮字。在这个班上，我学习了各种衬线和无衬线字体，如何改变不同字体组合之间的字间距，以及如何做出漂亮的版式。那是一种科学永远无法捕捉的充满美感、历史感和艺术感的微妙，我发现这太有意思了。

当时，我压根儿没想到这些知识会在我的生命中有什么实际运用价值；但是8年之后，当我们设计第一款Macintosh电脑的时候，这些东西全派上了用场。我把它们全部设计进了Mac，这是第一台可以排出好看版式的电脑。如果当时我在大学里没有旁听这门课程的话，Mac就不会提供各种字体和等间距字体。自从视窗系统抄袭了Mac以后，所有的个人电脑都有了这些东西。如果我没有退学，我就不会去书法班旁听，而今天的个人电脑大概也就不会有出色的版式功能。当然，在我念大学那会儿，不可能有先见之明，把那些生命中的点点滴滴都串起来；但10年之后再回头看，生命的轨迹变得非常清楚。

再强调一次，你不可能充满预见地将生命的点滴串联起来。只有在你回头看的时候，你才会发现这些点点滴滴之间的联系。所以，你要坚信，你现在所经历的，将在你未来的生命中串联起来。你不得不相信某些东西，你的直觉、命运、生活、因缘际会„„正是这种信仰让我没有失去希望，它使我的人生变得与众不同。

二、关于成功：坚持

“伟大的工作只会在岁月的酝酿中越陈越香。在终有所获之前，不要停下寻觅的脚步” 我的第二个故事是关于爱与失去。

我是幸运的，在年轻时就知道了自己爱做什么。在我20岁的时候，就和沃兹在我父母的车库里开创了苹果电脑公司。我们勤奋工作，只用了10年的时间，最初只有一个车库和两个小伙子的苹果公司，已经扩展成拥有4000名员工、价值达到20亿美元的企业。而在此之前的一年，我们推出了我们最好的产品Macintosh电脑，当时我刚过而立之年。然后，我就被炒了鱿鱼。一个人怎么可以被他所创立的公司解雇呢？这是因为，随着苹果的成长，我们请了一个原以为很能干的家伙和我一起管理公司，在头一年左右，他干得还不错，但后来，我们对公司未来的前景出现了分歧，于是矛盾便产生了。由于公司的董事会站在他那一边，所以我被踢出了局，那年我30岁。失去了一直贯穿在我整个成年生活的重心，这种打击是毁灭性的。

在接下来的几个月，我真不知道该做些什么。我觉得我让企业界的前辈们失望了，我失去了传到我手上的指挥棒。我找到了戴维·帕卡德（注：戴维·帕卡德，普惠的创办人之一）和鲍勃·诺伊斯（注：鲍勃·诺伊斯，英特尔创办人之一），我向他们道歉，因为我把事情搞砸了。我成了人人皆知的失败者，我甚至想过逃离硅谷。但曙光渐渐出现，我还是喜欢我做过的事情，于是决定重新开始。

事实证明，被苹果开掉是我这一生所经历过的最棒的事，尽管当时的我并未意识到。成功的沉重被凤凰涅槃的轻盈所代替，我以自由之躯进入了生命中最富创新力的时期。

在接下来的5年里，我开创了一家叫做NeXT的公司，接着是一家名叫Pixar的公司，并认识了后来成为我妻子的曼妙女郎劳伦斯。Pixar制作了世界上第一部全电脑动画电影《玩具总动员》，现在这家公司是世界上最成功的动画制作公司之一。后来经历一系列的事件，苹果买下了NeXT，于是我又回到了苹果，我们在NeXT研发出的技术在推动苹果复兴的核心动力。我和劳伦斯也拥有了美满的家庭。

我非常肯定，如果没有被苹果炒掉，这一切都不可能在我身上发生。对于病人来说，良药总是苦口。生活有时候就像一块板砖拍向你的脑袋，但不要丧失信心。热爱我所从事的工作，是一直支持我不断前进的惟一理由。你得找出你的最爱，对工作如此，对爱人亦是如此。工作将占据你生命中相当大的一部分，从事你认为具有非凡意义的工作，方能给你带来真正的满足感。而从事一份伟大工作的惟一方法，就是去热爱这份工作。如果你到现在还没有找到这样一份工作，那么就继续找。不要安于现状，当万事了于心的时候，你就会知道何时能找到。如同任何伟大的浪漫关系一样，伟大的工作只会在岁月的酝酿中越陈越香。所以，在你终有所获之前，不要停下你寻觅的脚步。不要停下。

三、关于抉择：坚定

“财富名利生不带来，死不带去，要遵从你的内心和直觉，不要把时间浪费在别人的生活里。提醒自己行将入土是我在面临重大抉择时的首选工具。”

我的第三个故事是关于死亡。

在17岁的时候，我读过一句格言，好像是：“如果你把每一天都当成你生命里的最后一天，你将在某一天发现，原来一切皆在掌握之中。”这句话从我读到之日起，就对我产生了深远的影响。在过去的33年里，我每天早晨都对着镜子问自己：“如果今天是我生命中的末日，我还愿意做我今天本来应该做的事情吗？”当一连好多天答案都否定的时候，我就知道做出改变的时候到了。

提醒自己行将入土，这是我在面临人生中的重大抉择时最为重要的工具。因为所有的事情--荣誉、声望、对尴尬和失败的惧怕--在面对死亡的时候都将烟消云散，只留下真正重要的东西。在我所知道的各种方法中，提醒自己即将死去是避免产生上述想法的最好办法。赤条条来去无牵挂，没有理由不听从你内心的呼唤。

大约一年前，我被诊断出癌症。在早晨7：30我做了一个检查，扫描结果清楚地显示我的胰脏出现了一个肿瘤。我当时甚至不知道胰脏究竟是什么。医生告诉我，几乎可以确定这是一种不治之症，顶多还能活3至6个月。大夫建议我回家，把诸事安排妥当，这是医生对临终病人的标准用语。这意味着你得把你今后10年要对你的子女说的话用几个月的时间说完；这意味着你得把一切都安排妥当，尽可能减少你的家人在你身后的负担；这意味着向众人告别的时间到了。

