英美文学自主学习

2024-05-18

英美文学自主学习(精选10篇)

英美文学自主学习 第1篇

关键词:英美文学教学,自主学习,对策,探索

英美文学课是我国高等院校英语专业教学中重要的专业知识课程。《高等学校英语专业教学大纲》中明确指出“文学课程的目的在于培养学生阅读、欣赏、理解英语文学原著的能力, 掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法, 通过阅读和分析英美文学作品, 促进学生语言基本功和人文素质的提高, 增强学生对西方文学及文化的了解”。实践证明该课程的开设对提高学生的人文素质, 增强学生的语言基本功等方面起着积极的作用。然而在高校英语专业教学中为了满足市场的需求, 在商务英语、经贸英语等实用英语课程应运而生的同时, 文学逐渐在很多人眼中成了不实用的代名词。目前我校的英美文学课程教学也面临着种种困境和不足。英美文学是高校外语专业高年级的一门主干课程, 该课程由于历史跨度大, 文学流派众多, 作家的风格纷繁多样, 以及不同时期的复杂历史社会背景等因素, 这门课一直是门难教难学的课程。在学习过程中多数学生对文学课不够重视, 除了文学的特殊爱好者以及立志要考上文学研究生的学生外, 能完成外语专业规定的阅读量的人恐怕是少之又少了。一方面有市场经济大潮冲击的客观原因, 另一方面也有英美文学教学自身的因素, 教学思想、教学内容和教学方法诸方面都落后于时代的步伐, 使之不能适应当今的形势和教育对象的要求所致。

英美文学教学存在的问题:

问题一:让文学课服务于语言教学。当前从事英语文学教学的一大障碍就是让文学课服务于语言教学。殷企平教授在最近一次题为“文学教学在英语教育中的作用”的发言中指出, 文学课有面临边缘化甚至被抛弃的危险。文学有可能成为一件“饰物”。殷教授的担心不是空谷来风, 相当数量的老师撰文主张利用文学课来提高学生的“语言水平”, 像《英美文学教学与语言能力的关系研究报告》, 《英语文学教学与语言能力培养》, 《文学教学课对英语语言能力培养的作用》等。

对于英语文学课的本质目的, 孙琳等在《谈英美文学教材的选编问题》中总结如下:“可以丰富学生对英语国家的历史、文化和社会方面的知识;”“有助于培养学生的文学欣赏和批判能力。”“可以培养和提高学生的语言能力。”郭英剑总结了四个层次:“学其语言”、“学其文学”、“学其文化”和最高层次的“学习人类之文明”。这些观点都表明, 通过文学课学习语言充其量只能是其目的之一。

文学作品是表层文本与深层文本之间的并存与互动, 文学语言与其它语言的区别不是“正式”与“非正式”, 也不是“优雅”与“通俗”。读文学作品不能只关注其中的语言, 而是要读出表层文本中的语言与深层文本中主题的关联。这种关系不能简单地等同于索绪尔的所指与能指的对应关系, 而是文本在一个动态的“能指链”上滑动的过程。在索绪尔那里, 能指与所指是一张纸的两面, 是静态的共存关系。而文学语言, 可以作为一般语言来读, 即是表层文本。在这一层面上, 语言才呼应索绪尔及其它结构语言学家们的观点, 是能指与所指的统一体, 也只有在这一层面上才具有语言的正式或非正式特征, 有雅俗之分, 有文体之分。由于表层文本的掩护, 我们不容易看到深层文本意义, 因为“表层结构隐含或遮蔽了深层的、更难到达的、因而也就更难得到社会认可的意义层面”。

问题二:读而不批的现象。文学教学的目的第一步是让学生阅读原作, 第二步是让学生产生相应的阅读反应。但如果将文学内容作为语言教学的素材, 文学课就会在“阅读欣赏”的招牌下, 只有输入没有输出, 只进行文学阅读而没有相应的批评活动。而批评行为恰恰是人类更高一级的智力行为, 首先表现为记录我们阅读作品时的直接反应。但遗憾的是, 在上个世纪90年代, 国家教委对英语毕业生的统计中显示“14%的人表示如果重回大学学习将选择文学课;46%的人认为文学课应当成为选修课”, 其中又仅有“6%的人认为毕业论文应侧重文学内容”。这些数据显示出文学教学只会与6%的学生的阅读反应有联系。

因此, 加强英美文学自主学习是唯一可行并且有效地提高英美文学教学质量的方法。自主学习是与传统的接受学习相对应的一种现代化学习方式。顾名思义, 自主学习是以学生作为学习的主体, 通过学生独立的分析、探索、实践、质疑、创造等方法来实现学习目标。

改变课程实施过程中过于强调接受学习、死记硬背、机械化的现状, 倡导学生主动参与、乐于探究、勤于动手, 培养学生搜集和处理信息的能力、获取新知识的能力、分析和解决问题的能力以及交流与合作的能力。传统的英语教学强调的是接受式的学习方式, 现在我们在高校英美文学教学中提倡自主学习, 并不是全盘否定接受式的学习方式而主张一概采用自主学习的方式。我们只是要改变过去的那种过于强调接受学习的倾向, 而不是完全否定接受式的学习方式, 但要倡导学生学会自主学习的方式。

英美文学自主学习教改实验要把学法研究和新的学习方法研究摆在重要位置。自主学习要求, 学生不仅要把学习内容作为认识的客体, 而且要将自己作为认识的客体。要对自己作出客观正确的自我评价, 从而对自己的行为进行自我激励、自我控制、自我调节, 形成健康的心理品质, 使自己的注意力、意志力和抗挫折能力不断提高。要使学生学会适应文学学习, 要主动适应, 而不是被动适应;允许并鼓励学生有根据自己兴趣选择学习内容、学习方式、学习方法的权利。要改善办学条件, 为学生进行选择性学习提供更多的文学书籍。

文学是一种资源、财富和修养。一名外语专业的大学生, 不管以后从事何种工作, 最起码的文学修养是必不可少的。在当前英语的工具性变得愈来愈迫切的今天, 更要提防不能让英语的职业技能取代英语的人文思想教育内容。为了更好地开发文学资源, 现代教育技术提供了强有力的手段, 在文学阅读的初级阶段, 采用多媒体文学课件, 用丰富生动的音、画、影、像去激发学生的兴趣和想象力;到了提高阶段, 采用Internet开展自主化学习, 可以把学生带到一个开放广阔的文学世界中去。通过教学观念的更新, 教材的改革, 传统教学方法与强调自主学习相结合的改进, 英美文学课一定会在外语专业教学中发挥更好的作用。 (本文为榆林学院教改项目“英美文学自主学习研究”成果)

参考文献

[1]高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组.高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲[M].北京:外语教育研究出版社, 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2000.

[2]杨岂深, 孙铢.英国文学选读[M].上海译文出版社, 1982.

[3]杨自伍.英国文化选本[M].华东师范大学出版社, 1996.

高校英美文学课程学习思考 第2篇

在21世纪经济浪潮冲击的今天,很多人对教育的人文精神和实用性之间的矛盾提出质疑。很多的高校应社会的需求,花很大精力抓学生的英语模仿技能训练,忽略了学生分析思维和独立见解能力的培养,很多学生在经历4年的专业训练之后,张口能说发出地道的英语口音,但是思维萎缩和修养受到忽略。古人云:皮之不存,毛将焉附。在教育过程中不能培养学生的独立思考能力,对社会文化现象的辨别能力,那么,学生张口说出来的英语就犹如鹦鹉学舌,缺少了自己的深度。

作为英语专业商务英语方向的学生,对于高校英美文学课程设置的意义可以理解为巩固基础阶段所学的知识,提高语言的运用能力,增强对西方文化的了解,培养文学的鉴赏能力和审美的敏感性,从而促进人文素质的提高。在商务英语各门课中,文学是唯一可以担此重任的载体。

首先,在商务英语教学中开设应为文学可以促进学生英语语言技能的发展。“文学语言是语言运用的最高层次”,最美的语言往往存在于文学中,所以文学文本是最好的阅读文本。学生在学习英美国家的文学作品、历史事迹。可以有效的了解英美国家的概况,这样才能能有效地利用和掌握英语。文学作品与文化语言的掌握是相辅相成的。通过文学的学习,语言也会学习的更加充实、更加感性。另外,文学作品可以促使学生对语言的特点更加敏感,进而提高对语言的认识。学文学从来就是学语言的自然延伸,英美文学中的语言更是“语言的精华”。阅读英美文学作品有助于提高学生的英语语言能力,包括对文学作品语言的感受能力和对内容的欣赏能力。学生在阅读文学名著时,接触的是地道的或高雅严肃或诙谐幽默等不同风格的语言。阅读不同的英美文学作品,不仅可以增强对英语这

门语言的语感,还有助于学生掌握语言的多样性和丰富性。

其次,商务英语方向在根据实际需要进行语言与专业复合的同时,往往会忽略最重要的一点:作为一个民族的文明结晶和文化信息的承载者,语言与本国的历史文化和哲学传统是不可分割的。文学语言是最能体现 一个民族语言丰富性、表现力和生命力的语言,它生动活泼、意蕴深长。文学又是一个民族社会文化生 活的缩影,是了解所学语言文化背景知识的一个重要来源。在阅读文学作品过程中,我们不自觉地参与到所学语言的社会文化生活中去,从而培养了我们的文化意识和文学素养。英美文学能帮助学生更好了解西方文化,风土人情。因而面通过文学了解文化,提高文化意识,进而胜任跨文化交际的任务是一种有效的教学途径,是其它所谓热门课程所不能替代的。对于商务英语方向的学生来说,英美文学、英语基础课程学习及商贸技能课程之间具有相关性。语言学习的首要目的是交际,而交际能力的培养不仅局限于听、说能力,还 应将语言学习与文化语境结合起来,强调学生跨文化交际能力。英美商务人员都会有一定的文学素养。不少毕业生口音纯正,口语表达也流利,在国际交往中乍一开口能讲几句漂亮的外语,但难以进行深度交流。因此了解相关国家的背景,掌握相关国家的语言及熟悉相关国家的风土人情和行为习俗等都足国际化人才的基本素质要求。只有通过研读英美文学并对 西方文化有深层次的了解,才能在国际合作和竞争 中轻车熟路,立于不败之地。

再次,学习英美文学可以提高人文素质。当代中国经济正面临着转型的重要时刻,人们面临着巨大的诱惑,物欲的驱使,享乐的召唤,当代大学生普遍表现出一种人文精神的失落。英美文学作为英语专业课程为高校人文素质教育提供了平台。真正有价值的文学作品,通过语言的艺术反馈经验,提供认识社会和人本

身的观察窗口,它的影响力不是直接的。而是深远的;不是物质的,而是精神的;不是可以明显感知的,而是潜移默化、无所不在的。阅读古今中外优秀的文学作品,可以开拓人生视野,拓展心智空间,丰富社会阅历,增长见识才干,从而陶冶情性,提高人生的境界。英美文学课程是一门素质培养课。学生通过阅读英美文学作品,主动参与文本意义的寻找、发现、创造过程,逐步养成敏锐的感受能力,掌握 严谨的分析方法,形成准确的表达方式。这种把丰富的感性经验上升到抽象的理性认识的感受、分 析、表达能力,将使学生受益无穷。

所以,英美文学不仅仅是英美文学专业的学生应该学习的一门课程,而且是学习商务英语学生应该去探索的课程。对以后的人生会产生比较深远的影响

班级: B091203

学号: B09120320

浅谈英美文学的学习价值与赏析 第3篇

关键词:英美文学;文学作品;阅读

一、英美文学作品的价值

英美文学是了解英美文化的重要窗口,是英语语言的精粹和重要载体,是英美国家文化意识形态的重要组成部分。作为英美国家文化的知识瑰宝,诸如莎士比亚、歌德、狄更斯、培根、哈代、爱默生、海明威、马克·吐温等文学大家的作品,它的语言光辉、文学魅力、哲学思想、思想教育性是全人类不可多得的财富。在认识到英美文学作品的价值的基础上,外事工作人员有必要主动加强对这些作品的阅读与赏析,通过对文学作品的阅读与鉴赏,了解英美文化的知识背景、民族特点、精神思潮、科技发展等;与此同时,利用这些作品装备自己的头脑,扩大知识范围,接受情感价值观、人生观、世界观的熏陶。从而体现其独特的教育价值,提高外事人员在工作中利用英语处理问题的能力,实现自我教育功能。

二、英美文学作品的阅读与鉴赏

1、针对不同的文学形式,用不同的欣赏方法和角度全面把握作品的意义

以小说为例,《牛虻》是一部经典的革命作品。作者通过主人公牛虻、神父蒙泰尼里与教会三者之间复杂的“三角”关系,成功地塑造了人性“两难”的艺术张力。塑造了主人公牛虻在面对革命理想与骨肉人伦之间相冲突时的思想挣扎与斗争;蒙泰尼里———作为神父也作为父亲的他,在面临信仰与亲情之间难以选择的痛苦,使读者深刻感受到小说中强烈的情感冲突和震撼力,揭露基督教会对人们思想戕害罪行。又如在夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简·爱》中塑造的简爱的形象是多面性的,简爱的形象有助于我们解读作家本人的生活,这部自传体小说并非完全虚构,它凝聚着作者本人丰富的人生体验。此外,作品可以帮助了解作家所处时代的社会面貌以及所反映的社会矛盾主题。充分反应了作者当时所处的社会的等级森严、势利傲慢的贵族和鄙陋习气。通过对她们作品中女主人简爱的分析,透视了在十八、十九世纪的英国,女性地位的低下以及受男性社会压迫和歧视的状况,作为一名觉醒了的简爱,简爱向往自由、追求平等和独立的成为其性格中的特质,对现实和命运作出勇敢的斗争,这些宝贵的品质对读者具有深远的影响,尤其对当代女性寻求自我具有重要的现实意义。

2、细读完整的文学作品,从整体上去感受和体验作品的意义

所有真正的文学欣赏活动都从文本的精读开始。不同的人可以根据自身的情况进行精读,在精读过程中对作品进行认真思考,或者与他人进行交流与沟通,再通过自己的总结和反思,从整体上去感受和体验作品的意义,认识到作品的深度和广度,从而更透彻地理解问题。作品选读虽说是经典作品精华章节部分,例如如果只是读了莎翁的《哈姆雷特》中的一些片段,是无法对哈姆雷特本人和莎士比亚做出全面的评价和判断的,如同西方格言所说:有一千个读者,就有一千个哈姆雷特。

3、梳理英美文学作品之中的脉络,加深理解作品的意义

英美文学作品之中的脉络,是对作品体现的民族思想及其演变的系统梳理和归类,它成为打破文学史限制和年代界限,灌注整个文学作品之中的动脉。阅读之前最好能够制定相应的阅读计划和安排,主动搜集与作品相关的诸如社会、政治、经济、文化乃至宗教的背景知识,这样有助于将文学作品放在特定的思想范畴和格局中进行,才能开放地、辩证地、批判地理解其内容,在充分了解民族思想的演变的基础上,又对文学作品有完整的解读和欣赏。具体地说,辩证地了解某种在英美文化中至关重要的思想理念在不同时代文学作品中的展现、认识不同时期作家对某种思想的不同解读和反应、探索该民族思想对现今英美人文化、思想观念 。经验证明,英美文学作品的阅读与鉴赏可以很好的发展学生批判性思维、提高审美阅读能力和了解英美国家文化及思想,便于读者形成一套独特的学习方式和对重要的作家作品和重要的文学思潮的掌握。

三、讨论

在对阅读与鉴赏时,读者一旦养成写两个好习惯会收到极佳的读书效果。一是书写阅读心得和读书笔记,有助于读者及时总结自己的思考。二是坚持不懈读下去。读者通过阅读,受到作品的熏陶,有利于不断提升读者自身素质和英语水平,提升读者的人文素养和人格魅力,受益终生。(作者单位:沈阳师范大学外国语学院)

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[1]殷小敏,辜庆华.浅析英美文学的教育价值[J]. 科教文汇(中旬刊). 2011(03)

[2]殷小敏,辜庆华.浅析英美文学的教育价值[J].科教文汇,2011(3).