我整天都想着诊断结果。那天晚上做了一个切片检查，医生把一个内诊镜从我的喉管伸进去，穿过我的胃进入肠道，将探针伸进胰脏，从肿瘤上取出了几个细胞。我打了镇静剂，我的太太当时在场，她后来告诉我说，当大夫们从显微镜下观察了细胞组织后尖叫起来，因为那是非常罕见的、但可以通过手术治疗的胰脏癌。我接受了手术，现在已经康复了。

这是我最接近死亡的一次，我希望在随后的几十年里，都不要有比这一次更接近死亡的经历。在有了与死神擦肩而过的经历后，死亡对我来说，只是一个有用但纯粹是知识上的概念，我可以更肯定地告诉你们：没人想死；即使想去天堂的人，也是希望能活着进去。死亡是每个人的人生终点站，没人能够例外。生命就是如此，因为死亡很可能是生命最好的造物，它是生命更迭的媒介，送走老者，给新生代让路。现在你们还是新生代，但不久的将来你们也将逐渐老去，被送出人生的舞台。很抱歉说得这么富有戏剧性，但生命就是如此。

你们的时间有限，所以不要把时间浪费在别人的生活里。不要被条条框框束缚，否则你就生活在他人思考的结果里。不要让他人的观点所发出的噪音淹没你内心的声音。最为重要的是，要有遵从你的内心和直觉的勇气，它们可能已知道你其实想成为一个什么样的人。其他事物都是次要的。

在我年轻的时候，有一本非常棒的杂志叫《全球目录》（The Whole Earth Catalog），它被我们那一代人奉为圣经。这本杂志的创办人是一个叫斯图尔特·布兰德的家伙，他住在Menlo Park，离这儿不远。他把这本杂志办得充满诗意。那是在60年代末期，个人电脑、桌面发排系统还没有出现，所以出版工具只有打字机、剪刀和宝丽来相机。这本杂志有点像印在纸上的Google，但那是在Google出现的35年前。它充满了理想色彩，内容都是些非常好用的工具和了不起的见解。

斯图尔特和他的团队做了几期《全球目录》，快无疾而终的时候，他们出版了最后一期。那是在70年代中期，我当时处在你们现在的年龄。在最后一期的封底有一张清晨乡间公路的照片，如果你喜欢搭车冒险旅行的话，经常会碰到的那种小路。在照片下面有一排字：好学若饥，谦卑若愚（Stay Hungry，Stay Foolish）。这是他们停刊的告别留言，此后的日子里，我总是用这句话来勉励自己。现在，在你们毕业、即将开始新生活的时候，我用这句话与你们共勉：

乔布斯2005年在斯坦福大学的演讲稿(中英文) 第3篇

关键词：隐喻能力,英语口语,英语教学

1 概述

英语教育教学就是英语语言的教育教学。认识英语语言与隐喻的关系, 对我们成功进行英语教育教学至关重要。说到隐喻和语言的关系, 必然要涉及两者与认知的关系。认知语言学认为, 隐喻不仅是一种语言现象, 更是人类思维的一种方式。人们用语言来描绘这个世界, 用语言进行思想和心灵的交流, 用语言来表达隐喻。Gardner和Winner首次提出隐喻能力 (Metaphorical Competence) 的概念, Danesi首次将这一概念引进二语习得研究领域。但是, 我国外语界直到近年来才开始认识到隐喻能力培养对二语习得的作用, 隐喻理论和外语教学的联系逐渐受到重视。与英语本土学生相比, 中国学生的口语存在语言表达过于直白、不连贯、思维中式化等弊病。他们倾向于使用简单、保守的词语, 这样不仅抑制了学生的创造力, 也不利于讲出地道、符合英语国家人们思维的话语。因此, 培养学生的英语隐喻能力对提高他们的口语水平就极其重要。该文从这一角度出发, 探讨和分析了乔布斯在斯坦福大学的演讲中出现的概念隐喻现象, 对英语口语教学具有启示作用。

2 概念隐喻理论

2.1 概念隐喻的定义

概念隐喻 (conceptual metaphor) 首先是Lakoff和Johnson在《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中提出来的, 他们首次提出语言中的隐喻现象不仅仅是一种修辞现象, 而应该是一种具有系统性特征的概念化过程, 隐喻理解的过程就是一种建立投射的过程, 即把源域中的内容成分向目标域投射的过程, 这种投射实际上就是一种映射关系。Lakoff把隐喻理论发展到一个新的高度, 使隐喻研究从此摆脱以文学和修辞学为主的传统隐喻理论的束缚, 正式被纳入认知科学的新领域。隐喻体现了人们思维和行为的概念系统的本质特征, 是人们的认识、思维和经历甚至行为的基础。概念隐喻理论认为, 隐喻在本质上是概念性的, 而且人类概念系统基本上以隐喻的方式结构而成。

2.2 概念隐喻的本质

隐喻不但是一种语言现象, 而且在本质上是人类一种理解周围世界的感知和形成概念的工具。如果语言表达的概念是隐喻性的, 通过视觉手段表达的同样的概念也是隐喻性的。语言中的隐喻产生于隐喻性思维过程, 反映了人类大脑认识世界的方式。Gibbs指出隐喻的本质在于它的两个所指项不是临时的偶然的范畴, 而是反映人们长期记忆中先前存在的概念的映合。其实, 概念隐喻的本质就是人们通过一种已熟悉的、具体的事物来理解或体验历另一种陌生的、抽象的事物, 是从源域到目的域的一种映射, 是一种重要的认知模式, 是人们认识世界和理解世界的一种有效工具。

3 概念隐喻在乔布斯斯坦福大学演讲中的应用

概念隐喻是隐喻知识体系中一个非常重要的概念, 教师有必要利用概念隐喻的知识来扩学生的隐喻思维能力。莱考夫和约翰逊将概念隐喻分成三类:结构隐喻、方位隐喻和本体隐喻。

3.1 结构隐喻角度

结构隐喻 (structural metaphor) 指以一种概念的结构来构造另一种概念, 使两种概念相叠加, 在语言上就表现为把谈论某种概念的词汇用于谈论别的概念。这两个概念的认知域自然是不同的, 但它们的结构保持不变, 即各自的构成成分存在着有规律的对应关系, 由此产生了一词多用现象。

例如, 乔布斯在斯坦福大学的演讲中最用了“And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life”, 教师在讲解时应结合它在课文中的表达对其进行必要的隐喻分析, 拓宽学生的学习思路, 从而加深对该词的理解。"spend"最早是用于谈论“金钱”, 之所以有“花费时间 (spend time) ”、“浪费时间 (waste time) ”和“节约时间 (save time) ”等表达, 是因为存在“时间就是金钱 (time is money) ”这个概念隐喻。后来"spend"又被用于谈论energy, effort, force, fuel等;再如"And yet death is the destination we all share"中, 乔布斯将源域 (destination) 的某些特征映射到了目标域 (death) , 原因是因为在"destination"和"death"上有共同特征, "destination"是指目的地, 而"death"是指死亡, 象征着人生的终点, 目的地, 教师在讲授时, 要剖析他们的相同点, 告诉学生“为什么”。教师还可以总结该类型隐喻的其他例子, 加强学生的意识, 并进行记忆, 比如:Time is money./Love is journey./Theories are containers等。

3.2 本体隐喻角度

人类最初的生存方式是物质的, 人类对物体的经验为我们将抽象的概念表达、理解为“实体”提供了物质基础, 由此而派生出另一类隐喻——本体隐喻 (ontological metaphor) 。本体隐喻最典型的和最具代表性的是容器隐喻 (container metaphor) 。人是有血有肉的生物, 是独立于周围世界以外的实体, 我们的皮肤界定了自身, 并将我们与自然界其它的事物分开, 因而对世界部分的经验是从自己身体的外部开始的。正因如此, 每个人本身就是一个容器, 有内外之别, 人们将这种概念投射到人体以外的其它物体, 因而可以对其进行谈论、量化和识别其特征及原因等。

例如在“Your work is going to fill a large part of your life”中人们将抽象无形的概念work看作是具体的, 有形的实体, 从而生动易懂。在平常的口语练习中, 学生如果真正能领会到本体隐喻的含义, 就能够讲出一口地道的英语。当然还有其他例子, 如:My fear of insects is driving my wife crazy./The pressure of his responsibilities caused his breakdown等。

3.3 方位隐喻角度

方位隐喻是用空间方位来描述所

要表达的事物, 把上下、左右、前后、里外、中心边缘等方位词运用到反映人们情绪、身体状况、地位上来表达抽象的概念。

例如“This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life”, 在心理方面, 愉快是“上”, 悲伤是“下”。up/high (起来/高) 表示快乐和积极, 而down/low (低/下去) 表示情绪低落。兴高采烈、趾高气扬、热情高涨、情绪低沉、心情压抑、士气低落等。教师在指出这篇演讲稿中的例子的同时, 也可以给学生们罗列一些其他的例子, 比如:Cheer up!You should be in high spirit./My spirit sank, but his spirit rose./When she heard the news, she lit up等。当然, 除了心理方面的隐喻之外, 还有地位方面的隐喻, 如:He has come down in the world./He rose to the top of the class.社会地位高或权力大是“上”, 反之为“下”。如上流社会和下流社会, 上级和下级, 上司和下属, 上座和下座。另外, 还有数量方面的隐喻, 如The price of vegetables has rose./The cost of the project has been brought down.多是“上”, 少是“下”。如工资上调和下调、物价上涨和下跌。教师在教授方位隐喻知识的时候可以把我们日常生活中经常用到的例子讲授给学生, 这样学生在以后的口语表达中就会灵活运用, 能够说出流利的, 而且有创造性的语句, 口语水平自然会有所提高。

4 结束语

近年来, 隐喻在中国被广泛地应用于词汇教学、阅读教学、文化教学、翻译教学中, 该文将概念隐喻与英语口语教学相结合, 分析乔布斯在斯坦福大学上的演讲中的概念隐喻现象, 看到了概念隐喻的作用, 它不仅可以帮助学生转变中式口语的思维, 还可以提高学生对语言理解的敏感度和创新性思维。对于教师而言, 在平常的教育实践中, 也需要有教育隐喻的创造想象, 这不仅是一种能力的提升, 同时也有助于培养智慧型人才, 而不仅仅是知识型人才。

参考文献

[1]George Lakoff, Mark Johnson.Metaphors We Live By[M].Chica go and London:The University of Chicago Press.

[2]Ortony, Andrew.Metaphor and Thought[C].Cambridge:Cam bridge University Press, 1993.

[3]王寅.认知语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2007.

[4]束定房.隐喻学研究[M].上海:上海教育出版社, 2000.

[5]胡壮麟.认知隐喻学[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2004.

[6]林书武.国外隐喻研究综述[J].外语教学与研究, 1997.

[7]侯奕松.隐喻研究与英语教学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社, 2011.

乔布斯2005年在斯坦福大学的演讲稿(中英文) 第4篇

每当我想做出重大决定的时候，我都会用自己将不久于人世这个信息来激励斗志。因为当你面对死亡的时候，无论别人对你有多大的期望，你有多么傲人的成绩，又或是你出过多大的丑，都不重要。那时，你真正需要考虑的是那些最重要的事。清楚知道你剩下的日子，你就会明白应该大胆尝试，无论这条路有多难。既然即将失去你最宝贵的生命，那为什么不趁机好好成全一下自己呢?