[3]欧光安.语篇分析视野下英美文学作品文体特点解读——以诗歌和小说为例[J]. 石河子大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 2012(01)

英美文学自主学习 第4篇

一、研究方法

(一) 研究对象

以我院外语系二、三年级两个班本科生为调查对象, 共59人, 其中男生10人, 女生49人。

(二) 调查工具

自编的《英语本科生英美文学自主学习调查问卷》, 共34个题目, 涉及学生英美文学学习现状、自主学习意识、学习策略、教师自主学习指导、自主学习资源以及自主学习中心六个方面。

(三) 调查方法及数据处理

在英美文学课上发放调查问卷, 总共发放62份问卷, 回收62份, 其中有效问卷59份。

数据采用SPSS15.0处理。

二、结果与分析

本次调查从六个方面了解学生的自主学习状况, 即学生英美文学学习现状、自主学习意识、学习策略、教师自主学习指导、自主学习资源以及自主学习中心。

(一) 我院学生的英美文学基础还比较薄弱, 学习的效果不

容乐观, 不足1/3的学生对于学过的英美文学史比较了解, 不足1/4的学生对于学过的英美文学作品比较了解, 能够比较全面地评价自己学过的作品的人不足1/5。这与程爱民等的调查结果相似。这可能一方面与学生学习英语的热情有关, 另一方面, 阅读英美文学作品通常需要较多的时间, 而我院的学生活动较多, 其他课程学习任务较重, 没有足够的精力来细读英美文学作品是可能的原因之一。此外, 缺乏自主学习的能力也是较重要的原因。

(二) 在英美文学自主学习方面, 能够自觉在课外学习英美

对英美文学感兴趣的接近1/2, 而认为学习英美文学能够提高自己能力, 丰富自己的素养的学生则高达3/4。这说明我院学生对学习英美文学还是比较感兴趣的, 而且能够认识到英美文学对于自己的素质提高的作用。我院外语教学还较多地依靠传统教学模式, 对于学生的自主学习意识培养还不够重视, 没有系统地对英语本科生进行自主学习教育, 这可能是导致相当多学生不知道何为自主学习的重要原因。

(三) 我院学生的英美文学自主学习的计划状况不容乐观, 这可能是缺乏计划意识, 也可能是缺乏计划能力;

我院学生的自我评价与调节能力也需要加强。特别是坚持学习计划的能力, 能够做到的学生只有10.2%。学生在调整学习方法和克服学习困难方面的人数接近1/2。我院外语系本科学生在英美文学自主学习方面, 计划、调节能力都还较差。这主要和缺乏自主学习方面的指导和培训有关, 当然, 学生自身的性格特点也可能对是否能够坚持完成计划, 是否能够灵活执行计划有关。

(四) 我院英美文学老师能够鼓励学生对英美文学进行自主学习, 也能够在课堂上让学生自主学习。

但是被学生认可的比率还不够, 认可率均不足1/2;老师们能够对学生进行自主学习指导, 也能够采取与学生签订学习合约的方法来检查学生自主学习的效果, 也能够注重在课堂上开展自主学习活动, 但学生的认可率均不足1/3。

(五) 1/2以上的学生能够利用网络, 图书馆等资源来进行

英美文学的学习, 但是只有不足1/5的学生认为外语系在英美文学资料准备上还能够满足自己的学习需要。外语系尚未为学生英美文学的自主学习提供较好的服务, 音像、图书资料还比较欠缺。

(六) 学生群体中较少建立以英美文学为主的自主学习中心, 且缺乏固定的英美文学自主学习中心。

上面的调查结果表明我院外语系英语本科生的英美文学学习效果、自主学习现状都不理想, 需要构建有效的英美文学自主学习模式, 以帮助学生提高英美文学的学习效果。

三、结论与建议

我院外语系本科生的英美文学自主学习状况不容乐观, 各个方面都还需要加强, 特别是要对培养学生对英美文学的自主学习意识, 提高其自主学习能力, 老师要对其进行系统的指导, 帮助他们建立自主学习中心, 为他们提供丰富的英美文学学习资料。

摘要:自主学习是学生的一种学习能力, 英美文学更需要学生进行自主学习。本研究对我院外语系二、三年级英语本科班59名学生的英美文学自主学习现状进行问卷调查, 学生们在英美文学学习效果、自主学习意识、自主学习策略、教师对自主学习的指导、自主学习资源以及自主学习中心的现状都不容乐观, 日后要加强对学生英美文学自主学习意识、能力的培养, 提供足够的学习资源, 并帮助其建立自主学习中心。

关键词:自主学习,自主意识,自主学习策略

参考文献

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[2].Little, D.L earner Autonomy:Definitions, Issues and Prob-lems[M], Dublin:Authentik, 1991

[3].邓鹂鸣, 发展外语习得者的自主学习意识[J], 四川外语学院学报, 2004 (3) :156-159

[4].王笃勤, 大学英语自主学习能力的培养[J], 外语界, 2002 (5) :17-23

[5].谭红, 浅谈大学生英语自主学习中教师的角色[J], 四川外语学院学报, 2001 (3) :104-105

英美文学自主学习 第5篇

The Renaissance period(14世纪至十七世纪中叶)文艺复兴 1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心,人是万物之灵。3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑,探索以及享受。

4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔,克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

6.The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。

7.The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用,语言的力度与气概,而最重要的是发展了修辞模式,即将格律,韵脚(式),组织结构,意象(比喻,描述)与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题,并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。

8.The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛,威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。9.Francis Bacon(1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(I)Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞

10.the theme of Redcrosse is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic-“Fierce wars and faithful loves.”《仙后》的主题并非“男人与武器”,而是更富浪漫色彩的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。

11.It is Spenser‟s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make him known as “the poets‟ poet.”正是斯宾塞的理想主义,对美的热爱以及精美优雅的诗文韵律是他成为“诗人中的诗人”。(II)Christopher Marlowe克利斯朵夫.马洛

12.As the most gifted of the “University Wits,” Marlowe composed six plays within his short lifetime.Among them the most important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I & II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II.马洛是当时“大学才子”中最富才华的人,在他短暂的一生中,他完成了六部剧本的创作。其中最负盛名的是:《帖木尔》,《浮士德博士的悲剧》,《马耳他岛的犹太人》以及《爱德华二世》。13.Marlowe‟s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama.马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵体诗,并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。

14.Marlowe‟s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.马洛的第二项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。

15.His brilliant achievement as a whole raised him to an eminence as the pioneer of English drama.他对戏剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的,为此,它被后世尊为英国戏剧的先驱。16.The passionate shepherd to his love激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘

This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature.这首短诗是英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。

(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚

17.The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus;and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love‟s Labour‟s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段,他创作了五部历史剧:《亨利六世》,《理查三世》,《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧:《错误的戏剧》,《维洛那二绅士》,《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。18.In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V;six comedies: A Midsummer Night‟s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor;and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段,他写了五部历史剧:《理查三世》,《约翰王》,《亨利四世》,《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》,《威尼斯商人》,《无事生非》,《皆大欢喜》,《第十二夜》,《温莎的风流娘儿们》,还有两部悲剧:《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。19.Shakespeare‟s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies.The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus.The two comedies are All‟s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧(或悲喜剧),悲剧有:《哈姆雷特》,《奥赛罗》,《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。

20.The last period of Shakespeare‟s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter‟s Tale and The Tempest;and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧:《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21.Shakespeare‟s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet‟s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。22.Shakespeare‟s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题:在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家,统一是非常必要的。

23.In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中,莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春,并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。

24.The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》,颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。25.Shakespeare‟s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.They have some characteristics in common.Each portrays some noble hero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是:《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》 26.“The King‟s government must be carried on”—but carried on for the good of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”----但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的,而不是只为国王自己服务。

27.Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems.In the end, the only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream.正因如此,他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药,最后,他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实,从梦幻中找安慰。

28.He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合,应该反映天性与现实。

29.Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今来,没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美,他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。30.Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点,文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。31.Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。

(IV)Francis Bacon弗兰西斯.培根

32.The most import works of his first group include The Advancement of Learning, Written in English;Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning.培根的作品可分为三类:第一类中最重要的作品有《学术的进展》(用英文著述)《新工具》(是《学术的进展》的拉丁文增补版)

33.One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation, the other is the knowledge from the workings of human mind.他将知识分为两种:一种是通过神的启示获得的知识,另一种是通过人类用脑思考而获得的知识。

34.According to Bacon, man‟s understanding consists of three parts: history to man‟s memory, poetry to man‟s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man‟s reason.培根认为,人类的认识与学问分为三部分:基于人类回忆的历史学,基于人类想象力创造力的诗歌与基于人类理性的哲学。

35.Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticist.作为人文主义者的培根展示了自己对于自然界真理的实验主义态度,并向中世纪的经院哲学家们提出挑战。

36.Bacon‟s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness.培根的散文以简洁,紧凑,有力度而著名。

37.The essays are well-arranged and enriched by biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence.这些散文不仅结构巧妙还大量使用了《圣经》的典故,隐喻和基调。

38.Of Studies 论学习

Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智。(V)John Donne约翰.邓恩

39.The imagery is drawn from the actual life.诗中的意象都是从现实生活中提取的。

40.His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods.他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏剧性,展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观念,以及漫无边际的情感与心境。

41.The Sons and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most of his early lyrics.《歌与短歌》是邓恩最有名的诗集,囊括了他早期大多数爱情诗作。

42.In his gloomy poem “Farewell to love,” we can see his disillusionment.在忧伤的诗作《告别爱情》中,我们就可以感受到他对爱情幻想的破灭。

43.With the brief, simple language, the argument is continuous throughout the poem.议论依附于一种简洁平白的语言,并贯穿于整首诗作。(VI)John Milton约翰.弥尔顿

44.he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human freedom.他头脑中充满了为人类自由而战的思想。45.Milton‟s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great poem.弥尔顿的文学作品可分为三类:早期诗作,中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。

46.Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.他的三部伟大诗作:《失乐园》《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。47.The theme of Paradise Lost is the “Fall of Man”.In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity.失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。在沉沦之中,亚当发现了自己身上的人性。

48.Milton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil.他认为上帝是按照他自己的样子造出的世界,其中也包括罪恶。

49.It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开辟了道路,这也显示出上帝欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情心。50.In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Milton‟s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中,整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一样,以生命为代价,与敌人同归于尽。51.In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer.弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。

52.Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强,意志薄弱,经不起考验,暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。

Chapter2

The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义

1.In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之,这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。2.The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代,或曰理性时代。3.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。

4.Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities.They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。

5.As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实,当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。

6.Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿,亚历山大.蒲柏,约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔(这两位是现代散文的先驱),乔纳森.斯威夫特,丹尼尔.迪福,理查.B.谢立丹,亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。

7.In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域,启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。8.They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序,逻辑,确切及情感控制的基础上,而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。

9.Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅,充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。

10.Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中,新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。

11.Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets(iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines);the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed;regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧(抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗)写就;时间,地点,事件三要素必须要遵循;写作的规矩必须要遵守,而作品中的人物要代表一类人,而不是个性化。12.But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature.(套话)但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。

13.The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form, unified structure, clarity and conciseness of language developed in this period have become a permanent heritage.在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质,如秩序,优美的格式,统一的结构,简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。

14.The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form---the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.十八世纪中叶,还兴起一种崭新的文学形式----英国现代小说,这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反,着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。

15.Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔.迪福,塞缪尔.理查德,亨利.费尔丁,劳伦斯.斯泰思,托比亚斯.斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。16.From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of interest from the classic literary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic.从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末,还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移,社会描写向个性描写的转移,说教向忏悔,鼓励及预示的转移。

17.Gothic novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说----主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。

18.Jonathan Swift‟s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.乔纳森.斯威夫特的《一个小小的建议》被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。(I)John Bunyan约翰.班扬

19.As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggle.作为一个坚定的清教徒,他认真学习《圣经》,并深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。20.he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters.他的语言具体生动,情节鲜明真实,连没受过教育的人也能享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。

21.Bunyan‟s other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, The Life and Death of Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrim‟s Progress, Part II.班扬其他的作品还有《罪人头目的赦免》,《拜得门先生生死录》,《圣战》以及《天路历程》第二部

22.The Vanity Fair.名利场(节选《天路历程》第一部)

The Pilgrim‟s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils.《天路历程》是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是让人们遵循基督教教义,并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。(II)Alexander Pope 亚历山大.蒲伯

23.Pope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in the constant verbal battles he developed a style of biting satire.蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人,自然要用笔墨来反击,在此期间,他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。24.For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order, political order, social order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.对他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值-----宇宙秩序,政治秩序,社会秩序,美学秩序。这种对秩序与理性的强调深入到了他各部作品中。

25.Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711.The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.1711年,他出版了散文《论批评》,从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。次年,他又出版了《夺发记》,一部极妙的讽刺史诗。26.Pope was the greatest poet of his time.He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.蒲伯是当时最伟大的诗人,他大力提倡新古典主义,强调文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度,理性,逻辑,情感的克制,高雅的品位以及是否体面,正派来衡量。

27.He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style.他致力于诗歌创作,发展了讽刺,简练,通顺,优雅,平衡的风格。

(III)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福

28.His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall.他过人的才智,充沛的精力,旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。

29.Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.《鲁宾逊漂流记》是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说,是笛福的代表作。30.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.在他大部分作品中,他都表达了对勤劳,坚强的中产阶级的赞誉,以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。31.Defoe was a very good story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。

32.His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.他的语句时而短小干脆,朴素直白,时而又气势磅礴,泼墨如水,为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。

33.His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易懂又口语化,有时甚至是俗语方言。

34.There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its beat.他的语言毫无造作,完全是大众英语。35.Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts.《鲁宾逊漂流记》:整部小说分为三个部分

The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel.Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the pioneer colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分。在此,鲁宾逊是真正的英雄:一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。

(IV)Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特

36.In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion and learning, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, which established his name as a satirist.1704年,他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品,一为《桶的故事》,一为《书籍的战斗》。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。

37.Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日,斯威夫特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。

38.In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed.To better human life, enlightenment is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵,为了使人的生活更美好,人们需要启蒙。

39.In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions.在他的作品中,他提倡的不是谴责,而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。40.His “A Modest Proposal ” is generally taken as a perfect model.他的《一个温和的建议》被认为是一篇完善的典范。

41.Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文作家。

42.He defined a good style as “proper words in proper places.” Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings---essays, poems and novels.他创立了一种良好的文风,即“在恰当的地方用恰当的词”。无论是散文,诗歌,还是小说,简洁,具体,精确,没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。

43.Swift‟s chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The Drapier‟s Letters(note:Drapier=Swift, alias), Gulliver‟s Travels and A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》,《书籍的战斗》,《德拉皮尔的信》,《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》。

44.Gulliver‟s Travels: Jonathan‟s best fictional work, the book contains four parts.Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.《格列佛游记》:是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说,全书分为四卷,它具有重大的社会意义,同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。(V)Henry Fielding亨利.费尔丁

45.During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里,费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。

46.Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year 1736.他的作品中最有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》,《悲剧中的悲剧》,《巴斯昆》,《1736历史年鉴》。

47.a “comic epic in prose,” whose subject is “the true ridiculous” in human nature.“散文体喜剧史诗”,主题是人类本性中的荒唐,对人性进行了真实的讽刺。

48.The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal, timely entrances and exits, robustness of tone and hilarious, hearty humor.小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画,及时的出场退场,笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。

49.“The Great Man, properly considered, is no better than a great gangster”----The History of Jonathan Wild the Great从某种意义上说,伟大的人物无异于“伟大”的匪徒--------《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》。50.The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature.费尔丁的代表作《汤姆.琼斯:一个弃儿的故事》主题是对人性的讽刺。51.the purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct, the object of novel was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies of human manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teach men to know themselves, their proper-spheres and appropriate manners.,小说不仅供娱乐,而且更有教育意义,他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活,使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”,并将说教巧妙的引入作品,教导人们认识自己,寻求适宜的人生态度。

52.Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English novel,” for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为“英国小说之父”,因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。

53.he was the first to set out , both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.他第一个在理论与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史诗”,并第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格。

54.He “thinks the thought” of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”,因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为,还可深入刻画其内心的思想活动。

55.Fielding „s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语言自然流畅,通俗易懂,同时又栩栩如生并富有活力,他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长,小说结尾总是水到渠成,顺理成章。

56.Tom Jones, the novel consists of 18 books.Tom, the titular hero of the story, he became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.《汤姆.琼斯》共18卷,汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄,他----诚实,善良,高尚,忠诚,勇敢,同时也有着易冲动,鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。

57.Tom Jones brings its author the name of the “Prose Home.” The panoramic view it provides of the 18th-century English country.《汤姆.琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”的盛名,小说为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。(VI)Samuel Johnson塞缪尔.约翰逊

58.The years between 1737 and 1755, he did translations, wrote poems, essays and so on.1737年至1755年这段时间对他来说充满了艰辛:他做过翻译,写过诗,为书商编书,编辑杂志。59.In his famous Literary Club, where he was surrounded with respect by the elite of the literary circles.在他的文学社里,周围围满了敬仰他的文学精英。

60.Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer.He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities.约翰逊精力充沛,多才多艺,他还涉足各种各样的文学领域。

61.His chief works include pomes: “London”, and “The Vanity of Human Wishes”;a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia;a tragedy: Irene.他的主要作品有诗歌:《伦敦》,《人类欲望的虚幻》骑士浪漫诗:《拉塞拉斯的历史》,《阿比西尼亚王子》;一部悲剧:《艾琳》。

62.As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman----A Dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.作为词典编撰者,约翰逊是编撰英文词典的第一个英国人,作品为《英文大词典》,这部巨著是塞缪尔.约翰逊花了七年时间独自完成的。

63.Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century.He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.约翰逊是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家,他十分关心人类欲望的虚幻,几乎他所有的作品都含有这样的主题。

64.His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and phrases.他使用的句子一般较长,但结构工整,包含有许多排比,对仗。

65.Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.读他的小说会给人一种感觉,他在与一位非常博学的人士对话。

(VII)Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查.比.谢立丹

66.The year 1777 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal, which brought him quite a fortune.1777年,谢立丹的代表作《造谣学校》出版,使他大发其财。

67.His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.他的代表作《情敌》和《造谣学校》被认为是上承莎士比亚,下接萧伯纳的纽带,是真正的英国古典派喜剧。68.In his play, morality is the constant theme.他的作品永恒的主题是道德。

69.The School for Scandal is mainly a story about two brothers, the hypocritical Joseph Surface and the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface.The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and double bliss for Charles.It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the eighteenth-century England.No wonder, the play has been Regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.《造谣学校》主要讲述了两个兄弟的故事,一个是伪君子约瑟夫.萨尔菲斯,另一个是放荡不羁但心地善良的查尔斯.萨尔菲斯。戏剧的结尾约瑟夫名声扫地,而查尔斯既获得了美人的芳心,又获得了丰厚的遗产,而梯泽尔夫人在丈夫的感化下与其重归于好。《造谣学校》是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级的道德败坏,对无聊的富人恶意的制造谣言,对上层社会骄奢淫逸的生活以及对在高贵生活方式和高尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德沦丧与虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。毫无疑问,它被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色的喜剧。(VII)Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷

70.he declined the Poet laureateship in 1757.1757年,他竟谢绝了授予他的诗人桂冠奖。

71.In contrast to those professional writers, Gray‟s literary output was small.与其余专职作家不同,格雷作品极少。72.His masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was published in 1751.The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School”.1757年,他的代表作《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》出版这首诗奠定了他在当时作为感伤主义诗歌创始人的地位,尤其是从此他便成为“墓地诗歌”流派的代表。

73.His other poems include “Ode on the Spring”, “Ode on the Death of a Favourite cat” and so on.(Ode:….赞,颂)他的其他作品还有《春之颂》,《伊顿公学展望》,《爱猫之死》等等。74.A conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote slowly and carefully, painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase.格雷创作态度认真,作品诞生速度慢,却精益求精。75.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is regarded as Gray‟s best and most representative work.In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy.The poem abounds in images and arouses sentiment in the bosom of every reader, The poem has been ranked among the best of the eighteenth century English poetry.《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》是雷格最优秀的代表作,创作历时八年,诗中内容与格雷的知己理查.韦斯特的去世有关。其中,格雷揭示了生与死的愁苦与神秘,并略述了自己忧伤的心情。诗中富于比喻,并给读者带来深深的伤感。这首诗被列为英国十八世纪最优秀的诗歌之一。

Chapter3

The Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主义

1.This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力:一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命,一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。2.In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。

3.The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动,无论是在英国,德国还是法国,都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。

4.The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers.Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性,新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物,而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体。

5.Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.因此,我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。

6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。7.They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.他们(浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克,华兹华斯,科勒律治,拜伦,雪莱及济恩)认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药,可以净化人的灵魂。8.Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men,” and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquillity.”华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人,而诗歌是强烈情感的自发流露,发乎情,止乎静。

9.Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。

10.The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象,还强调灵感与创作的自发性,认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。

11.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主义者们还体现了强烈的民族精神。

12.To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.They would turn to the humble people and the common

everyday life for subjects.浪漫主义诗人却打破这些格律,他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。13.The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各特.14.Jane Austen‟s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的现实主义.15.The major theme of Jane‟s novels is love and marriage toward which she holds on a practical idealism---love should be justified by reason and disciplined by self-control.She chooses to stay within the tiny field that she knows best., she has become a popular classic and has been admired for her wit, her common-sense, her insight into characters and social relationships.简.奥斯汀作品的主题为爱情与婚姻,对于这个主题,奥斯汀抱有一种较为实际的理想主义---爱情必须有理智及道德准则的约束,她的作品的背景都很小却都是她熟知的,她的智慧,常识及对人物和人际关系深刻的洞察受到了大批读者的喜爱.16.Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their influence on the individual.He is the first major historical novelist.司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史上第一位重要的历史小说家。

17.Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.哥特式小说也是浪漫主义运动的一部分,它盛行于浪漫主义前期的18世纪末。这种小说的主要题材是暴力,恐怖及对超自然力(鬼神)的描写。(I)William Blake威廉.布莱克

18.He was often misunderstood by other people, who would regard him as gifted but mad.He was recognized only posthumously.他经常遭到旁人误解,认为他是个天才,又是个疯子,他去世后才被人发掘出来并一举成名。19.Childhood is central to Blake‟s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical reference.他的两步诗集《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》中,童年是布莱克主要描述的中心,这个描述中心使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值。

20.Blake‟s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity.It plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.布莱克的《天堂与地狱的结合》一诗标志着他创作上的成熟,并担负了讽喻与革命预言的两重角色。

21.The “marriage,” to Black, means the reconciliation of then contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.婚姻对布莱克意味着矛盾的调和,而并非一方从属于另一方。

22.Blake felt bound to declare that “I know that This World is World of Imagination & Vision” and that “The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative.”布莱克热切得宣布:“我认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界,我的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满想象与幻觉。”

23.Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language.布莱克的语言直白朴素。

24.Symbolism in wide rang is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.大范围地使用象征手法也是他作品的鲜明特征。

(II)William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯

25.The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as the “Lake Poets”.诗人骚塞,科勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为”湖畔诗人”。

26.In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.1842年政府为他发了津贴,次年他压倒骚塞成为了“桂冠诗人”。

27.According to the subject, Wordsworth‟s short poems can be classified into two group: poems about nature and poems about human life.按照主题,华的短诗可分为两大类:关于自然的和关于人类生活的。

28.Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature.”华被称为”大自然的膜拜者”。

29.Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest.The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.华认为普通人的普通生活应是文学的主题,她的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。30.His works contain “The Solitary Reaper”, “To a Highland Girl”, ”The Old Cumberland Beggar ” and “The Ruined Cottage”.他的作品包括《孤独的收割者》,《致高地姑娘》,《老坎伯兰的乞丐》和《被摧毁的茅屋》。31.In its daring use of subject mater and sense of then authenticity of the experience of the poorest, “Resolution and Independence” is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.通过大胆运用这样的主题,同时对贫苦人民生活经历的描写拥有极大的可信度,“革命与独立”则成为《抒情歌谣集》中成功的结论,这在英国诗歌历史上也是第一次。

32.Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past.华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人。

33.Wordsworth‟s deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled.华兹华斯对简洁朴素的风格的追求,对粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。

34.he maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握真实素材的来源,他的创作理论的核心便是普通人的生活经历,普通人的词汇语言都是诗人应该也能够汲取的素材。

35.William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period.华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的精英,是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表。

36.The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.他对诗歌的巨大贡献在于开启了现代诗歌,开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路,并号召人们回归自然。(III)Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞.泰.科勒律治

37.In 1798, the two men published a joint volume of poetry, Lyrical Ballads, which became a landmark in English poetry.1798年,他同华兹华斯合作出版《抒情歌谣集》,成为英诗发展的一座里程碑。38.In addition to “The Ancient Mariner,” he wrote “Kubla Khan,” began writing “Christabel” and composed “This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison,” “Frost at Midnight,” and “The Nightingale,” which are considered to be his best “conversational” poems.他创作了《古航海家之歌》,《忽必烈汗》,《子夜寒霜》,《夜莺》等名诗,这些都是他“对话诗”的代表。

39.Philosophically and critically, Coleridge opposed the limitedly rationalistic trends of the the 18th-century thought.在哲学与文学评论方面,科勒律治反对18世纪那种局限的理性主义潮流。

40.he advocated a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life, based on what he had learnt from Kant and Schelling.他倡导了以坎特与斯凯灵理论的对人类精神化与宗教化的诠释。41.He believed that art is the only permanent revelation of the nature of reality.他认为艺术是唯一一种能永远揭示现实的形式。

42.Coleridge‟s actual achievement as poet can be divided into two remarkably diverse groups: the demonic and the conversational.柯勒律治在诗歌方面的成就可分为不同的两大类,神祗诗与对话诗。

43.Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive features of this group.这些诗歌的显著特点,便是神秘与想象。44.“Christabel” uses a freer version of the ballad form to create an atmosphere of the Gothic horror at once delicate and sinister.“克丽斯特贝尔”一诗采用了更为自由的抒情诗形式,创造出的是与一种微妙而又邪恶的哥特式恐怖氛围。

45.He sings highly Wordsworth‟s “purity of language,” “deep and subtle thoughts,” “Perfect truth to nature” and his “imaginative power.” But he denies Wordsworth‟s claim that there is no essential difference between the language of poetry and the language spoken by common people.他高度赞赏华兹华斯那“纯净的语言”,“深邃的思想”,“对自然完美真实的描述”以及他“非凡的想象力”。但是他不赞成华兹华斯所说的“诗歌语言与普通百姓的生活语言没什么两样”。46.Coleridge was esteemed by some of his contemporaries and is generally recognized today as a lyrical poet and literary critic of the first rank.科勒律治被同时期的诗界所尊崇,直至今日也被奉为第一流的抒情诗人与文学评论家。

47.he was one of the most influential English literary critics and philosophers of the 19th century.他是19世纪浪漫主义文学与哲学的代表。

(IV)George Gordon Byron乔治.戈登.拜伦

48.The publication in 1812 of the first two cantos of Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage, brought Byron fame.拜伦早期代表作是长篇叙事诗《恰尔德.哈罗德游记》第一,第二章(1812)。

49.In Geneva, he wrote the third canto of Childe Harold and the narrative poem The Prisoner of Chillon.在日内瓦,拜伦写下了《哈罗德游记》第三章及叙事诗《齐伦的囚犯》。

50.he produced the verse drama Manfred, the first two cantos of Don Juan.他创作了诗剧《曼弗雷德》,《唐璜》的前两章。

51.Don Juan is Byron‟s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century.他的代表作《唐璜》是19世纪初期的著名讽刺史诗。52.Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness, are virtues neglected by the modern society.拜伦在唐璜身上开发出勇敢,慷慨,诚恳直白等优点。

53.the poet‟s true intention is, by making use of Juan‟s adventures, to present a panoramic view of different types of society.诗人的创作意旨在于通过唐璜的游历来体现不同的社会情形。

54.Byron‟s satire on the English society in the later part of the poem can be compared with Pope‟s;and his satire is much less personal than that of Pope‟s, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the whole hypocritical society.拜伦在诗的末尾对英国社会的讽刺与蒲柏相媲美,有过之而无不及,因为拜伦讽刺的不是个人恩怨,而是整个社会的虚伪。

55.As a leading Romanticist, Byron‟s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage, and then further developed in later works such as the Oriented Tales, Manfred, and Dan Juan in different guises.作为浪漫主义的代表诗人,拜伦的主要贡献在于他创造了“拜伦式英雄”,高傲,神秘,反叛却带有贵族血统。这种拜伦式英雄出现在《哈罗德游记》,《东方故事集》,《曼弗雷德》及《唐璜》等多部作品中。

56.Actually Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms and innovations.拜伦以丰富的思想,想象力,艺术形式和创新欧洲的诗歌得到了发展

(V)Percy Bysshe Shelley柏.比.雪莱

57.He held a lifelong aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation.他一生都在执著的反抗社会上的残忍与不公,强权与宗教,战争与剥削。

58.He realized that the evil was also in man‟s mind.他认为罪恶还存在于人的思想。

59.One of Shelley‟s greatest political lyrics is “Men of England.The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Communist Party.”雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是“致苏格兰人民”,这首诗在宪章运动时期成为广大工人的战歌。

60.Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley‟s “Ode to the West Wind”;here Shelley‟s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them.雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属“西风颂”,这首诗语气狂热,宜于诵读。

61.“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” The poem is written in the terza rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante.“如果冬天已经来临,春天还会远吗?”诗人引用了文艺复兴时期意大利诗人但丁的三行诗节隔句押韵法。

62.Shelley‟s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound,The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind‟s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products.”.雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》,它赞扬了人类自身的潜力,雪莱认识它是自己最出色的作品。

63.Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions.像布莱克一样,由于不同于其他人,他是个备受推崇的诗人,他的作品博学,具有深厚文化底蕴,含有丰富的典故和神灵的暗示。(VI)John Keats约翰.济慈

64.Endymion, published in 1818, was a poem based on the Greek myth of Endymion and the moon goddess.1818年,济慈出版了长诗<安狄米恩>,该诗以希腊神话为素材,记述了牧人安狄米恩赫月光女神的故。

65.It was this yearning and suffering that quickened his maturity and added a new dimension to his poetry.一连串挫折与内心压抑的情感促使他走向成熟,并使他未来的创作更加丰满。

66.At the heart of these pomes lies Keats‟ concern with how the ideal can be joined with the real, the imagined with the actual, and man with woman.这些诗歌表达了济慈对如何将理想与现实,想象与实际,男人与女人结合起来的思考。

67.The volume also contain his four great odes: ”Ode on Melancholy,” “Ode on a Grecian Urn,” “Ode to a Nightingale,” “Ode a Psyche;” his lyric masterpiece “To Autumn” and the unfinished poem “Hyperion.”这部诗集包括他著名的四首“颂”:“忧郁颂”,“希腊古瓮颂”,“夜莺颂”,“普赛克颂”及他抒情诗的代表作“秋日颂”和未完成的诗作“希波里恩”。68.The odes are generally regarded as Keats‟s most important and mature works.颂诗是济慈最重要也是最成熟的作品。

69.In the great of these works, he also suggests the undercurrent of disillusion that accompanies such ecstasy, the human suffering which forever question the visionary transcendence achieved by art.在这些作品中,他对资本主义社会现实又不满,他的诗歌却常常带有唯美主义色彩。

70.“Ode to a Nightingale” expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony.”夜莺颂”展示了自然界之美与人世之痛苦强烈的反差。

71.“Ode on an Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion.“希腊古瓮颂”展示了永恒的艺术与短暂的人类热情之间的对比。72.Sight, sound, scent, taste and feeling are all taken in to give an entire understanding of an experience.将视,听,嗅,味,触等感觉都转化成绝美的文字,带来一个通透的体验。73.He draws diction, style and imagery from works of Shakespeare, Milton and Dante.他在措词,风格和比喻上都参考了莎士比亚,弥尔顿和但丁的作品。

74.Keats‟s poetry characterized by exact and closely knit construction, sensual descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world.济慈的诗以精确紧凑的造句,有感描写为特色,通过想象,营造了超出人类经验值的自然之美。(VII)Jane Austen 简.奥斯汀

75.Her first novel, Sense and Sensibility, tells a story about two sisters and their love affairs: Pride and Prejudice, the most popular of her novels, deals with five Bennet sisters and search for suitable husbands;and Northanger Abbey.她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历;《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品,讲述了贝内特一家五位姐妹寻找如意郎君的过程;《诺觉寺》讽刺了18世纪流行的哥特式骑士抒情诗。

76.Mansfield Park presents the antithesis of worldliness and unworldliness;Emma gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity;and Persuasion contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations.《曼斯菲尔德花园》表现了世俗与非世俗的并存;《爱玛》对自欺欺人的虚荣心给予了反思;《劝告》将真挚爱情与精打细算进行了对照。

77.She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles;and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.她主张地主阶级应在政治及社会生活中占主导地位,而她的作品也表现了她强调的理智高于情感,责任心、礼节、公正高于浪漫与个人主义的观点。78.And in style, she is neoclassicism advocator, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.在写作风格上,她提倡新古典主义,坚持理性,秩序,典雅的原则。79.Austen‟s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships.奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关。

80.It is her conviction that a man‟s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career.她确信一个人与自己妻子,儿女的关系最起码同他生命的另一半---事业,信仰---同样重要。

81.plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th-century England, concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.奥斯汀的写作素材十分狭窄。主题,角色,社会背景及情节都离不开18世纪英国的乡村中产阶级生活,总是三,四口之家的日常生活。

82.Pride and Prejudice, originally drafted as “First Impressions” in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen‟s works.《傲慢与偏见》原名《第一印象》是奥斯汀最出色的作品。

83.Our first impression, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong.奥斯汀认为人的第一印象总是有失偏颇的。84.The structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the highest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere.这部小说结构精致灵巧,人物描写令人难忘,讽刺出其不意。85.The works of Jane Austen, at once delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature.With trenchant observation and in meticulous detail, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.奥斯汀的著作令人愉悦并有深意,是英国文学史上巨大的成就。她通过犀利细致的观察,向我们展现了平和的英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活全貌。

86.Her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.其典型的主旨是成熟,实在错误的幻想打破后获得的。

87.Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity, and she has been regarded by many critics as one of the greatest of all novelists.由于她人类行为的普遍模式十分敏感,奥斯汀使英国小说走向成熟,众多评论家都认为她是英国最出色的小说家之一。

Chapter 4

The Victorian Period(1836-1901)维多利亚时期

1.Common sense and moral propriety, which were ignored by the Romanticists, again became the predominant preoccupation in literary work.道德和常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题,又回到了文学主流中来。2.Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater, both notorious advocators of the theory of “art for art‟s sake.”唯美主义者奥斯卡.王尔德与沃尔特.培特都极力推崇“为了艺术而艺术”的观点。

3.Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced.实用主义大行其道。

4.The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and ways of expression.这个时期的诗歌具有风格标新,表达立异的特点。

5.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality and spirit of the age.The high-spirited vitality, the down to earth earnestness, the good-matured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented.维多利亚时期文学,真实地反映了时代的现实与精神,其中体现出的高度的活力,脚踏实地的精神,善意的幽默与无羁无绊的丰富联想都是空前的。(I)Charles Dickens查尔斯.狄更斯

6.Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club appeared in monthly installments.It is once lifted him into a position of fame and fortune.很快《皮克威克外传》也出版了,这使狄更斯一度名利双收。7.Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writer of the Victorian Age.狄更斯是伟大的批判现实主义作家。8.The best he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful thinking.他所能做的只是保持一种充满希望的乐观主义。9.Whatever his limitations, this man is loved and admired by the millions, not only for the practical reform his works have helped to bring about but also for that heart which is ready to love and sympathize.不管狄更斯有何局限性,他都深受人民大众喜爱,不仅因为他的作品促进社会改良,更因为他那颗善良博爱之心。10.In his works, Dickens sets out a full map and a Large-scale criticism of the nineteenth century England, particularly London.在他的作品中,狄更斯对19世纪的英国,特别是伦敦做出了全面地描绘及大量的批评。

11.His early works contain Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, The Pickwick Paper(legal fraud), David Copperfield and Martin Chuzzlewit.他的早期作品包括《雾都孤儿》,《尼古拉斯.尼克尔比》,《皮克威克外传》(合法欺骗),《大卫.科波菲尔》和《马丁.瞿述伟》等等。12.This youthful brightness and optimism is also manifest in the constant jokes and laughter.作者青年时期的这种明朗与乐观还体现在作品的幽默与笑料中。13.His later works contain A tale of two Cities, Bleak House, Little Dorrit, Hard Times and Great Expectations.后期作品包括《双城记》,《荒凉山庄》,《小多利特》,《艰难时世》和《远大前程》。14.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller.狄更斯具有惊人的讲故事能力。