大约一年前，我被诊断出癌症。早上7点半，我做了一次检查，清楚地显示出胰腺上长了个肿瘤。在那之前，我甚至不知道胰腺是什么东西。医生告诉我这种癌症几乎无法治愈，而我应该只剩下3到6个月的生命。他们建议我回家好好休息并安排好所有事，意思就是说我离死不远了。我需要把自己在未来10年想和孩子们说的话，在这短短几个月里全说完。也意味着我需要把家里的事情交代清楚，不会遗留下麻烦，同时，我也是时候和好友告别了。

傍晚时分，我接受了一次活组织切片检查。他们从喉咙插入内窥镜，通过我的胃进入肠子里，然后在胰腺上扎了一针，取出一些肿瘤细胞。我很冷静，但是当时陪着我的妻子告诉我说，当医生在显微镜下观察细胞时，他们兴奋地尖叫了起来。因为我所患的是一种极罕见的能通过手术治愈的胰腺癌。于是，我做了手术，现在康复了!

这是我与死神离得最近的一次，也希望我这未来几十年里不要再有这样的事发生。经过这次磨难，我可以更加肯定地告诉你们，死亡是一个很有用且很考验人的讯息：没人想死，即使有人认为死后可以上天堂。但其实，死亡是每个人共同的终点。

这就是生命的规律。死亡很可能是生命中最好的发明，它是生命的促变者，它送走老一代，给新一代开出道路。如今，你们就是新的一代，但在不久的将来，你们也会成为老一代，被生命送走。非常抱歉我说的话有点悲观，但这是不争的事实。

我们拥有的时间并不多，所以别把它浪费在别人的生命里。不要被教条束缚，因为那些观念不属于你自己。别让其他人的意见掩盖了你内心的声音，你要有勇气听从你直觉和心灵的指引。因为，只有你才能真正清楚自己的想法，其他人只是起辅助作用。

我小时候曾看过一本有名的读物《整个地球的目录》(《The Whole Earth Catalog》)，这本书可以说是我那一代圣经级的读物。

这本书的作者Stewart Brand，住在离这不远的门洛帕克镇(Menlo Park)。他的生命里充满了诗歌般的写意。当时是60年代末，还没有个人电脑及台式印刷系统。因此，这本书是借助打字机、剪刀及偏光镜完成的。有点像谷歌的平装书，但要比它早35年。这本书充满了幻想色彩，并夹带了许多新奇的事物与想法。

乔布斯2005年在斯坦福大学的演讲稿(中英文) 第5篇

稿

thisisthetextofthecommencementaddressbystevejobs,ceoofapplecomputerandofpixaranimationstudios,deliveredonjune12,XX.iamhonoredtobewithyoutodayatyourcommencementfromoneofthefinestuniversitiesintheworld.inevergraduatedfromcollege.truthbetold,inevergraduatedfromcollege.thisistheclosesti’veevergottentoacollegegraduation.todayiwanttotellyouthreestoriesfrommylife.that’sit.nobigdeal.justthreestories.斯坦福是世界上最好的大学之一，今天能参加各位的毕业典礼，我备感荣幸。(尖叫声)我从来没有从大学毕业，说句实话，此时算是我离大学毕业最近的一刻。(笑声)今天，我想告诉你们我生命中的三个故事，并非什么了不得的大事件，只是三个小故事而已。

thefirststoryisaboutconnectingthedots.第一个故事 关于串起生命中的点点滴滴

idroppedoutofreedcollegeafterthefirst6months,butthenstayedaroundasadrop-inforanother18monthsorsobeforeireallyquit.sowhydididropout? 退学是我这一生所做出的最正确的决定之一。我在里德大学待了6个月就退学了，但之后仍作为旁听生混了18个月后才最终离开。我为什么要退学呢?

itstartedbeforeiwasborn.mybiologicalmotherwasayoung,unwedcollegegraduatestudent,andshedecidedtoputmeupforadoption.shefeltverystronglythatishouldbeadoptedbycollegegraduates,soeverythingwasallsetformetobeadoptedatbirthbyalawyerandhiswife.exceptthatwhenipoppedouttheydecidedatthelastminutethattheyreallywantedagirl.somyparents,whowereonawaitinglist,gotacallinthemiddleofthenightasking:”wehaveanunexpectedbabyboy;doyouwanthim?”theysaid:”ofcourse.”mybiologicalmotherlaterfoundoutthatmymotherhadnevergraduatedfromcollegeandthatmyfatherhadnevergraduatedfromhighschool.sherefusedtosignthefinaladoptionpapers.sheonlyrelentedafewmonthslaterwhenmyparentspromisedthatiwouldsomedaygotocollege.故事要从我出生之前开始说起。我的生母是一名年轻的未婚妈妈，当时她还是一所大学的在读研究生，于是决定把我送给其他人收养。她坚持我应该被一对念过大学的夫妇收养，所以在我出生的时候，她已经为我被一个律师和他的太太收养做好了所有的准备。但在最后一刻，这对夫妇改了主意，决定收养一个女孩。候选名单上的另外一对夫妇，也就是我的养父母，在一天午夜接到了一通电话、“有一个不请自来的男婴，你们想收养吗?”他们回答、“当然想。”事后，我的生母才发现我的养母根本就没有从大学毕业，而我的养父甚至连高中都没有毕业，所以她拒绝签署最后的收养文件，直到几个月后，我的养父母保证会把我送到大学，她的态度才有所转变。

and17yearslaterididgotocollege.butinaivelychoseacollegethatwasalmostasexpensiveasstanford,andallofmyworking-classparents’savingswerebeingspentonmycollegetuition