15.Dickens‟ works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.狄更斯的作品还有一个特点,是将幽默与哀伤的泪水交汇起来。

16.Sometimes Dickens seems so anxious to wring an extra tear from the audience that he indulges himself in excessive sentimental melodrama and spoils the story.有时狄更斯会将作品写的令读者潸然泪下,但由于他过于注重悲情的渲染,有时会破坏故事的连贯性。

17.Charles Dickens is one of the greatest Victorian writers, and his name one of those to be remembered forever.狄更斯是英国文学史上能与莎士比亚齐名的文学巨人,他的作品与人格都将永远留在人民心中。

(II)The Bronte Sisters布朗蒂姐妹

18.Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, and their gifted sister Anne Bronte came from a large family of Irish origin.夏洛蒂.布朗蒂,艾米丽.布朗蒂,安妮.布朗蒂三姐妹出生于爱尔兰裔的大户人家。

19.Charlotte‟s second novel, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in 1847.In the same year, Emily‟s single and unique work Wuthering Heights and Anne‟s Agnes Grey were also published.夏洛蒂的第二部小说《简爱》问世后立即大获成功。同年,艾米丽唯一的小说《呼啸山庄》与安妮的《阿格尼斯.格雷》也相继发行。

20.Charlotte‟s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.夏洛蒂的作品主题几乎都是个人自觉地为实现自我价值而奋斗,都是有关一些孤独而卑微的少女对爱情,理解与完整幸福的生活的强烈渴求。

21.In her mind, man‟s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil.在她看来,人生就是一场永不停息的罪恶与美德的斗争。22.All her heroines‟ highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.她小说中的女主人公最大的快乐都来自一些自我牺牲后或个人弱点被战胜后获得的幸福。

23.She is a writer of realism combined with romanticism.On one hand, she presents a vivid realism picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor.On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by an intensity of vision and passion.她还是集现实主义与浪漫主义于一身的作家。一方面,她真实生动的再现了英国上流社会的残酷,虚伪及其他丑恶现象以及下层贫苦人民的不幸。另一方面,她的笔下充盈这美好的情与景。24.Jane Eyre: It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society.The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.《简爱》:它以对当时社会尖锐的批评而闻名于世。小说的成功在于它在英国小说史上第一次成功的塑造出了家庭教师的女主人公形象。

25.The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.小说通过对简热烈的情感,思想以及内心冲突的生动描写,向读者展示出了一幅心灵画卷。26.Wuthering Heights: It is the story about two families and an intruding stranger.《呼啸山庄》讲的是两个家庭与一个外来者的故事。(III)Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗雷德.丁尼生

27.He was appointed the Poet Laureate.丁尼生被授予“桂冠诗人”的荣誉。

28.Tennyson‟s poetic career is also marked out by Idylls of the King(the Celtic legends of King Arthur).丁尼生另一部代表作是《国王诗歌集》,故事源于凯尔特民族关于亚瑟王与他的圆桌骑士的传说。

29.For one thing, the moral standards and sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people.For the other, the story of the rise and fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization.其一是因为诗中道德标准及情感都属于维多利亚并非中世纪的贵族;其二是因为故事中亚瑟王的崛起与衰败其实就是西方文明周而复始的历史写照。(《国王诗集》并不是古代传奇简单的翻版,而是对古典神话的现代诠释?)

30.Tennyson is a real artist.He has the natural power of linking visual picture with musical expressions.丁尼生是一位善于将可视的风景图画与极富乐感的表达语汇及多姿多彩的情感非常自然的糅合在一起的艺术家。31.The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake and Coleridge, the melody of Keats and Shelley, and the narrative vigor of Scott and Byron.丁尼生的创作不仅体现了他自身的天才,还体现了英国灿烂的诗歌传统,从斯宾塞的梦幻到弥尔顿的壮丽,从华兹华斯的自然简洁到布莱克与科勒律治的奇异诡谲,从雪莱与济慈的旋律美到司格特与拜伦的叙事天才,这一切丰富多彩的品质都在丁尼生笔下有所体现。(IV).Robert Browning罗伯特.布朗宁

32.Like Browning‟s other characters in their monologues, these people unconsciously reveal their own characters in the story.正像布朗宁其他独白作品种的人物,这些人也不自觉地通过讲述故事暴露了自己的性格特点。33.The name of Browning is often associated with the term: “ dramatic monologue.”《指环与书》一诗使布朗宁成为英国最伟大的诗人之一。

34.To Browning, the dramatic monologue is an ingenious means to exploit his literary gift without getting too personal.对布朗宁来说,戏剧独白是一种既能开发文才,又可与角色保持一定距离的灵活方式。(V)George Eliot乔治.艾略特

35.Then there came successively her three most popular novels, Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.而后她的三部代表作相继问世:《亚当.贝德》、《费洛斯河上的磨房》以及《织工拉斯.马奈尔》 36.In1872,Middlemarch, a panoramic book considered today by many to be George Eliot‟s greatest achievement.1872年,《弥都玛持镇》问世,这部作品是她最好的作品。

37.By joining the worlds of inward propensity and outward circumstances and showing them both operating in the lives of her characters, she initiates a new type of realism and sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel.通过将自己的内心世界与外在环境结合起来,并把两者注入对角色的塑造之中,艾略特开创了一种新型的现实主义,并进一步朝着自然主义与心理分析小说发展。

38.In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a soul and to reveal the motives, impulses and hereditary influences which govern human action.在作品中,她努力的表现人们灵魂深处的斗争,揭示那种驾驭人类行为的动机,冲动及遗传影响。

39.George Eliot shows a particular concern for the destiny of women, especially those with great intelligence, potential and social aspirations.艾略特特别关心女性的命运,尤其是那些才华出众,渴望步入社会的女性。40.In her mind, the pathetic tragedy of women lies in their very birth.艾略特认为女人的不幸是出生时就随身带来的。

41.Middlemarch: but both fail in achieving their goals owing to the social environment as well as their own vulnerabilities.《弥都玛持镇》:小说的两个女性主角都具有潜在资质与雄雄野心,但都因为社会环境与自身弱点的限制没能达到人生目标。

(VI)Thomas Hardy托马斯.哈代

42.his last two novels: Tess of the D‟Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.他的最后两部小说是《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》。

43.His best local-colored works are his later ones, such as The Return of the Native, The Trumpet Major, The Mayor of Casterbridge, The Woodlanders, Tess of the D‟Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.These works, known as “novels of character and environment,” are the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer.他晚年的作品最富地方色彩,如《还乡》,《号兵长》,《卡斯特桥市长》,《林地居民》,《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》这些作品便是著名的“角色与环境为纲的小说”,最好的代表了作者自然主义与批判主义的写作特点。

44.Tess, a simple, innocent and faithful country girl.She finally becomes a victim of the modern society.苔丝,一个单纯忠诚的乡村女孩,她最后成为了现代社会的牺牲品。

45.Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer.哈代常被认为是一位承前启后的作家。

46.In his works, man is shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment.哈代作品中的人物都不可避免的屈从于自身的天性或遗传的品质,促使他追求某一种幸福成功,从而又使自己陷入与环境的冲突中。

47.He is a meditative story-teller or romancer.他是个善于深入思考的故事家。

48.They are not only individual cases but also universal truth.他们不仅个别的例子,还是普遍的真理。

49.Their plight is not just their own;it applies to any one, any age.And finally, all the works of Hardy are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into their perfectly designed architectural structures.他们(小说中的人物)的故事不仅是他们自身的经历,而且具有相当的普遍性。最后,哈代的作品结构完美,语言极富乡土气息与诗情画意。50.Tess of the D‟Urbervilles: There she meets Angel Clare, son of a clergyman.It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century.《德伯家的苔丝》:苔丝远离故土,外出谋生,与牧师之子安吉尔相识相爱。这部小说抨击了当时扭曲人性的虚伪道德,抨击了破坏乡村宁静的资本主义价值观。

Chapter 5

The Modern Period 现代时期

1.The once sun-never-set Empire finally collapsed.日不落帝国终于日薄西山了。

2.Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.德国哲学家亚瑟.叔本华的悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。

3.Friedrich Nietzsche advocated the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.尼采继承了叔本华的理论后,更进一步的反叛理性主义与基督教精神,推崇强权与霸权。4.Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.亨利.伯格森在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学,强调创造力,直觉,非理性与无意识。5.The appalling shock of the First World War severely destroyed people‟s faith in the Victorian values.一战的毁灭性灾难摧垮了人们对维多利亚道德标准的信奉。6.The French symbolism, appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism.19世纪晚期法国的象征主义预示了现代主义的诞生。7.literary trends of modernism: expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness.一战后,所有的现代主义文**流都产生了:表现主义(强调自我表现,反对艺术的目的性),超现实主义,未来主义,达达主义(颓废派文艺),意象主义以及意识流等等。8.The major figures were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Webern, Ts Eliot, Joyce and Virginia Woolf.这场运动的杰出代表人物有卡夫卡,毕加索,庞德,韦伯恩,T.S.埃略特,乔伊斯及费洛尼亚.沃尔夫。

9.After the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or post-modernism, like existentialist literature, theater of the absurd, new novels and black humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that “the world was absurd, and the human life was an agony.”二战后,另一种形式的现实主义,即后现代主义,比如存在主义文学,荒诞派戏剧,新小说及黑色幽默,如雨后春笋涌现出来,其理论基础便是存在主义所讲的“世界是荒谬的,人生则是巨大的痛苦”。

10.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析原理作为理论基础。11.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.现代派文学的主题便是反映人与自然,人与社会,人与人,人与自我之间被扭曲的,渐渐疏远的,病态的关系。12.As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.这样一来,现代主义作品常被称为反小说,反诗歌与反戏剧。13.With the coming of the 1950s, there was a return of realistic poetry again.50年代,现实主义诗歌又开始回溯。14.D.H.Lawrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing.His interest lay in his tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist Industrialization on human nature.In his best novels like The Rainbow and Women in Love, he made a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships.D.H.劳伦斯被认为和乔伊斯一样大胆改革小说创作手法,与乔伊斯不同,劳伦斯对写作技巧的改革不感兴趣,依然沿袭传统的完整的故事情节,但他极力展现角色的心理发展,尖锐的批判了资本主义工业化对人性的非人道的扭曲。在他最优秀的作品中,如《虹》,《恋爱中的女人》,劳伦斯大胆的探索了各种人性心理,人际关系,尤其是男人与女人之间的关系。

15.by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization, which turned men into inhuman machines.资本主义机器工业文明将人变成了无性的机器。16.Oscar Wilde, his masterpiece, The importance of Being Earnest.奥斯卡.王尔德的代表作是《认真的重要性》。17.Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.萧伯纳在戏剧方面被公认为自莎士比亚后,英国最优秀的戏剧大师。18.The Silver Box and Strife are such examples, in which Galsworthy presents not only realistic picture of social injustice, but also the workers‟ heroic struggles against their employers.《银盒》与《抗争》便是很好的例子,其中高尔斯华绥不仅真实地展示了社会的不公平,还生动描写了工人与资本家的英勇抗争。19.The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England.One of the early experimenters was T.S.Eliot who regarded drama as the best medium of poetry.30年代,英国的戏剧复兴了,最早的改革试验者T.S.埃略特说,戏剧是诗歌传播与普及的最佳媒介。

20.This revolution developed in two directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd.(The English dramatic revolution)戏剧发展为两派:工人阶级戏剧与荒诞派戏剧。

21.The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world.He first play, Waiting fro Godot.荒诞派戏剧代表人物是塞缪尔.贝克特。他擅长描写生活在孤立腐朽的世界里的人与毫无意义的人生。(I).George Bernard Shaw乔治..萧伯纳

22.Shaw held that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people.萧主张艺术应该为社会服务,应该反映人的生活与社会矛盾并教育广大人民。

23.The mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view.His works contain Widowers‟ House, Mrs.Warren‟s Profession, is a play about the economic oppression of women.他的剧作主要揭露当时的社会,经济,道德,宗教中的罪恶,表现了自己作为左翼社会主义改良派的观点。他的早期代表作品包括《鳏夫的房产》,《沃伦夫人的职业》的主题是对妇女们经济上的压迫。

24.Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of “Life Force,” the power that would create superior beings to be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society.萧伯纳还创作了一系列话剧,探索了“生命的力量”---一种能够与上帝齐平,解决各种社会,道德及玄奥问题的超级力量。

25.Shaw wrote plays on miscellaneous subject.The Apple Cart is about politics;John Bull‟s Other Island is about racial problems.萧伯纳的作品还有关于政治的《苹果车》,关于种族问题的《约翰.布尔的另外岛屿》。26.Too True to be Good is a better play of the later period, with the author‟s almost nihilistic bitterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.出色的作品《难以置信》,主题是对残忍疯狂的第一次世界大战近乎虚无主义的嘲讽和对幻灭失落的青年一代的忧伤。

27.One feature of Shaw‟s characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another.萧伯纳人物塑造方面的特点是他经常不惜贬低另一些角色来极力生动形象地展示某一个角色。

28.Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.萧伯纳的许多戏剧情节与角色都在传统的基础上发生倒转错位。29.The forward motion consists not in the unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse.动作的进行不仅体现在情节的铺展中,也体现在对白的内涵中。(情节丰富,但不以情节取胜,生动的对白超越了故事情节的光彩)

(II).John Galsworthy约翰.高尔斯华绥

30.The Forsyte Saga, his first trilogy: The Man of Property, In Chancery and To Let.His second Forsyte trilogy, A Modern Comedy, appeared in 1929, and the third, End of the chapter, posthumously in 1934.一战之后他完成了第一部费尔塞特世家三部曲,包括《财主》,《骑虎难下》,《出租》。第二部费尔塞特三部曲《现代喜剧》于1929年问世,第三部《篇章末尾》,则在他去世后的1934年出版。

31.Galsworthy was a conventional writer, having inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism such as Dickens and Thackeray.高尔斯华绥是传统型作家,继承了狄更斯,萨克雷等维多利亚时期文学家的优良风格。32.He wrote in a clear and unpretentious style with a clear and straightforward language.他的语言与风格都是同样的清晰,直白,毫无做作。33.The Man of Property: The theme of this novel is that of the predominant possessive instinct of the Forsytes and its effects upon the personal relationships.《财主》:这部小说展示了费尔塞特家族盛行的占有欲与唯利是图,这种占有欲深刻影响到家族内的人际关系。

(III).William Butler Yeats威廉.巴特勒.叶芝

34.In 1923, he was awarded Nobel Prize for literature.1923年他获得了诺贝尔文学奖。

35.He came to see that literature should not be an end in itself but the expression of conviction and the garment of noble emotion.他认为艺术的最终目的并非它本身,而是对社会成员的说教及对高尚情感的抒发。36.His poetic achievement stands at the center of modern literature.他是最优秀的英文诗人之一,是现代文学的中流砥柱。

37.Yeats has achieved suggestive patterns of meaning by a careful counterpointing of contrasting ideas or images.叶芝还实现了意义的深邃暗含,因为他将反差极大的意象对应起来。38.“The Lake Isle of Innisfree” is just a popular representative of such poems.“伊尼斯弗利的湖中沙洲”一诗便是这样的典范。

39.Yeats came to realize that eternal beauty could only live in the realm of art.他渐渐意识到永恒的美只存在于艺术王国。

(IV).T.S.Eliot T.S.埃略特

40.His first important poem, “The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock,” appeared in 1915.他的第一首重要诗作“J.A.布鲁富克劳的情歌”于1915年问世。

41.He won various awards, including the Nobel Prize and the Order of Merit in 1948.他一生荣获许多大奖,包括1948年的诺贝尔文学奖与功绩勋位。42.As a young man with bitter disillusionment and with boldness in the handling of language, Eliot had explore in his early poetry various aspects of decay of culture in the modern Western world, expressing a sense of the disintegration of life.作为一个经历过幻灭痛苦的青年,凭借着灵活运用语言的勇气,埃略特在早期诗歌中探索了现代化西方文明在各方个面的衰败,传达出一种生命崩溃的悲观。

43.The poem is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of the stream-of-consciousness technique.《衰老》一诗很大程度上效仿了乔伊斯的意识流手法,而且埃略特在以后的创作中也大量运用了意识流。44.The Hollow Men, which bears a strong thematic resemblance to The Waste Land, is generally regarded as the darkest of Eliot‟s poems.《空洞的人》在主题上十分近似《荒原》,是埃略特最黑暗的诗。45.“The Waste Land” not only presents a panorama of physical disorder and spiritual desolation in the modern Western world, but also reflects the prevalent mood of disillusionment and despair of a whole post-war generation.《荒原》不仅全面展现了现代西方社会物质上的错乱和精神上的颓败,而且也反映出战后一代人中盛行的幻灭与绝望。

46.The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.《荒原》一诗的主题是表现现代文明中人们精神的堕落与崩溃,人生已失去了意义与目的。

47.In his famous essay, “Tradition and individual Talent,” Eliot put great emphasis on the importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism.在著名散文“传统与个人天才”中,他强调传统对创作与评论两方面的重要作用。

48.Eliot came to believe that the illness of the modern world was of the sum of individual souls, and that the cure could only be obtained by the change of the individual souls through the religious salvation.埃略特认为现代社会的弊病是每个社会成员灵魂深处弊病的总合,只有通过宗教救赎人的灵魂才能救治整个社会。49.The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock :The poem is in a form of dramatic monologue, suggesting an ironic contrast between a pretended love song and a confession of the speaker‟ s incapability of facing up to love and to life a sterile upper-class world.“J.A.布鲁富克劳的情歌”:全诗的形式是戏剧独白,暗示了虚假的“情歌”与主人公自己承认的无法直面爱情及无聊得上流社会生活之间的讽刺性对照。(V).D.H.Lawrence戴维.伯特.劳伦斯