.aftersixmonths,icouldn’tseethevalueinit.ihadnoideawhatiwantedtodowithmylifeandnoideahowcollegewasgoingtohelpmefigureitout.andhereiwasspendingallofthemoneymyparentshadsavedtheirentirelife.soidecidedtodropoutandtrustthatitwouldallworkoutok.itwasprettyscaryatthetime,butlookingbackitwasoneofthebestdecisionsievermade.theminuteidroppedouticouldstoptakingtherequiredclassesthatdidn’tinterestme,andbegindroppinginontheonesthatlookedinteresting.17年之后，我真上了大学。但因为年幼无知，我选择了一所和斯坦福一样昂贵的大学，(笑声)我的父母都是工人阶级，他们倾其所有资助我的学业。在6个月之后，我发现自己完全不知道这样念下去究竟有什么用。当时，我的人生漫无目标，也不知道大学对我能起到什么帮助，为了念书，还花光了父母毕生的积蓄，所以我决定退学。我相信车到山前必有路。当时作这个决定的时候非常害怕，但现在回头去看，这是我这一生所做出的最正确的决定之一。(笑声)从我退学那一刻起，我就再也不用去上那些我毫无兴趣的必修课了，我开始旁听那些看来比较有意思的科目。

itwasn’tallromantic.ididn’thaveadormroom,soisleptonthefloorinfriends’rooms,ireturnedcokebottlesforthe5cent;depositstobuyfoodwith,andiwouldwalkthe7milesacrosstowneverysundaynighttogetonegoodmealaweekattheharekrishnatemple.ilovedit.andmuchofwhatistumbledintobyfollowingmycuriosityandintuitionturnedouttobepricelesslateron.letmegiveyouoneexample:

reedcollegeatthattimeofferedperhapsthebestcalligraphyinstructioninthecountry.throughoutthecampuseveryposter,everylabeloneverydrawer,wasbeautifullyhandcalligrap

hed.becauseihaddroppedoutanddidn’thavetotakethenormalclasses,idecidedtotakeacalligraphyclasstolearnhowtodothis.ilearnedaboutserifandsanseriftypefaces,aboutvaryingtheamountofspacebetweendifferentlettercombinations,aboutwhatmakesgreattypographygreat.itwasbeautiful,historical,artisticallysubtleinawaythatsciencecan’tcapture,andifounditfascinating.这件事情做起来一点都不浪漫。因为没有自己的宿舍，我只能睡在朋友房间的地板上;可乐瓶的押金是5分钱，我把瓶子还回去好用押金买吃的;在每个周日的晚上，我都会步行7英里穿越市区，到harekrishna教堂吃一顿大餐，我喜欢那儿的食物。我跟随好奇心和直觉所做的事情，事后证明大多数都是极其珍贵的经验。我举一个例子、那个时候，里德大学提供了全美国最好的书法教育。整个校园的每一张海报，每一个抽屉上的标签，都是漂亮的手写体。由于已经退学，不用再去上那些常规的课程，于是我选择了一个书法班，想学学怎么写出一手漂亮字。在这个班上，我学习了各种字体，如何改变不同字体组合之间的字间距，以及如何做出漂亮的版式。那是一种科学永远无法捕捉的充满美感、历史感和艺术感的微妙，我发现这太有意思了。

noneofthishadevenahopeofanypracticalapplicationinmylife.buttenyearslater,whenweweredesigningthefirstmacintoshcomputer,itallcamebacktome.andwedesigneditallintothemac.itwasthefirstcomputerwithbeautifultypography.ifihadneverdroppedinonthatsinglecourseincollege,themacwouldhaveneverhadmultipletypefacesorproportionallyspacedfonts.andsincewindowsjustcopiedthemac,itslikelythatnopersonalcomputerwouldhavethem.ifihadneverdroppedout,iwouldhaveneverdroppedinonthiscalligraphyclass,andpersonalcomputersmightnothavethewonderfultypographythat

theydo.ofcourseitwasimpossibletoconnectthedotslookingforwardwheniwasincollege.butitwasvery,veryclearlookingbackwardstenyearslater.当时，我压根儿没想到这些知识会在我的生命中有什么实际运用价值;但是10年之后，当我们设计第一款macintosh电脑的时候，这些东西全派上了用场。我把它们全部设计进了mac，这是第一台可以排出好看版式的电脑。如果当时我大学里没有旁听这门课程的话，mac就不会提供各种字体和等间距字体。自从windows系统抄袭了mac以后，(鼓掌大笑)所有的个人电脑都有了这些东西。如果我没有退学，我就不会去书法班旁听，而今天的个人电脑大概也就不会有出色的版式功能。当然我在念大学的那会儿，不可能有先见之明，把那些生命中的点点滴滴都串起来;但10年之后再回头看，生命的轨迹变得非常清楚。

again,youcan’tconnectthedotslookingforward;youcanonlyconnectthemlookingbackwards.soyouhavetotrustthatthedotswillsomehowconnectinyourfuture.youhavetotrustinsomething—yourgut,destiny,life,karma,whatever.thisapproachhasneverletmedown,andithasmadeallthedifferenceinmylife.再强调一次，你不可能充满预见地将生命的点滴串联起来;只有在你回头看的时候，你才会发现这些点点滴滴之间的联系。所以，你要坚信，你现在所经历的将在你未来的生命中串联起来。你不得不相信某些东西，你的直觉、命运、生活、因缘际会……正是这种信仰让我不会失去希望，它让我的人生变得与众不同。

mysecondstoryisaboutloveandloss.第二个故事 关于爱与失去 iwaslucky—ifoundwhatilovedtodoearlyinlife.wozandistartedapplein

myparentsgaragewheniwas20.weworkedhard,andin10yearsapplehadgrownfromjustthetwoofusinagarageintoa$2billioncompanywithover4000employees.wehadjustreleasedourfinestcreation—themacintosh—ayearearlier,andihadjustturned30.andthenigotfired.howcanyougetfiredfromacompanyyoustarted?well,asapplegrewwehiredsomeonewhoithoughtwasverytalentedtorunthecompanywithme,andforthefirstyearorsothingswentwell.butthenourvisionsofthefuturebegantodivergeandeventuallywehadafallingout.whenwedid,ourboardofdirectorssidedwithhim.soat30iwasout.andverypubliclyout.whathadbeenthefocusofmyentireadultlifewasgone,anditwasdevastating.被苹果开掉是我这一生所经历过的最棒的事情。

我是幸运的，在年轻的时候就知道了自己爱做什么。在我20岁的时候，就和沃兹在我父母的车库里开创了苹果电脑公司。我们勤奋工作，只用了10年的时间，苹果电脑就从车库里的两个小伙子扩展成拥有4000名员工，价值达到20亿美元的企业。而在此之前的一年，我们刚推出了我们最好的产品macintosh电脑，当时我刚过而立之年。然后，我就被炒了鱿鱼。一个人怎么可以被他所创立的公司解雇呢?(笑声)这么说吧，随着苹果的成长，我们请了一个原本以为很能干的家伙和我一起管理这家公司，在头一年左右，他干得还不错，但后来，我们对公司未来的前景出现了分歧，于是我们之间出现了矛盾。由于公司的董事会站在他那一边，所以在我30岁的时候，就被踢出了局。我失去了一直贯穿在我整个成年生活的重心，打击是毁灭性的。

ireallydidn’tknowwhattodoforafewmonths.ifeltthatihadletthepreviousgenerationofentrepreneursdown-thatihaddroppedthebatonasitwasbeingpassedtome.imetwithdavidpackardandbobnoyceandtriedtoapologizeforscrewin

gupsobadly.iwasaverypublicfailure,andieventhoughtaboutrunningawayfromthevalley.butsomethingslowlybegantodawnonme—istilllovedwhatidid.theturnofeventsatapplehadnotchangedthatonebit.ihadbeenrejected,butiwasstillinlove.andsoidecidedtostartover.在头几个月，我真不知道要做些什么。我觉得我让企业界的前辈们失望了，我失去了传到我手上的指挥棒。我遇到了戴维.帕卡德(普惠的创办人之一)和鲍勃.诺伊斯(英特尔的创办人之一)，我向他们道歉，因为我把事情搞砸了。我成了人人皆知的失败者，我甚至想过逃离硅谷。但曙光渐渐出现，我还是喜欢我做过的事情。在苹果电脑发生的一切丝毫没有改变我，一个比特都没有。虽然被抛弃了，但我的热忱不改。我决定重新开始。

ididn’tseeitthen,butitturnedoutthatgettingfiredfromapplewasthebestthingthatcouldhaveeverhappenedtome.theheavinessofbeingsuccessfulwasreplacedbythelightnessofbeingabeginneragain,lesssureabouteverything.itfreedmetoenteroneofthemostcreativeperiodsofmylife.duringthenextfiveyears,istartedacompanynamednext,anothercompanynamedpixar,andfellinlovewithanamazingwomanwhowouldbecomemywife.pixarwentontocreatetheworldsfirstcomputeranimatedfeaturefilm,toystory,andisnowthemostsuccessfulanimationstudiointheworld.inaremarkableturnofevents,appleboughtnext,ireturnedtoapple,andthetechnologywedevelopedatnextisattheheartofapple’scurrentrenaissance.andlaureneandihaveawonderfulfamilytogether.我当时没有看出来，但事实证明，我被苹果开掉是我这一生所经历过的最棒的事情。成功的沉重被凤凰涅槃的轻盈

所代替，每件事情都不再那么确定，我以自由之躯进入了我整个生命当中最有创意的时期。

在接下来的5年里，我开创了一家叫做next的公司，接着是一家名叫pixar的公司，并且结识了后来成为我妻子的曼妙女郎。pixar制作了世界上第一部全电脑动画电影《玩具总动员》，现在这家公司是世界上最成功的动画制作公司之一。(掌声)后来经历一系列的事件，苹果买下了next，于是我又回到了苹果，我们在next研发出的技术成为推动苹果复兴的核心动力。我和劳伦斯也拥有了美满的家庭。

i’mprettysurenoneofthiswouldhavehappenedifihadn’tbeenfiredfromapple.itwasawfultastingmedicine,butiguessthepatientneededit.sometimeslifehitsyouintheheadwithabrick.don’tlosefaith.i’mconvincedthattheonlythingthatkeptmegoingwasthatilovedwhatidid.you’vegottofindwhatyoulove.andthatisastrueforyourworkasitisforyourlovers.yourworkisgoingtofillalargepartofyourlife,andtheonlywaytobetrulysatisfiedistodowhatyoubelieveisgreatwork.andtheonlywaytodogreatworkistolovewhatyoudo.ifyouhaven’tfoundityet,keeplooking.don’tsettle.aswithallmattersoftheheart,you’llknowwhenyoufindit.and,likeanygreatrelationship,itjustgetsbetterandbetterastheyearsrollon.sokeeplookinguntilyoufindit.don’tsettle.我非常肯定，如果没有被苹果炒掉，这一切都不可能在我身上发生。

生活有时候就像一块板砖拍向你的脑袋，但不要丧失信心。热爱我所从事的工作，是一直支持我不断前进的惟一理由。你得找出你的最爱，对工作如此，对爱人亦是如此。工作将占据你生命中相当大的一部分，从事你认为具有非凡意