50.His autobiographical novel, Sons and Lovers.《儿子与情人》是他的自传体作品。该作品出版后,他才确立了杰出小说家的地位。51.The following two novels, The Rainbow and Women in Love, are generally regarded as his masterpieces.接下来的两部小说《虹》和《恋爱中的女人》被认为是他的代表作。

52.In Lawrence‟s opinion, the mechanical civilization is responsible for the unhealthy development of human personalities, the perversion of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital relationships.劳伦斯认为工业机械化的文明是人类个性病态发展,爱情扭曲,婚姻不幸的罪魁祸首。

53.Gerald Crich, representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics.Whereas Birkin, a self-portrait of Lawrence, is presented as a symbolic figure of human warmth, standing for the spontaneous Life Force.《恋爱中的女人》中杰拉德象征着精神的死亡,代表了整个资产阶级的伦理观。而勃金则是劳伦斯的一幅自画像,他反抗着工业机械化带来的种种压抑以及任何一种丧失了生命力的形式与教条,代表了人情温暖及生命原始的冲动。

54.By portraying, in Aaron‟s Rod, a disillusioned man who attempts to save his integrity by running away again and again from his wife and children,Lawrence tries to show that every man is a sacred and holy individual whose integrity should never be violated or dominated.在《亚伦神杖》中,劳伦斯塑造了一个幻想破灭的男人,为了维护美德与尊严一次次逃离妻儿,表现了每个人都是神圣的,独立的,其人格与尊严不得侵犯。

55.Irony, humour and wit are the characteristic features of many of the stories.讽刺,幽默,机智都是他短篇小说的特点。56.Lawrence is also a proficient poet.劳伦斯还是个天才多产的诗人。

57.Lawrence was discovered to be an important playwright in 1968 with the efforts of Peter Gill who staged three plays known as “the Lawrence trilogy” at the Royal Court.These three plays: A Collier‟s Friday Night, The Daughter-in-law and The Widowing of Mrs.Holroyed, have in common the typical working-class environments set in Nottinghamshire.1968年,劳伦斯的三部戏剧作品,称为“劳伦斯三部曲”,在彼得.吉尔的帮助下,在皇家剧院登台演出,从而劳伦斯又成为重要的剧作家,这三部戏是《矿工的周五夜晚》,《儿媳》以及《守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人》,这三部作品的背景都是诺丁汉姆郡的工人阶级。58.Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works.He believed that the healthy way of the individual „s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life impulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.Human sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of Life Force.劳伦斯是首先将心理透析引入作品的小说家之一,他认为人类心理的健康主要在于生命的冲动,或曰性冲动,性行为是生命活力的体现。

59.Lawrence‟s artistic tendency is mainly realism, which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative commentary.劳伦斯继承了现实主义创作手法,将戏剧化情节与权威性的评说结合起来。60.Lawrence endows the traditional realism with a fresh psychological meaning.Through a combination of traditional realism and the innovating elements of symbolism and poetic imagination, Lawrence has managed to bring out the subtle ebb and flow of his characters‟ subconscious life.劳伦斯通过将传统的现实主义手法与改革后的象征主义与诗化联想结合为一体,劳伦斯成功的展示了角色潜意识的跌宕起伏,赋予传统现实主义新的意义。(VI).James Joyce詹姆斯.乔伊斯

61.Joyce published his first novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.The title of the novel suggests a character study with strong autobiographical elements.The novel can be read as a naturalistic account of the hero‟s bitter experiences and final artistic and spiritual liberation.1916年,乔伊斯第一部长篇小说《艺术家年轻时代的肖像》出版。小说的题目暗示着角色塑造有自传成分。这部作品可以说是自然主义的,描述了主人公痛苦的生活经历及最后艺术与精神上的解放。

62.Ulysses, Joyce‟s masterpiece, has became a prime example of modernism in literature.The three major characters are: Leopold Bloom, an Irish Jew, his wife, Marion Tweedy Bloom, and Stephen Dedalus, the protagonist in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.乔伊斯真正的代表作是《尤利西斯》,这部小说是现代主义文学的首要典范。只有三个主要角色:爱尔兰的犹太人利奥普尔德.布鲁姆,他的妻子马丽翁.T.布鲁姆以及史蒂芬.德达拉斯,也就是《艺术家年轻时代的画像》中的主人公。

63.In Ulysses, the events of the day seem to be trivial, insignificant or even banal.But below the surface of the events, the natural flow of mental reflections, the shifting moods and impulses in the characters‟ inner world are richly presented in an unprecedentedly frank and penetrating way.在《尤利西斯》小说中,这一天内发生的事情极为琐碎,毫无意义,甚至非常陈腐。但在这平庸的表面下陷藏着自然的意识流,反映了角色内心的思想活动及心情与冲动的变化转移,表达空前直白,极富穿透力。

64.This literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters is usually termed as “stream of consciousness.” And Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist, concentrating on revealing in his novels the psychic being of the characters.这种表达角色心理状态的文学手法便是“意识流”。而乔伊斯则是最伟大的意识流小说家。65.Another remarkable feature of Joyce‟s writings is his style.His own style is a straightforward one, lucid, logical and leisurely;subtlety, economy and exactness are his standards.But when he tries to render the so-called stream of consciousness, the style changes: incomplete, rapid, broken wording and fragmentary sentences are the typical features, which reflect the shifting, flirting, disorderly flow of thoughts in the major characters‟ mind.乔伊斯小说的另一个特点是他的文体风格,他本身的文风直白,清晰,富于逻辑而游刃有余;细微,简洁,精确也是他的语言标准。然而一旦进入“意识流”,他的文风便陡转急变:处处可见不完整,短促,支离破碎的语句和措辞,这些都如实反映出角色的思想意识的怪异多变,闪烁不定及杂乱无章。66.“Araby” from Dubliners This tale of the frustrated quest for beauty in the midst of drabness is both meticulously realistic in its handling of details of Dublin Life and the Dublin scene and highly symbolic in that almost every image and incident suggests some particular aspect of the theme.《都柏林人》:这则故事主题是在单调乏味的环境包围下对美的追求的挫败,故事既富于现实主义又富于象征主义,现实主义在于它细致入微的描述了都柏林的景观与生活,象征主义在于每一个意象每一件事都暗示着主题的某个方面。

Part two: American Literature Chapter 1

The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期

1.From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irving‟s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman‟s Leaves of Grass.It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端,惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。(也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”)

2.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会,回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。

3.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产,对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。

4.Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.在霍桑,麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。

5.The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。6.This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗,他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。7.Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力,能够超过感官获取知识”。8.Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过:“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的,个人是神圣的,因此人必须自助。

9.It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性,多样性,与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说,有艾伦.坡的哥特式惊险故事,有库柏的边疆历险故事,有麦尔维尔的长篇叙事,有霍桑的心理罗曼史,有戴维斯的社会现实小说。10.To Hawthorne and Melyille, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature.霍桑和麦尔维尔认为人们在内心上都是罪人,因此需要道德力量来改善人性。

(I).Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文

11.He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父。

12.With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.1819年至1820年,欧文出版了《见闻札记》,该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲的文学荣誉。

13.A History of New York---He parodies or imitates Homer.《纽约史》在多方面模仿了荷马。

14.Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.他所创造的两个人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样,都停留在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。

15.We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.他的作品行文优美流畅,犹如音乐。他的作品寓教于乐,给人以轻松安逸之感,如入梦境。

16.He is worth the honor of being “the American Goldsmith” for his literary craftsmanship.在创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国的近匠”。

17.“rip van winkle”—Here, Irving‟s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.“瑞普.凡.温克尔”---欧文在此表达了对一去不复返的东西十分依恋,笔触生动,令人难忘。

(II).Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生

18.New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.在美国浪漫主义时期的文学中,新英格兰的超验主义是不可或缺的。19.Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.爱默生的超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想,强调人类具有本能的掌握宇宙绝对真理和人的神性而形成的一个哲学流派。20.In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the individual, and Nature.爱默生的文章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然的重要性。21.Emerson id affirmative about man‟s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly.爱默生相信人的直觉知识。人类可以利用自己的直觉决定是非并采取相应得行动。

22.The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.一个理想的个人应是自助自立的人。

23.“Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you‟ll become spiritually whole again.”“回到自然中去吧,沉浸在自然的影响中吧,你将重新获得精神的完整。” 24.In 1845, a great transcendentalist work Walden was born.1845年,写成了超验主义的伟大作品《沃尔登》。25.In general, Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive American style, as he called for in The American Scholar in 1837.总的说来,爱默生的散文表现出明显的美国风格,堪称“美国学者”。

26.“Nature”-the essay discuss the love of nature, the uses of nature, the idealist philosophy in relation to nature evidences of spirit in the material universe, and the potential expansion of human souls and works that will result from a general return to direct, immediate contact with the natural environment.In the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature.“论自然”----全书讨论对自然的爱,对自然的利用,对自然的理性主义哲学,物质宇宙里的精神证据,人类灵魂的潜在扩展。在文章中爱默生表达了超验主义的思想原则及对自然的热爱。

(III)Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔。霍桑

27.The Scarlet Letter(1850), always regarded as the best of his works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan community.《红字》是霍桑的代表作,讲述的是四个生活在清教社区以不同方式犯有通奸罪的故事,情节简单,但内容感人。

28.According to Hawthorne, “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life;but circumstances may rouse it to activity.”霍桑认为,人人内心都有邪恶,这种邪恶也许一生都潜藏在内心,但在一定的条件下就表现出来。

29.“The Birthmark” drives home symbolically Hawthorne‟s point that evil is man‟s birthmark, something he is born with.在《胎记》中他一针见血地指出邪恶就是人类与生俱来的胎记。

30.One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually refers to someone who is too proud, too sure of himself.霍桑最关注的一个罪恶之源是一个人过于自尊自负。31.Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.加尔文思想认为人类本质是邪恶的,必然向上帝赎罪。32.Hawthorne is also a great allegorist and almost every story can be read allegorically, as is the case in “Young Goodman Brown.”霍桑擅长隐喻,像《小伙子布朗》一样,他几乎每个故事都可以当作隐喻来读。33.The scarlet letter A is ambiguous.And the ambiguity is one of the Salient characteristics of Hawthorne‟s art.人们对A字究竟是什么意思搞不清楚。这种多重含义和象征意义的模糊性正是霍桑小说的艺术所在。(IV)Walt Whitman华尔特.惠特曼

34.His aim was nothing less than to express some new poetical feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference should be recognized.他的目的就是要表达新的诗情,开创一种新的诗歌传统,抒发独特的自我。

35.the poet‟s essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic “en-masse” of America, which is established in the opening lines of “Song of Myself.”诗人的主要目的就是在世界上确定自我,更具体的说就是要在整个美国确定自我。《自我之歌》的开头几行就表现了这种思想。

36.As Whitman saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation.惠特曼认为,诗歌可以塑造一个新的民族精神。37.In celebrating the self, Whitman gives emphasis to the physical dimension of the self and openly and joyously celebrates sexuality.在歌颂自我的同时,惠特曼强调子我的物理存在和性爱。

38.Whitman‟s poetic style is marked, first of all, by the use of the poetic “I”.他的诗总用第一人称。39.“Song of Myself”-In this poem Whitman sets forth two principal belief: the theory of universality, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.《自我之歌》---诗中表明了两大信仰:一是普遍性信仰,二是人类个别性和平等性。(V)Herman Melville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔

40.Moby-Dick was published in 1851.《白鲸》在1851年出版。

41.Of all these sea adventure stories, Moby-Dick proves to be the best.这些有关航海历险的书中,《白鲸》最好,达到了麦尔维尔创作的高峰。

42.Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic.《白鲸》是美国第一部散文体史诗。43.It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man‟s deep reality and psychology.《白鲸》不仅仅是海上生活的生动描述,而且也象征追求宇宙真理的心路历程。

44.the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage become a search for truth.The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.For the character Ahab, however, the whale represents only evil.这条船皮跨德成了人类社会和追求真理历程的缩影。白鲸则象征着自然,复杂,深不可测,也很美丽。但对埃哈布,白鲸则代表着邪恶。白鲸像一堵墙,隐藏着未知和神秘。

45.Melville‟s great gifts of language, invention, psychological analysis, speculative agility, and narrative power are fused to make Moby-Dick a world classic.麦尔维尔的语言才华,创造才华,心理分析能力,观察的敏捷及生动地描述都使该书成为世界名著。

Chapter 2 The Realistic Period现实主义时期

1.This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.由于对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣,产生了新的创作灵感。

2.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯,亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。3.In short, they set the example and charted the future course for the subjects, themes, techniques and styles of fiction we still call modern.总之,他们为后来的现实文学在题材,技巧和风格上都树立了典范。

4.Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories.豪威尔斯讨论上升的中产阶级及其生活方式,而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。

5.In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author‟s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.总之,自然主义产生现实主义,只是在创作上更富讽刺,更加悲观。自然主义只有另一种哲学途径的现实主义。(I)Mark Twain马克.吐温

6.Mark Twain is considered as “the true father of American national literature.”马克.吐温被认为是“我们真正的民族文学之父”。7.Two of the best books during this period are The adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.The former is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys, while the latter, being a boy‟s book specially written for the adults, is Twain‟s most representative work, describing a journey down the Mississippi undertaken by two fugitives, Huck and Jim.这一期间他最伟大的作品是《汤姆.索亚历险记》和《哈克贝里.芬历险记》。前者是就儿童的恐惧和高兴的事儿写的一部儿童经典。而后者虽然是儿童故事,却为大人而写。这是马克.吐温最有代表性的小说,描写两个流浪儿童哈克和吉姆沿密西西比河而下历险的旅程。8.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and, especially, its sequence Adventures of Huckleberry Finn proved themselves to be the mile stone in American literature.《汤姆.索亚历险记》,尤其是《哈克贝里.芬历险记》是美国文学的里程碑。

9.The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished way of life in the pre-Civil War Mississippi valley and it has moved millions of people of different ages and conditions all over the world;and the books are noted for their unpretentious, colloquial yet poetic style, their wide-ranging humor, and their universally shared dream of perfect innocence and freedom.汤姆.索亚和哈克.芬在密西西比河上度过的童年是内战前该条河谷生活方式的实录,感动了数以万计的各种年龄的人。书中的率直,口语化而又不失诗意的语言风格,广泛的幽默,天真和自由的梦想都是令人难忘的。

10.Hemingway once described the novel the one book from which “all modern American literature comes.”

The profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature.《哈克贝里.芬历险记》----海明威曾把该书看作是”所有现代美国文学之源”.。哈克贝里的深刻形象是该书给美国文学做出的又一贡献。

11.The climax arises with Huck‟s inner struggle on the Mississippi, when Huck is polarized by the two opposing and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escapes哈克在密西西比河的内心争斗室小说的高潮。哈克在理想与现实,对吉姆的感情与社会反对奴隶逃跑的法律之间被抛到了巅峰。

12.Huck‟s final decision---to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality.哈克最后决定:遵循自己内心的良知,而非世俗的道德。

13.Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on.马克.吐温善于描绘地方风物,包括地方任务,风光,风俗,方言和服饰等等。

14.Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular.His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language.马克.吐温独特的另一个方面是他乡土气息的语言风格。他的用词口语化,具体可感,直率有力。句子结构简单,不合语法。15.Mark Twain‟s humor is remarkable.马克.吐温的幽默是突出的。

16.Twain‟s works, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall tales.他的作品生动有趣,充盈着实用的笑话,喜剧情节,智慧的语言以及动听的故事。17.His humor is a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.他的幽默是对社会不公正和沦丧的浪漫主义的讽刺和批判。

18.Adventures of Huckleberry: “Huck”, a typical American can Boy whom its creator described as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”.Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark Twain‟s thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.《哈克贝里.芬历险记》---该小说最精彩的形象是哈克,他是被作者称为一个“有正常心理和畸形良知”的美国男孩。通过天真又叛逆的哈克的眼睛,我们看到内战的美国社会的真正面目,同时,通过马克.吐温对比性的描写,我们还看到了率真与世故,自然与文化,野蛮与文明的对立。

(II)

Henry James亨利.詹姆斯

19.While Mark Twain and William Dean Howells satirized European manners at times, Henry James was an admirer of ancient European civilization.马克.吐温和豪威尔斯不时的讽刺欧洲传统,而詹姆斯却羡慕欧洲文明。

20.In the first period of his, James took great interest in international themes.James treated with great care the clashes between two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America.The works include “The American”, “Daisy miller”, “The Europeans”, “The Portrait of Lady”.在詹姆斯的早期作品中,他对国际主题很感兴趣。这一时期几乎他的每一部小说都有关欧美在文化,情感和道德方面的冲突,每篇作品都处理了重要的问题。著作有《美国人》,《黛西.米勒》,《欧洲人》,《贵妇人的画像》。

21.In his middle period, the works contain “The Bostonians”, “The Princess Casamassima”, and so on.中期创作包括《波士顿人》,《卡撒玛西玛公主》等等。

22.In his last and major period, James returned to his “international theme”.后期他又回到了“国际主题”。23.These novels are always set against a larger international background, usually between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.(国际主题的小说)这些小说以国际,主要是欧美为大背景,集中表现两种人群的两种价值观在两种文化制度中的冲突。

24.The theme of his essay “The Art of Fiction” clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life.《小说的艺术》一文明确指出,小说的目的是现实生活。25.The artist should be able to “feel” the life, to understand human nature, and then to record them in his own art form.艺术家应能够“感受”生活,理解人性,然后忠实地将这些录入作品。

26.James‟s realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matter.詹姆斯的现实主义还具有分析方法的倾向。