义的工作，方能给你带来真正的满足感。而从事一份伟大工作的惟一方法，就是去热爱这份工作。如果你到现在还没有找到这样一份工作，那么就继续找。不要安于现状，当万事了于心的时候，你就会知道何时能找到。如同任何伟大的浪漫关系一样，伟大的工作只会在岁月的酝酿中越陈越香。所以，在你终有所获之前，不要停下你寻觅的脚步。不要停下。

mythirdstoryisaboutdeath.第三个故事关于死亡

wheniwas17,ireadaquotethatwentsomethinglike:”ifyouliveeachdayasifitwasyourlast,somedayyou’llmostcertainlyberight.”itmadeanimpressiononme,andsincethen,forthepast33years,ihavelookedinthemirroreverymorningandaskedmyself:”iftodaywerethelastdayofmylife,wouldiwanttodowhatiamabouttodotoday?”andwhenevertheanswerhasbeen”no”fortoomanydaysinarow,iknowineedtochangesomething.在17岁的时候，我读过一句格言，好像是、“如果你把每一天都当成你生命里的最后一天，你将在某一天发现原来一切皆在掌握之中。”(笑声)这句话从我读到之日起，就对我产生了深远的影响。在过去的33年里，我每天早晨都对着镜子问自己、“如果今天是我生命中的末日，我还愿意做我今天本来应该做的事情吗?”当一连好多天答案都否定的时候，我就知道做出改变的时候到了。

rememberingthati’llbedeadsoonisthemostimportanttooli’veeverencounteredtohelpmemakethebigchoicesinlife.becausealmosteverything—allexternalexpectations,allpride,allfearofembarrassmentorfailure-

thesethingsjustfallawayinthefaceofdeath,leavingonlywhatistrulyimportant.rememberingthatyouaregoingtodieisthebestwayiknowtoavoidthetrapofthinkingyouhavesomethingtolose.youarealreadynaked.thereisnoreasonnottofollowyourheart.提醒自己行将入土是我在面临人生中的重大抉择时，最为重要的工具。

因为所有的事情——外界的期望、所有的尊荣、对尴尬和失败的惧怕——在面对死亡的时候，都将烟消云散，只留下真正重要的东西。在我所知道的各种方法中，提醒自己即将死去是避免掉入畏惧失去这个陷阱的最好办法。人赤条条地来，赤条条地走，没有理由不听从你内心的呼唤。

aboutayearagoiwasdiagnosedwithcancer.ihadascanat7:30inthemorning,anditclearlyshowedatumoronmypancreas.ididn’tevenknowwhatapancreaswas.thedoctorstoldmethiswasalmostcertainlyatypeofcancerthatisincurable,andthatishouldexpecttolivenolongerthanthreetosixmonths.mydoctoradvisedmetogohomeandgetmyaffairsinorder,whichisdoctor’scodeforpreparetodie.itmeanstotrytotellyourkidseverythingyouthoughtyou’dhavethenext10yearstotelltheminjustafewmonths.itmeanstomakesureeverythingisbuttonedupsothatitwillbeaseasyaspossibleforyourfamily.itmeanstosayyourgoodbyes.大约一年前，我被诊断出癌症。在早晨7、30我做了一个检查，扫描结果清楚地显示我的胰脏出现了一个肿瘤。我当时甚至不知道胰脏究竟是什么。医生告诉我，几乎可以确定这是一种不治之症，顶多还能活3至6个月。大夫建议我回家，把诸事安排妥当，这是医生对临终病人的标准用语。这意味着你得把你今后10年要对你的子女说的话用几个月的

时间说完;这意味着你得把一切都安排妥当，尽可能减少你的家人在你身后的负担;这意味着向众人告别的时间到了。

ilivedwiththatdiagnosisallday.laterthateveningihadabiopsy,wheretheystuckanendoscopedownmythroat,throughmystomachandintomyintestines,putaneedleintomypancreasandgotafewcellsfromthetumor.iwassedated,butmywife,whowasthere,toldmethatwhentheyviewedthecellsunderamicroscopethedoctorsstartedcryingbecauseitturnedouttobeaveryrareformofpancreaticcancerthatiscurablewithsurgery.ihadthesurgeryandi’mfinenow.我整天都想着诊断结果。那天晚上做了一个切片检查，医生把一个内窥镜从我的喉管伸进去，穿过我的胃进入肠道，将探针伸进胰脏，从肿瘤上取出了几个细胞。我打了镇静剂，但我的太太当时在场，她后来告诉我说，当大夫们从显微镜下观察了细胞组织之后，都哭了起来，因为那是非常罕见的，可以通过手术治疗的胰脏癌。我接受了手术，现在已经康复了。

thiswastheclosesti’vebeentofacingdeath,andihopeitstheclosestigetforafewmoredecades.havinglivedthroughit,icannowsaythistoyouwithabitmorecertaintythanwhendeathwasausefulbutpurelyintellectualconcept:

noonewantstodie.evenpeoplewhowanttogotoheavendon’twanttodietogetthere.andyetdeathisthedestinationweallshare.noonehaseverescapedit.andthatisasitshouldbe,becausedeathisverylikelythesinglebestinventionoflife.itislife’schangeagent.itclearsouttheoldtomakewayforthenew.rightnowthenewisyou,butsomedaynottoolongfromnow,youwi

llgraduallybecometheoldandbeclearedaway.sorrytobesodramatic,butitisquitetrue.这是我最接近死亡的一次，我希望在随后的几十年里，都不要有比这一次更接近死亡的经历。在经历了这次与死神擦肩而过的经验之后，死亡对我来说只是一项有效的判断工具，并且只是一个纯粹的理性概念，我能够更肯定地告诉你们以下事实、没人想死;即使想去天堂的人，也是希望能活着进去。(笑声)死亡是我们每个人的人生终点站，没人能够成为例外。生命就是如此，因为死亡很可能是生命最好的造物，它是生命更迭的媒介，送走耄耋老者，给新生代让路。现在你们还是新生代，但不久的将来你们也将逐渐老去，被送出人生的舞台。很抱歉说得这么富有戏剧性，但生命就是如此。

yourtimeislimited,sodon’twasteitlivingsomeoneelse’slife.don’tbetrappedbydogma—whichislivingwiththeresultsofotherpeople’sthinking.don’tletthenoiseofothers’opinionsdrownoutyourowninnervoice.andmostimportant,havethecouragetofollowyourheartandintuition.theysomehowalreadyknowwhatyoutrulywanttobecome.everythingelseissecondary.你们的时间有限，所以不要把时间浪费在别人的生活里。不要被条条框框束缚，否则你就生活在他人思考的结果里。不要让他人的观点所发出的噪音淹没你内心的声音。最为重要的是，要有遵从你的内心和直觉的勇气，它们可能已知道你其实想成为一个什么样的人。其他事物都是次要的。