27.One of James‟s literary techniques innovated to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative “point of view”.詹姆斯文学创作技巧的一个方面就是强调这种心理分析,以叙述着的视角为线索。28.As to his language, James is not so easy to understand.He is often highly refined and insightful.詹姆斯的文学语言不易读懂。29.“Daisy Miller”: Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World.《黛西.米勒》---黛西.米勒从此成为在欧洲的美国姑娘的形象,是美国精神的代表。

(III).Emily Dickinson艾米莉.狄金森

30.Dickinson‟s poems are usually based on her own experience, her sorrows and joys.狄金森的诗都是根据自己的经历和悲欢而创作的。31.Within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature.In some of her poems she wrote about her double and belief about religious subjects.在她的短篇抒情诗里所涉及到的问题却是有关人类的,包括宗教,死亡,不朽,爱情和自然。她的一些诗还怀疑宗教信仰。

32.Although she believed in God, she sometimes doubted His benevolence.Closely related to Dickinson‟s religious poetry are her poems concerning death and immortality, ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death.虽然她相信上帝但有时却怀疑它的善。狄金森与宗教有关的诗是关于死亡和不朽,包括身体,心理和情感三个方面。

33.One group of her love poems are clearly the reflection of her own unhappy experience.她的一组爱情诗明确地反映了她自己不幸的经历。

34.More than five hundred poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed.狄金森有500多首诗是关于自然的,诗中表达了作者对人与自然关系得怀疑。

35.her acute observations, her concern for precise details and her interest in nature are pervasive.她对自然的观察敏锐,描写细致,兴趣丰饶。

36.Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines.In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern.eg.Capital letters as a means of emphasis.The form of her poetry is more or less like that of the hymns in community churches, familiar, communal, and sometimes, irregular.她的诗大多无题,常以首句引用,诗中节奏特别,例如用大写表示强调。她的诗形式上多少有点像教堂的圣歌,不讲规则,为人喜闻乐见。

37.Her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness.她用词简洁,直率,平易。38.Dickinson‟s poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness.狄金森的诗虽然表面浅显,但内容多样化,微妙而又深刻。(IV)Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞

39.In 1911, Jennie Gerhardt came out, followed by two volumes of his “Trilogy of Desire”, The Financier and The Titan, the third, The Stoic, being published posthumously in 1947.1911年,Jennie Gerhardt出版,随后他的《欲望》三部曲头两部《金融家》,《巨头》相继出版,第三部《斯多葛》是死后出版。

40.In his words, man is a “victim of forces over which he has no control”.用他的话来说,人类是“各种力量交织在一起得受害者,这些力量人类是无法控制的”。

41.From the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be---materialistic to the core.在第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》出版过后,德莱塞一直把美国的价值观推向彻底的物质享受主义。

42.For lack of concision, his writings appear more inclusive and less selective, and the readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters and events.由于不够简洁,他的作品包容有余,选择不足。读者深受他冗繁的描写之累。

43.His style is not polished but very serious and well calculated to achieve the thematic ends he sough.他的写作风格虽显粗糙,但内容严肃,与表现主题十分相符。

Chapter 3 The Modern Period现代时期

1.The idea of “seize the day” or “enjoy the present ” was pervasive, as opposed to placing all hope in the future.“及时行乐”的思想十分横行,他们不把希望寄托在将来。2.The most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth century American literature, or we may say, the second American Renaissance, is the expatriate movement.美国20世纪的文学运动,也可说是美国第二次文艺复兴,就是移居国外的运动。

3.These writers were later named by an American writer, Gertrude Stein, also an expatriate, “The Lost Generation”.(why)---Disillusioned and disgusted by the frivolous greedy, and heedless way of life in America, they began to write and they wrote from their own experiences in the war.这些作家后来被美国作家斯坦恩称为“迷惘的一代”(原因)--由于他们已厌倦美国那种轻浮,贪婪的生活,于是开始动手写下他们的战争经历。4.Ezra Pound‟s role as a leading spokesman of famous Imagist Movement in the history of American literature.庞德在美国文学史上意象派运动中是个重要的人物。5.F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and William Faulkner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction.费兹杰拉德,海明威和福克纳被认为是美国小说大师。

6.O‟Neill is remembered for his tragic view of life and most of his plays are about the root, the truth of human desires and human frustrations.奥尼尔以对生活的悲剧性观点而著称。他的大多数剧本都是有关人类欲望和挫折根本原因的。

7.J.D.Salinger‟s The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as a students‟ classic.塞林杰的《麦田里的守望者》被认为是学生的经典作品。

8.In general terms, much serious literature written from 1912 onwards attempted to convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay and the writer‟s task was to develop techniques that could represent a break with the past.Thus, the defining formal characteristics of the modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation.总之,1912年以后许多严肃文学都力图表达社会崩溃,道德沦丧的观点,作家也使用新技巧,告别老传统。9.A typical modern work will seem to begin arbitrarily, to advance without explanation, and to end without resolution.现代文学的典型特征是开端任意,发展不做解释以及没有结果的收场。

10.There are shifts in perspective, voice, and tone, but the biggest shift is from the external to internal, from the public to the private, from the chronological to the psychic, from the objective description to the subjective projection.作品在现实,语气上较前有变化,其中最大的变化是从描写外部世界转到内部世界,从公众生活转到私生活描写,从时间线索转到以心理感觉为线索,从客观描述转到主观渲染。

11.Traditional fiction featured an authoritative narrator in telling a story, while modern fiction tended to employ the first person narration or limit the reader to the “central consciousness” or one character‟s point of view.传统小说强调叙述的人物的权威性和可信性,而现代小说叙述的总是用第一人称,或者把读者限制到“中心的意识”上或以一个人物的视线进行叙述。(I)

Ezra Pound埃兹拉.庞德

12.Before graduating from university, he had mastered nine language.大学毕业前已掌握了九门语言。

13.Pound‟s poetic works include twelve volumes of verse which were later collected and published in Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound, and Personae.庞德的诗作包括十二卷诗集,后以《埃兹拉.庞德早期诗集》,《人物》的书名出版。

14.Pound‟s earlier poetry is saturated with the familiar poetic subjects that characterize the 19th century Romanticism: songs in praise of a lady, songs concerning the poet‟s craft, love and friendship, death, the transience of beauty and the permanence of art.庞德的早期诗歌充满表现19世纪浪漫主义特色的为人熟知的诗题:歌颂女性,有关诗人自己的诗,爱情与友谊,死亡,美丽的易逝和艺术的常青。

15.Later he is more concerned about the problems of the modern culture: the contemporary cultural decay and the possible sources of cultural renewal as well.Take his epic poem, The Cantos, for example.Pound traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires, the moral and social chaos of the modern world, especially the corruption of America after the heroic time of Jefferson.后来,他更关注现代文化问题:当代文化的堕落以及文化更新的可能途径。以《诗章》为例,庞德追溯东西方帝国的兴亡,现代世界道德和社会的混乱,尤其是美国自杰斐逊后的腐败。

16.Pound‟s artistic talents are on full display in the history of the Imagist Movement, which flourished from 1909 to 1917.庞德的艺术才华在意象主义运动中得到了充分发挥,这场运动从1909年到1917年发展得如火如荼。17.This is a movement that advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism, especially Tennyson‟s wordiness and high-flown language in poetry.这一运动推动了现代派艺术的发展。在诗歌中,反对精工细琢夸夸其谈的语言,主张改革诗歌的媒体。

18.Pound endorsed the group‟s three main principles, which include direct treatment of poetic subjects, elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, and rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.庞德提出诗歌改革的三个原则:一。直接处理诗歌主题;二。舍去装饰浮华的词藻;三/诗歌应有有机节奏,不要单词重复。19.“The point of Imagism” , Pound wrote in 1914, “is that it does not use images as ornaments.The image itself is the speech.The image is the word beyond formulated language”.庞德曾于1914年写道:“意象主义的实质是意象不是装饰,意象本身就是语言。意象是超语言形式的词汇”。20.The poet, he argued, cannot relate a delightful psychic experience by speaking out directly in the first person: he must “screen himself” and speak indirectly through an impersonal and objective story, which is usually a myth or a piece of the earlier literature, or a “mask”, that is, a persona.他认为,诗人不能直接用第一人称叙述心理感受,必须“把自己笼罩起来”,通过客观的非人格化的故事间接说话,那就是神话或文学典故。(II)Robert Lee Frost罗伯特.弗洛斯特

21.Though he is generally considered a regional poet whose subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in New England, he wrote many poems that investigate the basic themes of man‟s life in his long poetic career: the individual‟s relationships to himself, to his fellow-man, to his world, and to his God.虽然他总的来说是一位地方诗人,他的诗主要写的是新英格兰的风光和人物,但他在长期的做诗生涯中对人类生活的基本主题有所探索,探讨了个人对自己,对别人,对世界以及对上帝的关系。

22.His pomes contains “Mending the Wall”, “The Road Not Taken”, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”(speaker‟s choice between safety and the unknown),and “After Apple-Picking”.他的诗包括《补墙》,《未选择的路》,《雪夜林边停》(作者在安全和未知之中留下了朦胧的诗味)和《摘苹果后》。(III)Eugene O’Neill尤金.奥尼尔

23.He is widely acclaimed “founder of the American drama”.他被广泛誉为“美国戏剧之父”。

24.O‟Neill‟s first full-length play, Beyond the Horizon made a great hit and won him the first Pulitzer Prize.奥尼尔第一部全剧〈天外边〉上演,这部作品轰动一时并为他赢得了普利莱奖。

25.Between 1920 and 1924 came his prominent achievements in symbolic expressionism: eg.The Hairy Ape.These plays are daring forays into race relations, class conflicts, sexual bondage, social critiques, and American tragedies on the Greek model.1920至1924年期间他的象征表现主义获得了空前的成就:如〈毛猿〉,这些作品中大胆涉猎了种族关系,阶级冲突,性的束缚,社会批评及希腊模式的美国悲剧。

26.Such as The Great God Brown, which fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.如〈伟大的布朗〉,它将象征主义,诗歌和异教徒理想主义的证实融合到一起来表现物质文明是如何否认给予生命的冲动和摧毁天才艺术家的。

27.The Iceman Cometh proves to be a masterpiece in the way it is a complex, ironic, deeply moving exploration of human existence, written out of a profound insight into human nature and constructed with tremendous skill and logic.〈冰人来了〉以其复杂,讽刺,对人类生存的深刻感人的探讨,以及用深邃的洞察力对人性的探讨,并应用了大量的技巧和逻辑证实了这部作品是部杰作。

28.Of all the plays O‟Neill wrote most of them are tragedies, dealing with the basic issues of human existence and predicament: life and death, illusion and disillusion, alienation and communication, dream and reality, self and society.在奥尼尔所有的作品重,多数是悲剧,处理的是人类生存和困境这些基本论点:生与死,幻觉和幻灭,疏远和交流,梦想和现实,自我和社会,欲望和挫折。

29.“The Hairy Ape”----Yank-brutal, stupid, and profane is the recognized leader of the stokers, who are the ultimate products of a society subservient to machines.This is a play that concerns the problem of modern man‟s identity.In his sympathy, he opens the cage and liberates it, only to be killed by the real big hairy ape.“毛猿”----扬克,残忍,愚蠢并且猥亵,被认为是采矿工人的头,他是社会屈从于机器后的最终产物。这部剧本涉及到现代人的归属问题。

(IV)F.Scott Fitzgerald司格特.菲兹杰拉德

30.Thus he is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.他被认为是早期爵士乐时代的文学代言人。31.His masterpiece The Great Gatsby, which made him one of the greatest American novelists.他的巨著《了不起的盖茨比》是他成为杰出的美国小说家。32.He drank and did crazy things after he got drunk, whereas staying sober enough to see the corruptive nature of the society and the vanity fair that everyone, including himself, was infatuated with.他酗酒,并且酒后做出许多出轨的事,但又能沉静的看出包括他自己在内的那个时代社会的本质和虚荣。

33.Fitzgerald‟s fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Age, in which he shows a particular interest in the upper-class society.菲兹杰拉德的小说世界是爵士时代精神的最佳体现。34.But beneath their masks of relaxation and joviality there was only sterility, meaninglessness and futility, and amid the grandeur and extravagance a spiritual wasteland and a hint of decadence and moral decay.但在轻松享乐后留下的只是颓废和一无所取。在物质的奢华后是一片精神的荒原和道德沦丧。

35.“The Great Gatsby”----At the end of the story, Nick broods over Gatsby‟s dream and decides to go back home to the West.Gatsby is a mythical figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies America itself.Gatsby‟s failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American Dream.《了不起的盖茨比》----小说在结束时,尼克对盖茨比的梦想进行了沉思后决定回到西部老家去。盖茨比是个神话般人物,他的强烈的梦想是整个美国当时心态的反映。盖茨比的失败表明了美国之梦的破灭。(V)Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特.海明威

36.In Our Time is the first book to present a Hemingway hero—Nick Adams.《在我们的时代里》这部小说集塑造了尼克.亚当斯的形象。

37.The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway‟s first true novel.It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation,” a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences.《太阳照样升起》是海明威成熟的作品,通过“迷惘的一代”人的形象塑造,表现了一战后整个一代人的精神面貌以及一战给人们带来的影响。(迷惘的一代:一群离开祖国,参加战争的美国青年,战后开始动手写下他们的战争经历)

38.Hemingway‟s second big success is A Farewell Arms.Frederick Henry, who is wounded in war and disillusioned with insanity and futility of the universe.In this novel, Hemingway not only emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either God‟s design or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped.《永别了.武器》是海明威第二步成名作。Frederick Henry在战争中受了伤,对世界的非理性无法理解。在这部小说里,作者不但强调了人类在肉体和精神上都受难的观点,而且驳斥了自然和上帝的善,表明人类被命运投入了火坑。39.For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea tell more about the later Hemingway.《丧钟为谁敲响》和《老人与海》是反映海明威后期思想的作品。

40.Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway Code heroes.他的典型人物就是用诚实,纪律和控制来实现抗争(海明威式英雄)。

41.However, though life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity;man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.虽然打败仗,但吃败仗也是有尊严的,人类的肉体可以消亡,但精神永远不可战胜。

42.Hemingway himself once said, “The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”海明威曾说过“冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面”。

43.No wonder Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for “his powerful style-forming mastery of the art” of creating modern fiction.诺贝尔文学奖评委会是这样评价他的:他的简短有力的艺术风格开创了现代小说。

44.“Indian Camp”----The first and the typical of the seven Nick stories is “Indian Camp.” 《印第安营地》----是尼克故事中的第一个,也是很典型的故事。

(VI)William Faulkner威廉.福克纳

45.Faulkner has managed successfully to show a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society.福克纳成功的表现了整个南方社会的历史意识。46.Of Faulkner‟s literary works, four novels are masterpieces by any standards: The Sound and the Fury, Light in August, Absalom, Absalam!And Go Down, Moses.福克纳最有影响的是这四部小说:《喧嚣与骚动》,《八月之光》,《押沙龙,押沙龙!》和《摩西,走下去》。47.The best story to highlight Faulkner‟s concern is “The Bear,” in which the view of the moral abomination of slavery and the human entanglements which result from it goes beyond history, to the beginnings, to the mythic time.典型反映福克纳对此事关注的小说是《熊》,在这部小说里,对奴隶制的道德观以被超历史地追溯到了它的起源阶段。

48.To him, the primary duty of a writer was to explore and represent the infinite possibilities inherent in human life.他认为,作家的主要职责就是探索并重视人类生活所秉承的各种可能性。

49.The modern stream-of-consciousness technique was also frequently and skillfully exploited by Faulkner emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator.现代意识流法也为福克纳所娴熟的运用来强调叙述的反映和内心深思。

50.Moreover,Faulkner was good at presenting multiple points of view.福克纳还善于从多视角来描述。

51.The other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.他还运用了象征主义手法,并且大量引用了神话和圣经典故。

英美文学自主学习 第6篇

一、树立以学生为主体的课堂教学理念

在英美文学教学设计中, 教师应始终把学生置于教学的中心, 以学生为教学主体, 从其实际情况出发, 关心他们对教学内容的接受情况, 关注他们的心理变化, 根据他们的需求随时调整教学节奏、教学内容和教学方式。客观地讲, 学生也应当成为课堂教学的主体和主角, 理应充分发挥学生在英美课堂教学中的主动性和积极性。教师应当确立自己辅助主导的地位, 甘心做学生的配角, 把课堂当做学生训练能力的舞台, 引导学生探索知识、获得知识, 同时纠正他们的不当认识, 在他们需要的时候进行有效的指导和帮助。

二、课前给学生分配任务, 让学生利用网络资源制作PPT文稿

每次新课前, 教师要提前告知学生下节课的主要内容和相关的作家作品, 安排一定量的文学课课前任务, 比如阅读相关作家的有关作品, 做有关作家作品的介绍性演示, 让学生利用网络资源, 使用相关的搜索引擎, 制作PPT演示文稿, 以便在上课时公开展示。现代社会是网络信息化时代, 学生可以利用网络快捷方便地搜索到相关的作家作品的英文信息和背景知识, 把网络资源充分利用起来, 把课堂和教材延伸到网络的大世界, 全面地了解相关的文学知识。每次可以给两三位学生分配主要的任务, 比如甲同学做作家的生平介绍, 乙同学做该作家的作品介绍, 丙同学对该作家的文学作品进行简要的述评和分析。也可以把全班同学分成若干小组, 每个小组负责不同的具体任务, 大家分工协作, 共同利用网络的相关资源搜索相关信息, 制作成丰富多彩、内容翔实、图文并茂的PPT演示文稿。大概规定每个演示文稿的时间为8到10分钟左右。教师尽可能地介绍相关的英美文学专业网址和网站供学生使用, 并提醒学生注意信息及其来源的可靠性和真实性。教师还要对学生制作PPT时的重点项目予以指导和强调, 比如对作家的生平介绍一般应该涵盖作家的生卒年份、出生地、父母、家庭背景、教育背景、婚姻状况、主要职业、生活的历史背景、重大经历、朋友圈、居住过的主要城市及主要观点等;在作品介绍时, 应重点包括作家的主要作品名单、代表作、成名作、传世名作及其内容简介、故事主要任务、故事主题和作品评论和简要分析。这样分工协作的课前课外学习可以调动学生的学习主动性, 使课堂、教材和网络资源密切联系, 让学生利用网络来学习相关的文学专业知识, 充分发挥学生的动脑、动手能力, 不仅学习到了专业知识, 而且提高了PPT软件的使用技术, 凸显出了网络时代的大学习特色。

三、课堂上由学生演示文稿, 介绍作家作品

在课堂上, 教师变为主要的主持者, 首先对本节课的主要内容作一简要介绍, 包括所要学习的作家及其作品, 对该作家的文学地位和文学功绩简要导入, 突出本课的教学目标, 吸引学生的思想关注。利用多媒体演示平台, 请课前制作了PPT演示文稿的两三位同学分别做作家、作品和作品评论的介绍性展示。演示文稿图文并茂, 每页都各有一个侧重知识点, 比如作家肖像、家庭背景、教育状况、职业、婚姻、主要作品等都可以通过一个个完美的PPT页面来展示, 直观形象地把作家作品的概貌介绍给全班同学。学生通过演示文稿可以快捷方便、全面地了解相关作家作品, 不仅学习了语言知识, 而且了解了文化信息, 还留下了深刻印象。学生制作PPT演示文稿, 亲自利用多媒体平台展示文稿, 充分调动学生的学习主动性和探索性, 变传统的单一的输入式接受课堂为主动的探索和输出。学生可以因此而成为课堂的主角, 真正成为学习活动的主体, 参与到教学中, 有效地提高教学效率。教师在学生做完相关的PPT后要加以评点, 对个别有谬误的地方加以矫正, 同时补充相关内容, 恰当指点和引导, 让全班同学更加全面地了解相关文学文化信息, 掌握作家作品的基本情况。比如对美国作家海明威的介绍, 教师可以强调海明威的人生经历和他的作品的联系, 特别关注他的“一战”、西班牙内战和“二战”、非洲狩猎和历险的相关经历, 突出他根据个人亲身经历所创作的《太阳照常升起》、《永别了, 武器》、《丧钟为谁而鸣》及《老人与海》等。对于其作品的分析, 提醒学生关注作品的主题和内涵, 即战争、爱情和死亡。对于他的写作风格, 要着重关注他的“冰山式”写作特点。

四、由学生分组讨论作品内容, 简要发表评述

在学生做完相关的PPT演示后, 可以安排一节课的时间由学生分组讨论作家的代表作, 由学生发表简要的评述。教师可以提出讨论的主要话题, 给每个小组分配不同的讨论题目, 比如A小组可以讨论作品的某个人物, B小组讨论作品的主题, C小组讨论作品的写作风格和特色。以《老人与海》为例, 三个小组可以从三个不同的角度去理解其中的主人公桑迪亚哥的硬汉形象, 永不气馁, 永不言败, 敢于挑战的勇敢精神, 同时探索作品语言精练, 简短明晰的新闻式写作风格。通过讨论, 大家可以互相启发, 加强对作品的理解, 更深刻地了解西方文化。教师在讨论课上扮演辅导和主持的角色, 不要先入为主的灌输, 答案让学生自己来探索, 自己来发现, 自己来提出, 教师可以适时地加以评点, 指点迷津, 同时可以就相关问题和学生共同探讨和思索, 帮助学生更好地理解作品, 把握历史和文化的脉搏。

五、课后布置简要的作品评论作业或电影观后感

对于相关的作家作品的学习, 由于课堂时间有限, 不可能完全涉及作品的全部, 所以有必要布置课后作业, 让学生继续研读小说, 写出简短的读后感, 或观看根据相关小说改编的电影, 并写出观后感。比如学习完菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》之后, 教师可以布置相关评论作业, 要求学生简要评述作品的内涵, 评论美国梦和盖茨比的爱情悲剧之根源。学习完米勒的《推销员之死》后可要求学生评论美国梦的破灭和大萧条时期普通美国人的生活状况。学习完《第22条军规》之后, 可以要求学生写出评论和读后感, 深刻理解二战后的黑色幽默和荒诞文学。课后作业的布置有利于学生继续利用课后时间探索作品的深刻内涵, 梳理相关知识点, 全面深入地走进作品, 走进作者的内心世界, 走进西方的历史、政治、社会、风俗和文化之中, 以达到英美文学课程的教学目标。

六、结语

实践证明, 在英美文学的课程教学中探索并应用自主性学习模式, 可以有效地调动学生的学习积极性, 发掘学生的潜能, 提高学生在课堂上的参与互动程度, 可以更好地促进教师和学生之间的互动、交流和探讨, 可以真正地发挥学生的主动性和能动性, 增强他们的信心, 使其真正地成为课堂的主人, 切实在体验中学习, 在探索中成长, 不断开拓视野, 获得英美文学信息, 提高人文素养。

参考文献

[1]邓磊.多媒体网络技术与英语视听说教学.现代传播, 2006, (3) .

[2]盂庆男.基于自主性学习的教学模式.课程.教材.教法, 2006, (2) .

[3]张亚伟.基于网络与研究性学习课程整合的高中英语任务型教学.外语电化教学, 2005, (1) .

[4]倪文斌, 冯景岩.教师要做学生学习的指导者.教学探索, 2006, (3) .

学习英美文学的价值和现实意义 第7篇

文学是以语言为手段塑造形象来反映社会生活、表达作者思想感情的一种艺术。起源于人类的生产劳动。最早形成书面文学的有中国的《诗经》、印度的《罗摩衍那》和古希腊的《伊利昂纪》等。文学, 以不同的形式 (称作体裁) 表现和再现一定时期、一定地域的社会生活, 是将语言文字用于表达社会生活和心理活动的学科。属社会意识形态之艺术范畴。

2 英美文学

英美文学一直是高校英语专业的主干课程, 也是英语专业研究生阶段重点研究方向。高校英语语言文学专业的学习几乎都是通过文学史和文学选读赏析相结合来提高英语学习和文学素养的。按照文学史的先后顺序分成不同的时期, 精选了每个时期主要的作家及其主要作品加以简明扼要的介绍。介绍作家增加了一些生平简述, 一是为了让作家的形象树立起来;二是为了让读者通过了解作家的经历, 理解创作题材及创作风格。英美文学史也和中国文学史一样广博精深, 浩渺无边。其娱乐性趣味性也不在中国文学之下, 但其受欢迎程度却没有学生对中国文学的热情高。原因有二:一, 语言障碍;二, 文化断裂, 英语作为外语, 所指需要新建图式模型在大脑中, 没有那么直接, 学生没有学好系统的英美文化, 断章阅读时恐有太大的理解难度。再加上, 现代中国经济发展迅速, 高校学习氛围有出现浮躁之风, 各种英语学习模式应运而生, 英语文学阅读投入多见效稍慢, 很多学生认为学习英语语言文学是一种资源的浪费。这种现象让人担忧。

3 从特征与功能看文学

无论是中国文学还是英美文学, 都是各自国家历史的一部分, 反应特别时代下的文化与现实。但是, 存在主义大师萨特也曾经提出过的一个朴实的问题:“对于快要饿死的人来说, 文学有什么用?”从实用的角度看, 在国家遭受外族入侵时, 文学解决不了任何问题。柏拉图这个精通几乎所有学科的集大成者, 在《理想国》一书里也把人分九等, 诗人位列第六, 足见地位不高。不过, 现实是复杂的, 尽管文学不能解决人的温饱, 但从古至今人们仍然喜爱文学, 痴迷文学。国时魏君主曹丕说:“盖文章乃经国之大业, 不朽之盛事。”在现实生活中, 我们都知道有人也象鲁迅那样“弃医从文”的故事。为什么呢?人会去做让自己不快乐的事是吗?让我们对照马斯洛五等级需求理论来寻找文学究竟满足了我们什么需要。马斯洛在著作中指出把需求分成五类, 依次为:生理上的需要。这是人类维持自身生存的最基本要求。安全上的需要。整个有机体是一个追求安全的机制, 人的感受器官、效应器官、智能和其他能量主要是寻求安全的工具。情感和归属的需要。人人都希望得到相互的关系和照顾。尊重的需要。能使人对自己充满信心, 对社会满腔热情, 体验到自己活着的用处和价值。实现个人理想、抱负, 达到自我实现境界的人。也就是说, 人必须做称职的事情才会感到最大的快乐。

文学作为人类一种阅读活动, 必须是建立在生理和安全需要以上的, 所以人们能够进行阅读是必须具备一定条件的。在这种基础上, 在阅读过程中, 人可以体会到情感与归属, 在阅读到大量信息后实现知识的积累, 并帮助达成被尊重和为自我实现做准备。

4 文学与历史

首先, 文学与历史有着共同的源头——上古神话与传说。最初文学与历史就是纠缠在一起的, 无论是古希腊的《希腊波斯战争史》还是中国的《左传》、《史记》之类, 都同时肩负了文学和历史的双重重任:在纵向上为历史, 横向上为文学。但是, 人类在进步, 倾向于将学科趋于精细, 之后文学与历史就渐渐分离了。恐怕唯一有所交叉的就是“历史小说”了。更重要的是人们对历史和文学的功能已经有了明确的区分, 从而避免了某种程度的混乱。

5 文学与人生

洪治纲先生在谈及文学与人生的时候曾提及两者有纠缠的两大关系:一人生有多丰富, 文学就有多丰富, 因为文学是源于人生经历的, 所以文学必须遵从人生之丰富性;二人生有多可能丰富, 文学就该有多可能丰富。人生状态多种多样, 文学将人生的多种状态, 完美的人生, 地狱般的荒诞的人生, 哪怕是潜意识中的人生都可以一一记录下来。文学反过来让作者, 和读者都对自己的人生, 他人的人生进行观察思考记录。

6 文学与作家

我们读过鲁迅的《闰土》, 看过曹禺的《雷雨》, 文学与作家自己是根本割裂不开多多少少有自己的影子。透过细细研读作品, 我们可以了解每个作者, 又通过作者的生平品味作家。中央电视台<百家讲坛>栏目按照文学修养和作品影响力分别解读这十位名家及作品, 影响颇深。比如专家分析了文辞华丽的屈原《离骚》、《楚辞》。司马迁与《史记》。曹学芹与《红楼梦》等近代最有影响力的作家。我们的英语教师在课堂上也应该努力能够将英美文学上得如同百家讲坛一般, 将作家与作品结合来讲, 让人听得津津有味, 则是学生之幸事。

7 文学与读者

不论你学什么专业, 从事什么工作, 在你的精神领域、心灵层面上, 在你私人的空间里, 爱好文学、品味文学都是非常充实的人生状态。文学让我们体验不同的人生情境, 净化我们的情感生活;文学慰藉我们的灵魂、弥补我们的人生意愿;文学使我们认识复杂的人性。

8 英美文学对当代大学生的阅读价值和现

英美文学除了能够给阅读者带来快乐之外, 文学的很多特点也是当代大学生阅读英文文学的价值和意义。

首先, 英美文学是外国作家对其生命的一种特殊的留言方式, 文学作品大多是作家根据自己的人生经历, 所见所闻所思所想, 加工整理创新创造的, 是对当时社会大背景, 个人家庭影响, 人生路上所见所遇的一种记录方式。

英美文学是用特有的方式表现西方现实时空, 有人说文学源于生活高于生活, 文学不仅能保存历史, 虽不一定是完全真实, 但在某种程度上要比作为学科的历史来得更加真实, 文学所描写的现实, 是帮助读者看见你所看不到的东西。

英美文学能激起英语学习者的真情和激情, 每每在26个字母的排列组合下, 在阅读过程中体会到的酸甜苦辣, 人物的个人命运跌宕起伏, 英美文学无不能唤起读者最真实最不加掩饰的希望。

英美文学也能号召人自我完善, 这点是文学最有力的存在原因。人物的完美总是对读者会有很强大的号召力, 激励人仿效。

英美文学能培养人对带有英美文化特点的美的追求, 文学通过语言描绘人在真实世界所能看到的各种形形色色的景观, 人物, 人性的真善美, 作者的笔触可以表达自己的喜好, 给每个读者确定标准。

英美文学能提供人类所需要的语言, 文学家常被称为语言大师, 他们擅长将自己的思维通过语言的最简洁最有效生动的方式表现给大家。如中国的鲁迅、老舍、国外的乔叟, 弥尔顿, 拜伦, 雪莱, 奥斯丁, 中外兼修的林语堂, 钱钟书等被称为现代文学大师, 他们擅长使用英语或者中文语言就如通武侠小说里的侠客善用刀剑一般, 一针见血。而这种能力也是可以通过大量丰富的阅读学到的。

英美文学可以培养读者的独特的带有西方文化特点的理性思考过程和理性思维。随着现代技术的发明与发展, 新媒体日新月异, 现在的年轻人更多的是通过视频网络获得令他们轻松的信息, 很多人停留在画面的欣赏上, 而缺乏了通过语言文字的阅读获得信息的耐心。文字作为传统的纸质媒体, 可以培养读者在有限的文字信息中获得理性思考的空间, 时间长了就能形成这种理性抽象思维的习惯。

9 结语

作为英语语言文学的学生, 通过英美文学可以看到英美国家的的大千世界, 看透英语写作者思想, 看到作者在英语文学中描绘的色彩斑斓, 体会到在英美国家文化下所倡导的真善美的人物, 体会到语言的魅力。而作为当代大学生, 这些修养和参与社会竞争是非常一致的, 作为学习语言的一种很好的调剂, 英语文学就如同是中药一样是缓慢而见成效的。

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[4]刁纯志.外国文学名著导读[M].成都:四川人民出版社, 2001.

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[8] (美) 派斯克 (美) 韦斯特[著];王义国译.读书疗法——女性生活各阶段的读书指南[M].北京:人民文学出版社, 2006.

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学习英美文学的价值和现实意义 第8篇

一、英美文学的重要性

(一) 满足文化素养的需要

大学英语是对之前英语学习的巩固与升级, 最基本的听说读写能力不再是我们高校教育强调的重点, 而是想通过语言学习培养出有一定综合能力和素质的人才, 毕竟素质的提高才能表现出高等教育的意义。在人类的历史发展场长河中, 文学是主要的传承手段和载体, 是前人智慧与文化发展的结果。想了解一个民族的发展历程, 不能抛开它的文学纪实光谈语言。因此, 大学英语的学习过程当中, 必须要对英美国家的文学有大致的了解, 认识到这个民族的文化底蕴和思维特征, 从中受到陶冶, 提高自身综合素质。

(二) 保证语言能力的活学活用

语言学习的目的就是为了能够灵活使用, 我们不可能忽略语言所表现出来的文化特征而一味地学习语言, 这样也就让语言学习失去的目的性变得模糊。语言是文化的载体, 而文学是一门语言的艺术。在英语学习中结合文学作品, 能帮助他们很好地理解语言表面含义之外的更深层意义, 锻炼了反应能力和理解能力, 使沟通与交际变得简单, 这正好就是英语学习所要求达到的目的。

二、教学中的问题

(一) 教学目的不明确

高校英语专业的教学中普遍存在重视语言学习, 轻视文学知识学习的现象, 这是由于英美文学教学目的不明确, 虽然大纲对英美文学的教学目标有一个大致的描述, 但是表现的太过粗糙模糊, 缺乏更为细致的表述。其次, 教材的编排上也有问题, 难易度没有把握好。难度太大, 学生学习起来有难度, 教师也需要逐章逐句地进行分析讲解, 对于双方来讲都是一项比较吃力的事情。

(二) 教师的教学能力有待加强

表现在老师不能调动起学生学习的兴趣, 课堂教学中缺乏活力, 而且缺乏对学生基础的了解, 上课时一概而论;有的教师课堂表现能力差, 讲课的方式单一枯燥, 缺乏积极性, 还是采用传统的教学方式, 调动不起学生的情绪。这主要是教学的目标定位比较低, 教师素养和理论知识水平、创新能力都有待提高。目前很多高校的英美文学教师都是中青年老师, 在知识的积累和教学经验上有欠缺, 教学水平相对较低, 无法与学生进行更有效的互动交流。

(三) 学生缺乏对该课程的学习热情

主要表现在, 课堂上不参与互动, 一味地听老师讲课和记笔记;课后不去阅读英美文学著作, 缺乏自己的见解和理解。因为英美文学在授课过程中, 主要是通过简述文学著作的故事内容来进行的, 学生把整个大致的故事梗概了解清楚过后, 就不想再去阅读原著。并且, 对于著作的思想内容和艺术特色通过笔记的形式反映出来了, 考试基本就是从这两个方面出题, 只要考前下功夫背一下笔记就能过关, 久而久之学生产生了懈怠思想, 学习热情当然不会很高。

(四) 不适应社会环境的发展需求

选修或者把英美文学作为必修课的学生, 在毕业后并没有投入到英美文学的研究和教学当中去, 从事这方面的专业人才培养把主要精力都投入在研究生教育上。而且高校队外国文学的学习停留在文学史的阶段, 即把它当做英美文学发展史来学习, 在这种前提下很难提高学生的文人素质, 毕竟通过历史学习到的东西是很有限的, 还是需要通过经典的文学作品才能更清晰地把握文学表现出来的真实意义。

三、英美文学对于大学生的价值和现实意义

1) 英美文学作品是外国文学家对于自身生命历程的一次完美阐述。它所记录的很多东西都是他们亲眼所见、亲身所感的, 经过艺术加工和整理, 对当时环境和社会制度的一种真实反映。它把我们带入到当时的时间空间中去, 帮助我们发现这个时代所发现不了的细节和问题, 虽然不能完整的反映真实的历史, 但它比历史记录的要更真切更深刻。

2) 英美文学表达的东西更直观, 对于人的自我完善有巨大的号召力。西方的语言风格是直来直去, 同时又有辛辣的讽刺, 让文学所要表达的目的和感情一目了然。人物的完美总是对人产生很强的激励, 而人物的讽刺总能让读者产生强烈的感情共鸣。英美文学总是从作者眼中看到的真实的世界入手, 通过形形色色的人物、场景, 表达自己内心的感受, 适应不同读者的阅读标准。

3) 英美文学最能提供人们需要的语言。文学家常被称为语言大师, 他们能把个人的思维寄予在文学作品当中, 通过简洁生动的语言呈现在读者面前。一个文学家无论从哪个角度展现所表达的内容, 都能一针见血, 这种语言操控能力是能够通过一定的文学阅读与学习做到的。而且, 通过英美文学的学习, 还能掌握西方文学的特点, 学到理性思考的方法, 这对充实我们的综合能力也是大有裨益的。

四、结语

通过学习英美文学, 学生能够体会到一种不同的语言艺术魅力, 了解不同社会制度下人们看问题的角度和方法, 这对大学生以后投入社会实践是一种很好的启发, 而且在繁忙的语言学习过程中来一个文学作品进行调剂, 是很有利于学生进步的。

参考文献

[1]沈莉娟.学习英美文学的价值和现实意义[J].科技资讯, 2009.