wheniwasyoung,therewasanamazingpublicationcalledthewholeearthcatalog,whichwasoneofthebiblesofmygeneration.itwascreatedbyafellownamedstewartbrandnotfarfromhereinmenlopark,andhebroughtittolifewithhispoetictouch.thi

swasinthelate1960’s,beforepersonalcomputersanddesktoppublishing,soitwasallmadewithtypewriters,scissors,andpolaroidcameras.itwassortoflikegoogleinpaperbackform,35yearsbeforegooglecamealong:itwasidealistic,andoverflowingwithneattoolsandgreatnotions.在我年轻的时候，有一本非常棒的杂志叫《全球目录》(thewholeearthcatalog)，它被我们那一代人奉为圭臬。这本杂志的创办人是一个叫斯图尔特.布兰德的家伙，他住在menlopark，距离这儿不远。他把这本杂志办得充满诗意。那是在60年代末期，个人电脑、桌面发排系统还没有出现，所以出版工具只有打字机、剪刀和宝丽来相机。这本杂志有点像印在纸上的google，但那是在google出现的35年前;它充满了理想色彩，内容都是些非常好用的工具和了不起的见解。

stewartandhisteamputoutseveralissuesofthewholeearthcatalog,andthenwhenithadrunitscourse,theyputoutafinalissue.itwasthemid-1970s,andiwasyourage.onthebackcoveroftheirfinalissuewasaphotographofanearlymorningcountryroad,thekindyoumightfindyourselfhitchhikingonifyouweresoadventurous.beneathitwerethewords:”stayhungry.stayfoolish.”itwastheirfarewellmessageastheysignedoff.stayhungry.stayfoolish.andihavealwayswishedthatformyself.andnow,asyougraduatetobeginanew,iwishthatforyou.图尔特和他的团队做了几期《全球目录》，快无疾而终的时候，他们出版了最后一期。那是在70年代中期，我当时处在你们现在的年龄。在最后一期的封底有一张清晨乡间公路的照片，如果你喜欢搭车冒险旅行的话，经常会碰到的那种小路。在照片下面有一排字、物有所不足，智有所不明(stayhungry，stayfoolish.求知若饥，虚心若愚)这是他们

停刊的告别留言。物有所不足，智有所不明——我总是以此自省。现在，在你们毕业开始新生活的时候，我把这句话送给你们。

stayhungry.stayfoolish.thankyouallverymuch 求知若饥，虚心若愚。

非常感谢!更多文章

乔布斯2005年在斯坦福大学的演讲稿(中英文) 第6篇

苹果CEO乔布斯在斯坦福大学毕业典礼上的演讲稿

英文版：

I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world.I never graduated from college.Truth be told, this is the closest I’ve ever gotten to a college graduation.Today I want to tell you three stories from my life.That’s it.No big deal.Just three stories.The first story is about connecting the dots.I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit.So why did I drop out? It started before I was born.My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption.She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife.Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl.So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: “We have an unexpected baby boy;do you want him?“ They said: “Of course.“ My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school.She refused to sign the final adoption papers.She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.And 17 years later I did go to college.But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents’ savings were being spent on my college tuition.After six months, I couldn’t see the value in it.I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out.And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life.So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK.It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made.The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn’t interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.It wasn’t all romantic.I didn’t have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5￠ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple.I loved it.And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on.Let me give you one example:Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country.Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed.Because I had dropped out and didn’t have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this.I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great.It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can’t capture, and I found it fascinating.None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life.But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me.And we designed it all into the Mac.It was the first computer with beautiful typography.If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them.If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do.Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college.But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.Again, you can’t connect the dots looking forward;you can only connect them looking backwards.So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future.You have to trust in somethingI found what I loved to do early in life.Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20.We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees.We had just released our finest creationa year earlier, and I had just turned 30.And then I got fired.How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well.But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out.When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him.So at 30 I was out.And very publicly out.What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.I really didn’t know what to do for a few months.I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs downI still loved what I did.The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit.I had been rejected, but I was still in love.And so I decided to start over.I didn’t see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me.The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything.It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife.Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world.In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple’s current renaissance.And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.I’m pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn’t been fired from Apple.It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it.Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick.Don’t lose faith.I’m convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did.You’ve got to find what you love.And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers.Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work.And the only way to do great work is to love what you do.If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking.Don’t settle.As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it.And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on.So keep looking until you find it.Don’t settle.My third story is about death.When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: “If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you’ll most certainly be right.“ It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: “If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?“ And whenever the answer has been “No“ for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.Remembering that I’ll be dead soon is the most important tool I’ve ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life.Because almost everythingthese things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important.Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose.You are already naked.There is no reason not to follow your heart.About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer.I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas.I didn’t even know what a pancreas was.The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months.My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor’s code for prepare to die.It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you’d have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months.It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family.It means to say your goodbyes.I lived with that diagnosis all day.Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor.I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery.I had the surgery and I’m fine now.This was the closest I’ve been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades.Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: No one wants to die.Even people who want to go to heaven don’t want to die to get there.And yet death is the destination we all share.No one has ever escaped it.And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life.It is Life’s change agent.It clears out the old to make way for the new.Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away.Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life.Don’t be trapped by dogma-which is living with the results of other people’s thinking.Don’t let the noise of other’s opinions drown out your own inner voice.And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.They somehow already know what you truly want to become.Everything else is secondary.When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation.It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch.This was in the late 1960’s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras.It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue.It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age.On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous.Beneath it were the words: “Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish”.It was their farewell message as they signed off.Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.And I have always wished that for myself.And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.Thank you all very much.