[2]白巧灵.英美文学中的理性主义和黑色幽默及现实意义浅析[J], 黑龙江科技信息, 2010.

[3]田露.英美文学与英语教育[J].科技信息, 2010.

[4]宋洪林.英美文学与大学生人文素养的探讨[J].英语广场 (下旬刊) , 2012.

浅析学习英美文学的价值和现实意义 第9篇

一、英美文学的价值、特征、功能及学习现状

(一) 英美文学与历史、人生、作者以及读者的关系

英美文学与历史都来源于上古神话和传说, 在最初的时候, 文学与历史并没有明显的界限, 它们往往交融在一起。很多著名的英美文学作品都同时肩负了文学和历史的重任, 以纵向来看是历史, 以横向来看则是文学。随着人类社会的不断进步, 学科划分也越来越精细, 文学和历史开始渐行渐远, 人们已能很清楚的对文学和历史进行界定了。

文学本身就是作者人生经验和体验的生动表达, 因此, 文学与人生存在着千丝万缕的联系。洪治纲先生认为文学与人生存在着互为纠缠的两大关系:其一, 文学的丰富性来源于人生的丰富程度, 人生经历是文学的源头;其二, 文学的丰富程度取决于人生的丰富程度。文学对形形色色的人生状态进行了观察、思考以及记录, 人生状态的多样化也使文学变得更加丰富多彩。另一方面, 文学能够促使读者对他人以及自己的人生进行思考和探索, 获得一定的人生感悟。

文学是作者人生经历和体验的艺术表达, 文学与作者本来就存在着无法割裂的关系, 我们在欣赏文学作品时往往也能看到作者的影子, 感受到作者的思维方式以及作者的情感需要等。在学习英美文学时可以采取多种方法和手段将作家与作品结合起来, 这样能获得更好的学习效果。对于读者而言, 无论学的专业是什么, 从事什么样的工作, 爱好和品味文学都会使人处于非常充实的状态, 体验到不同的人生情境, 无论是中国文学还是英美文学都是如此。

(二) 英美文学的特征与功能

英美文学和中国文学一样, 都是其国家历史的有机组成部分, 反应了特定时期的文化与社会现实。存在主义大师萨特曾经问过一个很朴实的问题:文学对于快要饿死的人来说有什么用?确实, 在遭受外族入侵或面临生死存亡时, 文学解决不了实际问题。柏拉图的《理想国》将人划分成九等, 诗人仅名列第六, 说明文人的地位也不高。但是社会是复杂的, 人的需求也并非局限于物质方面, 尽管不能解决人们的温饱问题, 但是文学可以给人带来精神方面的慰藉, 也能满足人们的心理需要。从古至今, 喜爱和痴迷文学的人都不在少数, 这说明文学具有其独特的魅力和感染力。马斯洛将人的需求分成了五个等级, 其中生理上的需要是人类自身生存的基本要求;安全上的需要反映了人类追求安全、寻求安全的心理倾向;情感和归属方面的需要说明人们离不开彼此之间的关心和照顾;尊重的需要则能使人体会到自身的价值和存在感, 使人对社会对生活充满信心。这就是说, 实现个人的理想和抱负, 达到自我实现的目的是人的普遍需要, 而做称职的事情才能使人感受到最大的快乐。作为人类的一种阅读活动, 文学是建立在一定的生理和安全基础之上的, 因此在进行阅读时必须要具备一定的条件。以此为基础, 人们才能在阅读的过程中体会到一种归属感, 才能满足其情感方面的需要, 通过阅读实现知识的大量积累也是为自我实现和被尊重做好准备。

(三) 英美文学的学习现状

英语是大学公共课程之一, 有的人学习英语时积极性不高, 有的人学习英语时成效甚微。究其原因, 一方面是个人兴趣所致, 另一方面还与学习方法有关。而学习英美文学是学习英语的重要途径之一, 使学生在潜移默化之中就能提高自己的英语运用能力和文学修养。目前, 在学习英语语言文学时, 人们往往采取文学赏析与文学史相结合的方式, 以此来提高其文学素养和英语运用能力。在大学英语的教学中一般也只是精选出一些有代表性的作家及其作品, 然后进行简要的介绍。在介绍作家时, 会简单介绍一下他们的生平, 这样可以使作家的形象更为清晰, 也可以让读者理解该作家的创作题材及创作风格。与中国文学史一样, 英美文学史也是博大精深, 浩瀚无边, 具有很高的艺术价值, 娱乐性和趣味性也与中国文学相当, 但学生往往更喜欢中国文学。一方面是因为语言障碍, 另一方面是因为文化差异。作为一门外语, 英语具有其独特的语言系统, 学生在学习时会遇到不少障碍, 在学习英美文学的时候也是如此。另外, 目前高校的学习氛围比较浮躁, 各种英语学习模式层出不穷, 在学习英美文学时往往见效很慢, 很多学生的积极性也不高, 所以效果也就不理想。

二、学习英美文学的现实意义

在学习英美文学时, 除了能获得阅读的快乐, 体会到不同文化的魅力之外还具有重要的现实意义, 具体表现在以下几个方面:第一, 英美文学是一种特殊的艺术形式, 是外国作家对其人生经历和体验的思考、提炼和总结, 是一种特别的留言方式, 也是对特定的社会背景、个人家庭及其情感生活的一种记录方式。第二, 英美文学是表现西方现实的一种特有的方式。文学来源于生活, 是对生活的高度总结, 它既能保存历史但又不是历史的全部, 其所描写的现实生活能够让读者获得一种有别于其它艺术形式的感悟。第三, 学习英美文学能激发英语学习者的兴趣, 提高学习英语的主动性和积极性。通过26个字母的神奇组合, 让读者体会到了人生的酸甜苦辣, 也让读者获得了一种有别于中国传统文学的精神享受。学习英美文学能够给予读者另一种希望, 在不同的文化氛围之中体会到文学的号召力和感染力。第四, 文学作品能够促使人实现自我完善, 文学作品中的人物形象会对读者产生强大的号召力, 给读者带来正面的激励作用, 英美文学也不例外。第五, 英美文学能够引导人们对带有英美文化特点的事物进积极的探索和追求, 以获得相应的美的感受。第六, 文学作品的语言往往是精炼、生动而富有艺术感染力的, 英美文学能够让人们在阅读中体味英语语言的魅力和内涵, 提高读者的英语使用能力。第七, 英美文学可以锻炼读者的理性思维, 引导读者对带有西方文化特点的事物进行理性思考。通过学习英美文学可以使读者在阅读语言文字的同时获得更多理性思考的空间, 不仅可以提高人文素养, 也能锻炼自己的理性思维。

综上所述, 学习英美文学可以感知到英美国家的大千世界, 可以获得一种精神愉悦, 可以体会到不同文化间的碰撞与融合, 可以感受到英美作家及普通大众的所思所想, 也可以大大提高学习者的人文素养和文化品位。因此, 学习英美文学具有很重要的价值和现实意义, 读者要对此给予足够的重视, 真正提高自己的英语运用能力和综合素质。

摘要:随着全球化趋势的进一步明朗, 世界各国在政治、经济、军事、教育、文学等各领域的交流也日益频繁, 在很大程度上促进了这些领域的发展和进步。相对于中国传统文学而言, 很多人对英美文学知之甚少, 有些人虽然读过不少英美文学名著, 但对英美文学还停留在表面认识上, 没有真正理解其文化底蕴和内涵。当前的英美文学教育也主要是以实用为主, 没有深入挖掘英美文学与人生、历史、作家以及读者的关系, 也没有真正认识到英美文学的价值和现实意义。本文分析了英美文学的价值、特征与功能, 并对学习英美文学的价值和现实意义进行了探讨。

关键词:英美文学,文学,价值

参考文献

[1]王雪虹.英美文学教育[J].青年文学家, 2011 (21) .

[2]沈莉娟.学习英美文学的价值和现实意义[J].科技资讯, 2009 (14) .

试论学习英美文学的价值和现实意义 第10篇

如今我国社会环境和文化形式多样, 较大层面上源自于英美文学内涵的影响。透过此类文学发展背景角度观察, 其经历了较为漫长的演变过程, 并且结合艺术、诗歌、戏剧等途径形象化地映射出诸多现实生活艺术, 同时更是作者对人生历程的回顾感悟。针对英美文学著作加以深度剖析, 不单单能够精确掌握西方先进国家政治、经济、宗教、礼俗等专业知识内容, 同时更有助于提高学生基础性文化素养和完善思维结构, 在现代教育和个体自我改造方面, 有着较为深远的影响意义。

2 英美文学独特的教学改造价值和现实意义探讨

(1) 满足高校学生不断增长的文化素养改造需求

文学是传承人类历史智慧的有效载体, 想要清晰化掌握英美国家民族发展历程, 除了学习该类语言表达技巧之外, 更要集中精力阅读解析其独有的文学纪实素材, 全程和这个民族文化传统和思维习惯百般融合, 确保个人情操得到前所未有的陶冶, 避免今后和国家预设的素质化人才培养指标, 产生任何不必要的分歧迹象。

(2) 提升个体英语口语灵活性表达的实力

如今英语课程在高校教育体制中受到全面重视, 主要在于其方便日后工作和生活交流。教学过程中, 师生有必要时刻将注意力集中投射在其独有的文化特征之上, 毕竟文学属于一门语言的高深艺术成就, 语言不过是文化的一类载体形式。在学习英语知识过程中, 适当地融合文学作品内容, 可以令学习主体更加细致地分析语言表面和深层含义, 激活个体主观能动性, 避免今后对外交流实践中产生任何突兀问题, 这便是现代英语知识系统化学习的核心理念。

以斯蒂文森 (Robert Stevenson, 1850-1894) 为例, 其作为英国著名冒险和散文作家, 一生创作的文学著作类型多样、结构处理巧妙, 且不乏强烈的思维独创型和情感力量。他写了一系列以苏格兰为背景的小说, 如《黑箭》《绑架》《巴伦特雷的少爷》等。他的成名作《金银岛》 (Treasure Island) 是男孩们爱不释手的好书。

3我国高校在布置拓展英美文学教学任务过程中遗留的弊端问题整理

(1) 教学指标设置严重模糊

高校英语专业教学普遍关注语言学习应用结果, 忽视文学知识传承实效, 这和英美文学教学目的不够明确现象有着直接性关联。尽管目前教学大纲整体上对英美文学保留宏观描述, 但是教材内容结构严重紊乱, 难度无法精确化掌控, 学生经常需要借助词典进行逐词逐句查阅解读, 无形中赋予师生沉重的身心压力, 最终英语口语训练和文学背景研究进度, 开始同步衍生滞后危机。

(2) 教师专业技能和文学素养有待改善

大部分教师沿用灌输式教学手段, 大部分学生无法感受趣味性, 并产生厌倦心态, 最终英美文学知识传输效率自然不高, 究其原因, 主要是因为教师文学素养、理论知识和创新潜能的欠缺。实际上如今大多数高校英美文学教师都是青年群体, 不管是在文学知识累积成果或是教学引导经验方面, 都不够理想, 较长一段时间内无法和学生开展实效性较高的互动交流活动。

4 新形势下英美文学科学化教学引导策略内容解析

读万卷书, 行万里路。学习英美文学必然要产生独特的心得体会, 这样才能为广大学习主体提供丰富的写作素材, 而写作拓展训练同时又是对文学作品更深层次的了解把控, 为学生文学素养和实践经验拓展奠定基础。所谓文学, 即饱含艺术韵味的表现形式, 大多数文学作家都是语言表述专家。学生唯独经过长期阅读感悟, 才能获得应有的熏陶感染效果。高校教学主体要更好地解析英美文学著作价值地位和表现形式, 为学生阅读和写作技能提供丰富的指导线索, 具体的措施如下所示:

(1) 在阅读理解前提下布置文学研讨式交流活动, 激活学生主观能动性

主要是组织针对性课堂文学专题讨论活动, 针对特定作家成就鼓舞学生搜集整理相关素材, 主动进行思维发散, 将个人独到的见解在讨论现场进行全面表述, 确保单位成员都是英美文学教学中的主人。英美文学教学必须融合作家人生经历、作品写作背景、读者阅读感受等要素, 如此一来, 不止会令学生清晰体验语言特有的艺术表现形式, 同时能够从本质上掌握复杂的社会环境。归根结底, 文学作品是作者对人生的反省记录, 学生学习过程中理应将个人生活体验融入, 必要情况下教师可以采取启发式手段, 提升该类群体参与讨论的热情, 最终理解英美文学作品映射的文化意向。长此以往, 学生便会在今后漫长的人生道路上不断汲取英美文学作家的语言艺术养分, 令个人英语知识基础得到巩固, 使学生更加全面客观地认知社会人生意义。

(2) 渗透英美文学、哲学、心理学理论, 提升学生对文学作品多方位解读的技能

想要系统化掌握西方文化, 就必须针对西方文学艺术、礼仪习惯、思想变革历史等进行全面的探讨解析。因此, 教师在开展英美文学教学实践项目阶段中, 需要将各类优质文艺理论融入进去, 令学生更为透彻地感知作品的精髓和主旨, 方便在日后写作中进行自由改造沿用。众所周知, 英美文学作品中蕴含着丰富的哲学、心理学理论, 例如弗洛伊德的意识分层、达尔文的进化论等, 处于新时期的阅读主体完全可以凭借结构、形式、新历史、女性主义等, 进行诸多内涵深刻的文学作品解读。多样化的西方文化和流派, 彰显出当地民族思维模式和学术的思辨传统特性, 虽然以上不同文学流派都各自遗留弊端, 甚至有所偏激, 可了解它们还是能够适当开拓学生个体的思维体系, 值得日后高校教育中加以大力推广。

以文学作品《更多的人死于心碎》为例, 其细致描述出工业后期社会的诸多消费行为迹象, 主张全面批判工业社会过后人们一切享乐和消费思想。相比之下, 文学作品《赫索格》, 则凸显出工业社会后期的诸多异化物质特性, 将人类、社会、自然关系予以清晰化拆解验证。然而, 正是在人类一切亲情和爱情被无情夺走的情境之下, 作者对社会诸多冲突结果的深深悼念情绪才得以有机舒展。

另一方面, 英美文学课程的考查不只是闭卷考试, 还包含撰写小论文。按照上述思路组织教学, 英美文学课程既是英语语言文学课, 也是一门素质培养课。学生主动参与文本意义的寻找、发现、创造过程, 逐步养成敏锐的感受能力, 掌握严谨的分析方法, 形成准确的表达方式。这种既有丰富的感性经验, 又有抽象的理性认识的教学过程, 将丰富学生的情感, 锻炼学生的意志, 培养学生健康的人格。

5 结语

综上所述, 英美文学对于新时期我国人才改造指导意义深刻, 不单单能够适当激活个体灵活思维潜质, 同时能够令学生主动透过生活、学习、工作情境中整理经验, 确保顺利地应对日后英语口语和写作拓展等训练任务。相关教育主体必须加大对此类文化的关注力度, 善于在教学中加以改造沿用, 令高校学生在合理时间内养成良好英语口语表达实力和文化底蕴。

摘要:自从我国成功加入世贸组织后, 和英美国家交流日益密切。但是因为地域文化差异, 大部分人员始终将注意力局限在英美文学表层认知上, 对其中的情感底蕴和内涵却知之甚少。须知如今英美文学主张凸显实用性, 如若研究过程中无法将历史背景、作者生平和读者关系处理妥当, 英美文学价值和现实意义也就因此被埋没。面对此类状况, 笔者决定对英美文学在教学中的主导价值和我国应用过程中的弊端问题, 加以深刻对比探讨, 希望能够借此激活广大学习主体的求知欲望, 为今后英美文学成就推广传承、维持和别国的经济、文化合作交流密度, 奠定基础。

关键词:英美文学,价值地位,现实意义,隐藏问题

参考文献

[1]白雪.英美文学及翻译的教学学术研究——评《英美文学与翻译研究》[J].教育理论与实践, 2015 (36) :128-139.

[2]何红霞.大学英语课堂教学中英美文学的应用价值分析[J].当代教育实践与教学研究, 2016 (1) :123-135.

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